Addiction Therapists in Cave City, AR

Photo of Ian W Bradshaw, EdS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ian W Bradshaw
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Cave City, AR 72521
I am trained in trauma healing (Spirit 2 Spirit - CTT); trained in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR 1, 2, 3 -Parnell); trained in Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; also trained in Chemical, Sexual, and Process addiction treatment (CMAT, CSAT).
After working in the mental health field for 19 years I have found most issues leading to therapy are rooted from unresolved trauma. I believe an individual can heal from all of their trauma when working with a competently trained trauma healing therapist. I have seen young and old client's lives change, as well as, relationships improved through trauma healing. I work with individuals, relationships, and groups. I also have experience in sexual, chemical, and process addiction treatment. Further, I work with existential crises guiding clients to find meaning and purpose.
I am trained in trauma healing (Spirit 2 Spirit - CTT); trained in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR 1, 2, 3 -Parnell); trained in Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; also trained in Chemical, Sexual, and Process addiction treatment (CMAT, CSAT).
After working in the mental health field for 19 years I have found most issues leading to therapy are rooted from unresolved trauma. I believe an individual can heal from all of their trauma when working with a competently trained trauma healing therapist. I have seen young and old client's lives change, as well as, relationships improved through trauma healing. I work with individuals, relationships, and groups. I also have experience in sexual, chemical, and process addiction treatment. Further, I work with existential crises guiding clients to find meaning and purpose.
(501) 293-0778 View (501) 293-0778

