Therapists in 20115

Photo of Darcy Bauer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Darcy Bauer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Marshall, VA 20115
We move through life in different stages and circumstances, some way more challenging than others. Sometimes, what worked before doesn't seem to work now. That can be especially true for those who have struggled with anxiety and depression. We can go through the motions while adjusting to change, loss and the seemingly huge obstacles that block our vision. When we are surprised by that feeling of "stuck", simply coping can dull the joy of life and harm our relationships. We can find ourselves responding in ways we know are not healthy. The good news is there we can find our true adaptability and discover the path forward!
We move through life in different stages and circumstances, some way more challenging than others. Sometimes, what worked before doesn't seem to work now. That can be especially true for those who have struggled with anxiety and depression. We can go through the motions while adjusting to change, loss and the seemingly huge obstacles that block our vision. When we are surprised by that feeling of "stuck", simply coping can dull the joy of life and harm