Online Therapists

Photo of Katherine Harper, LAC, Counselor
Katherine Harper
Counselor, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little Rock, AR 72205
I specialize in working with people suffering form trauma and addiction.
I would see mid teens to late twenties. The primary issue would be trauma. Some goals to have would be behavior change and challenging unhelpful thoughts. The idea behind this would be to decrease the impact that the trauma is inflicting by increasing the individuals sense of control over their life.
I specialize in working with people suffering form trauma and addiction.
I would see mid teens to late twenties. The primary issue would be trauma. Some goals to have would be behavior change and challenging unhelpful thoughts. The idea behind this would be to decrease the impact that the trauma is inflicting by increasing the individuals sense of control over their life.
(501) 697-4690 View (501) 697-4690
Photo of Stephanie Gulley, LPC, CSOTS, CSAT, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Stephanie Gulley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSOTS, CSAT, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jonesboro, AR 72404
"When we deny our stories, they define us. When we own the story, we can write a brave new ending." -Brene Brown. Believing these words, I do my best to create a safe, non-judgmental, compassionate space for adult individuals, couples and families to own and process their stories, while finding meaning, healing and growth. We are dynamic people, capable of change and restoration, and it is an honor to facilitate and walk with a person through this process. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, addiction, problematic sexual behaviors, marital concerns, trauma, anger management and more.
"When we deny our stories, they define us. When we own the story, we can write a brave new ending." -Brene Brown. Believing these words, I do my best to create a safe, non-judgmental, compassionate space for adult individuals, couples and families to own and process their stories, while finding meaning, healing and growth. We are dynamic people, capable of change and restoration, and it is an honor to facilitate and walk with a person through this process. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, addiction, problematic sexual behaviors, marital concerns, trauma, anger management and more.
(870) 259-4825 View (870) 259-4825
Photo of Nancy Lasiter Kozlowski, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nancy Lasiter Kozlowski
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little Rock, AR 72205
I can help with: depression, anxiety, self-improvement, relational, family, parenting, divorce, grief, sexual abuse/rape, domestic violence, coping skills, stress, anger, sleep, Veterans, PTSD, trauma, work stress, personality, substance abuse, Bipolar, self esteem, increasing joy, childhood issues, suicidality, issues specific for men, women & LGBT populations.
My hope for you is increased happiness, peace and coping. I honor the courage it takes to engage in talk therapy. I have been a licensed counselor (LPC) for over 30 years and I enjoy helping others. I am capable of working with a variety of client ages and issues. I believe that each person who engages in therapy deserves a tailored plan we develop together to help with your specific situations. I believe that processing feelings and thoughts along with education in a non-judgmental and safe environment can move you from surviving to thriving. I'm happy to help you!
I can help with: depression, anxiety, self-improvement, relational, family, parenting, divorce, grief, sexual abuse/rape, domestic violence, coping skills, stress, anger, sleep, Veterans, PTSD, trauma, work stress, personality, substance abuse, Bipolar, self esteem, increasing joy, childhood issues, suicidality, issues specific for men, women & LGBT populations.
My hope for you is increased happiness, peace and coping. I honor the courage it takes to engage in talk therapy. I have been a licensed counselor (LPC) for over 30 years and I enjoy helping others. I am capable of working with a variety of client ages and issues. I believe that each person who engages in therapy deserves a tailored plan we develop together to help with your specific situations. I believe that processing feelings and thoughts along with education in a non-judgmental and safe environment can move you from surviving to thriving. I'm happy to help you!
(501) 203-9959 View (501) 203-9959
Photo of Marlo L Floyd - Synergy Counseling Services, L.L.C., MA, LPC, LADC, Counselor
Synergy Counseling Services, L.L.C.
Counselor, MA, LPC, LADC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Little Rock, AR 72205
I specialize in working with individuals that have been affected with mood disorders, anger problems, trauma, low self-esteem, and substance abuse.
In today's turbulent times, many people are facing financial difficulties, family and relationship problems, personal self-adjustment issues, and work-related concerns, which can lead to stress and unhappiness. I want to help you during this challenging time. Through our work together, you can expect to gain self-confidence, find forgiveness, achieve inner peace, and develop healthier relationships.
I specialize in working with individuals that have been affected with mood disorders, anger problems, trauma, low self-esteem, and substance abuse.
In today's turbulent times, many people are facing financial difficulties, family and relationship problems, personal self-adjustment issues, and work-related concerns, which can lead to stress and unhappiness. I want to help you during this challenging time. Through our work together, you can expect to gain self-confidence, find forgiveness, achieve inner peace, and develop healthier relationships.
(501) 290-4893 View (501) 290-4893
Photo of Brian O'Gary, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brian O'Gary
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North Little Rock, AR 72114
I support members of the LGBTQ+ community, helping professionals, and those experiencing addiction.
You’re likely here because things aren’t going well and you’re stuck. That’s OK! This is a normal experience everybody faces – I've been there too, it’s part of being human. Hear this: there is no problem you’re facing that can’t be made better in some way. I work with adults and teens get past these sticking points, supporting people experiencing addiction, suicidal ideation, mood issues, life changes, and relationship problems - people who want to find true purpose and meaning regardless of what's happened to them or what’s happening inside of them.
I support members of the LGBTQ+ community, helping professionals, and those experiencing addiction.
You’re likely here because things aren’t going well and you’re stuck. That’s OK! This is a normal experience everybody faces – I've been there too, it’s part of being human. Hear this: there is no problem you’re facing that can’t be made better in some way. I work with adults and teens get past these sticking points, supporting people experiencing addiction, suicidal ideation, mood issues, life changes, and relationship problems - people who want to find true purpose and meaning regardless of what's happened to them or what’s happening inside of them.
(501) 356-3719 View (501) 356-3719
Photo of Karnilla Jolly, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karnilla Jolly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
North Little Rock, AR 72116
I want to help the voiceless find a voice by recognizing that each individual has a unique and important perspective. My work with people identifying on the Autism Spectrum or as neurodivergent has given me a passion for opening up our understanding of diversity and inclusion. I also work with those who have anxiety, depression, eating disorders, substance use disorders, OCD, personality disorders, anger issues, relationship issues and/or trauma, using all types of evidenced-based interventions.
I want to help the voiceless find a voice by recognizing that each individual has a unique and important perspective. My work with people identifying on the Autism Spectrum or as neurodivergent has given me a passion for opening up our understanding of diversity and inclusion. I also work with those who have anxiety, depression, eating disorders, substance use disorders, OCD, personality disorders, anger issues, relationship issues and/or trauma, using all types of evidenced-based interventions.
(501) 618-1888 View (501) 618-1888
Photo of Erin Denton, LCSW, LADAC, EMDR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin Denton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LADAC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Jonesboro, AR 72401
My experience is as both a psychotherapist and substance abuse specialist.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 25 years of experience helping clients to discover and follow their own pathway for healing, growth and fulfillment. I provide a non-judgmental perspective and focus on developing a compassionate and caring relationship with those I work with.
My experience is as both a psychotherapist and substance abuse specialist.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 25 years of experience helping clients to discover and follow their own pathway for healing, growth and fulfillment. I provide a non-judgmental perspective and focus on developing a compassionate and caring relationship with those I work with.
(870) 705-3518 View (870) 705-3518
Photo of Robert 'heath' Meeks - CivilPsych Services, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
CivilPsych Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Jonesboro, AR 72401
We specialize in personalized treatment for a variety of life's hurdles: Addictions, Anxiety, Child Behavior Problems, Depression, Marital Problems, Trauma, Work Issues.
Do life's circumstances feel out of your control? You CAN learn to navigate yourself through those circumstances with SUCCESS! Lifechange is a journey that begins with one step. Counseling is a great way to put that first foot forward. CivilPsych Services can help you get started putting one foot in front of the other toward a happier future.
We specialize in personalized treatment for a variety of life's hurdles: Addictions, Anxiety, Child Behavior Problems, Depression, Marital Problems, Trauma, Work Issues.
Do life's circumstances feel out of your control? You CAN learn to navigate yourself through those circumstances with SUCCESS! Lifechange is a journey that begins with one step. Counseling is a great way to put that first foot forward. CivilPsych Services can help you get started putting one foot in front of the other toward a happier future.
(870) 776-9949 View (870) 776-9949
Photo of Sarah Bradberry, LPC, Counselor
Sarah Bradberry
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sherwood, AR 72120
I am experienced in helping with mood disorders, adjustment disorders, and substance abuse. I work with adults of all ages. Clients want to feel heard and work through issues with a trusted professional.
I am experienced in helping with mood disorders, adjustment disorders, and substance abuse. I work with adults of all ages. Clients want to feel heard and work through issues with a trusted professional.
(501) 290-4861 View (501) 290-4861
Photo of Aaron Bond-Martin, MS, LADAC, AADC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Aaron Bond-Martin
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LADAC, AADC
Verified Verified
Little Rock, AR 72205
From there, I transitioned into UCA in Conway, AR where I completed my Bachelor of Science in Addiction Studies - Treatment.
You are not what you have done; You are what you overcome. Help is available. Asking for it is one of the strongest things you can do.
From there, I transitioned into UCA in Conway, AR where I completed my Bachelor of Science in Addiction Studies - Treatment.
You are not what you have done; You are what you overcome. Help is available. Asking for it is one of the strongest things you can do.
(501) 382-1264 View (501) 382-1264
Photo of Ryan Russ, LPC, CSAT, CTT, BSP, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ryan Russ
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAT, CTT, BSP, EMDR
Verified Verified
Little Rock, AR 72207
I'm a Certified Sexual Addiction Therapist (CSAT), Certified Trauma Therapist, and Trauma Conscious Yoga Therapist.
Bio video on my website...When you pay for therapy, you're expecting something of tangible value. All too often what you get instead is a nice person on a couch and little else. That’s not me. With high energy and humor, I help people recover from sexual addiction; I help couples lost in conflict and hopelessness; and I help parents with teens and young adults. I work with sexual abuse, attachment wounds, and traumas/PTSD of all kinds. I am a Christian, and I approach therapy from a clinical perspective. We can integrate your faith as much as you feel comfortable, or not at all.
I'm a Certified Sexual Addiction Therapist (CSAT), Certified Trauma Therapist, and Trauma Conscious Yoga Therapist.
Bio video on my website...When you pay for therapy, you're expecting something of tangible value. All too often what you get instead is a nice person on a couch and little else. That’s not me. With high energy and humor, I help people recover from sexual addiction; I help couples lost in conflict and hopelessness; and I help parents with teens and young adults. I work with sexual abuse, attachment wounds, and traumas/PTSD of all kinds. I am a Christian, and I approach therapy from a clinical perspective. We can integrate your faith as much as you feel comfortable, or not at all.
(501) 430-3494 View (501) 430-3494
Photo of Nicole Potts, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicole Potts
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Jonesboro, AR 72401
Waitlist for new clients
In addition to being a master's level mental health therapist, I am certified in addiction studies and SYMBIS. I am Gottman (couples) and EMDR (trauma) trained. Contact me today. I would love to help you.
In addition to being a master's level mental health therapist, I am certified in addiction studies and SYMBIS. I am Gottman (couples) and EMDR (trauma) trained. Contact me today. I would love to help you.
(870) 705-3420 View (870) 705-3420
Photo of Delee Fortson, MS, LPE-I, CADAC, DCC
Delee Fortson
MS, LPE-I, CADAC, DCC
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, AR 72076  (Online Only)
Put my 15 years of specialized behavioral health experience (trauma recovery, substance abuse recovery, parenting skills, family therapy, couples therapy, mood disorders, LGBTQ individuals and their families, and patient advocacy) - to work for you! Having a place to talk without fear of rejection is vital to processing your work and attaining health.
I have a MS in Counseling Psychology earned from the University of Central Arkansas in 2010. I have been an Independently Licensed Psychological Examiner since 2013 which allows me to provide services most counselors cannot, such as psychological evaluations. I enjoy working everyone and I am LGBTQ affirming! I have worked with parents, children, adults, foster caregivers, behavioral health providers, caregivers for adults and children who suffer from chronic disorders, couples, as well those struggling to accept a loved one's lifestyle. I am authentic and genuine with my clients, and this is not about me this is your hour!
Put my 15 years of specialized behavioral health experience (trauma recovery, substance abuse recovery, parenting skills, family therapy, couples therapy, mood disorders, LGBTQ individuals and their families, and patient advocacy) - to work for you! Having a place to talk without fear of rejection is vital to processing your work and attaining health.
I have a MS in Counseling Psychology earned from the University of Central Arkansas in 2010. I have been an Independently Licensed Psychological Examiner since 2013 which allows me to provide services most counselors cannot, such as psychological evaluations. I enjoy working everyone and I am LGBTQ affirming! I have worked with parents, children, adults, foster caregivers, behavioral health providers, caregivers for adults and children who suffer from chronic disorders, couples, as well those struggling to accept a loved one's lifestyle. I am authentic and genuine with my clients, and this is not about me this is your hour!
(501) 500-1389 View (501) 500-1389
Photo of Brian Shaw - Changes Behavioral Health, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Changes Behavioral Health
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Wynne, AR 72396
Additionally, we specialize in addiction treatment, child and family therapy, marital counseling, trauma, and treatment of depression and anxiety.
Changes Behavioral Health has over 20 highly skilled therapist to serve any need or population. If you have experienced it, we have treated it. If you or a loved one are struggling today with anxiety, depression, fear, anger, addiction, trauma, a troubled relationship, or any obstacle in the way of a fulfilling life we are here for you. CBH is a family owned agency serving Wynne, AR and nearby communities. Changes was opened in 2013 with a mission to provide our community with the best mental health services available in the most caring and compassionate environment available.
Additionally, we specialize in addiction treatment, child and family therapy, marital counseling, trauma, and treatment of depression and anxiety.
Changes Behavioral Health has over 20 highly skilled therapist to serve any need or population. If you have experienced it, we have treated it. If you or a loved one are struggling today with anxiety, depression, fear, anger, addiction, trauma, a troubled relationship, or any obstacle in the way of a fulfilling life we are here for you. CBH is a family owned agency serving Wynne, AR and nearby communities. Changes was opened in 2013 with a mission to provide our community with the best mental health services available in the most caring and compassionate environment available.
(870) 905-0906 View (870) 905-0906
Photo of Sonya Long - Nikki Penn Counseling and Consulting, MA, EdS, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Nikki Penn Counseling and Consulting
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, EdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North Little Rock, AR 72114
I also work on life after Addiction in order to help individuals and families with long term sobriety, a smooth transition and understanding, and the rebuilding of those relationships.
I specialize in marriage and families, but also in Addiction Recovery for families and loved ones healing from addiction. We need healthy relationships to navigate the landscape of each other's changing world, and I provide a space to reconnect, commmunicate, and bond with those closest to us.
I also work on life after Addiction in order to help individuals and families with long term sobriety, a smooth transition and understanding, and the rebuilding of those relationships.
I specialize in marriage and families, but also in Addiction Recovery for families and loved ones healing from addiction. We need healthy relationships to navigate the landscape of each other's changing world, and I provide a space to reconnect, commmunicate, and bond with those closest to us.
(501) 601-4578 View (501) 601-4578
Photo of David Bond-Martin, MS, LADAC, ICAADC, SAP, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
David Bond-Martin
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LADAC, ICAADC, SAP
Verified Verified
Little Rock, AR 72205
From there, I transitioned into University of Central Arkansas in Conway, AR where I completed my Bachelor of Science in Addiction Studies - Treatment.
Barriers can be overcome, sometimes we just need help to conquer them!
From there, I transitioned into University of Central Arkansas in Conway, AR where I completed my Bachelor of Science in Addiction Studies - Treatment.
Barriers can be overcome, sometimes we just need help to conquer them!
(501) 458-4997 View (501) 458-4997
Photo of Trish Waltz, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Trish Waltz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clinton, AR 72031
I have worked with a lot of addiction issues.
I can help you! I have approximately 35 years of experience. I give practical help in a safe and accepting environment. I have specialized in working with children and adolescents; sexual abuse issues, family and marriage issues. I am certified in EMDR. I have clinically supervised/trained graduated students and pre-licensed therapists for approximately 20 years. I work with most issues, including, but not limited to substance abuse, educational problems, depression, anxiety. I am a supportive and caring therapist who will assist you in becoming the person you were meant to be. Let's turn your struggles into strengths.
I have worked with a lot of addiction issues.
I can help you! I have approximately 35 years of experience. I give practical help in a safe and accepting environment. I have specialized in working with children and adolescents; sexual abuse issues, family and marriage issues. I am certified in EMDR. I have clinically supervised/trained graduated students and pre-licensed therapists for approximately 20 years. I work with most issues, including, but not limited to substance abuse, educational problems, depression, anxiety. I am a supportive and caring therapist who will assist you in becoming the person you were meant to be. Let's turn your struggles into strengths.
(501) 299-5849 View (501) 299-5849
Photo of Ben Register, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ben Register
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little Rock, AR 72205
I'm also a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT), and I run a program that helps men recover from sex, porn, and relationship addictions.
First off, I think it's funny that I'm even a "psychotherapist". I reluctantly started going to counseling myself in college. Surprisingly, it changed my life for the better. I never would have guessed it! It was so beneficial, I ended up getting a master's degree in Marriage and Family Therapy...not necessarily as a career choice, but simply to continue my personal learning and growth. I've worked in several other career fields, but no other job has even come close to matching the satisfaction I get from helping people find freedom after experiencing some of their darkest times. Now it has become my passion!
I'm also a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT), and I run a program that helps men recover from sex, porn, and relationship addictions.
First off, I think it's funny that I'm even a "psychotherapist". I reluctantly started going to counseling myself in college. Surprisingly, it changed my life for the better. I never would have guessed it! It was so beneficial, I ended up getting a master's degree in Marriage and Family Therapy...not necessarily as a career choice, but simply to continue my personal learning and growth. I've worked in several other career fields, but no other job has even come close to matching the satisfaction I get from helping people find freedom after experiencing some of their darkest times. Now it has become my passion!
(501) 361-3545 View (501) 361-3545
Photo of Christy Watson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christy Watson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Searcy, AR 72143  (Online Only)
I specialize in helping people like you who are struggling with Addiction, PTSD, Depression, and Anxiety. Life can be tough. When you first come to therapy, you may feel disgusted with yourself and hopeless. The constant pressure to be "good enough" weighs heavily on you, and you're your own harshest critic. I understand your pain because I've been there too. But I also know the way out. You deserve to feel at peace in your own body. You deserve to know that you're enough. If you want to feel comfortable in your own skin and live a life without suffering, I'm here to help. BOOK-NOW! www.WatsonCounselingServices.com
I specialize in helping people like you who are struggling with Addiction, PTSD, Depression, and Anxiety. Life can be tough. When you first come to therapy, you may feel disgusted with yourself and hopeless. The constant pressure to be "good enough" weighs heavily on you, and you're your own harshest critic. I understand your pain because I've been there too. But I also know the way out. You deserve to feel at peace in your own body. You deserve to know that you're enough. If you want to feel comfortable in your own skin and live a life without suffering, I'm here to help. BOOK-NOW! www.WatsonCounselingServices.com
(501) 790-4886 View (501) 790-4886

See more therapy options for Cave City

Addiction Therapists

What is the best therapy for addiction?

Addiction treatment will be tailored to the individual. People seeking help for addiction—whether with a psychotherapist, in an outpatient clinic, or in a residential program—should expect to engage in multiple types of treatments, sometimes including medication. For anyone recovering from addiction, avoiding situations in which one has typically used a substance is essential, as is the support of close connections. Since substance use disorders tend to co-occur with underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, those must also be addressed as part of any recovery plan.

How long does therapy for addiction take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from addiction. Patients and their families should expect the work to last several months, if not longer. Residential treatment programs may be based on a stay of 30, 60, or 90 days, with continuing work after release, but only about 1 percent of people are treated in such facilities. Ceasing use is just the first step; therapy to help maintain abstinence and effect behavior change must follow. The process of recovery, neuroscience has shown, involves brain cells recovering the capacity to respond to natural sources of reward and restore control over the impulse to use. Another definition of recovery is restoring voluntary control over one’s substance use and retaking all of one’s previous responsibilities.

How effective is drug addiction treatment?

Substance use disorders are treatable and remission is achievable for many who seek recovery; by some estimates, more than three-quarters of people who become addicted to alcohol or drugs recover. But that success rarely occurs quickly or on a set timeline; relapse is not only common, but many therapists and clinicians view it as a normal part of the process—not always a sign that a person has returned to addiction, but a signal that their treatment should be adjusted to help them regain control. Overall, research suggests, five years after the end of substance use, one’s risk of relapse is no greater than that of others who had not faced addiction. Other experts believe that complete abstinence is not the only measure of recovery, and that, through effective treatment, many people can learn to control their use.

How can you get addiction treatment for someone?

The most important factor in recovery from addiction is widely understood to be an individual’s commitment to change. For that reason,“interventions” in which friends and family gather to urge or force someone to begin immediate treatment often backfire; even when such efforts do lead someone to begin treatment, they may be less likely to stay than those who are self-driven. Still, family members can play an important role in supporting an individual who seeks help and can take part in family therapy as one element of a loved one’s treatment.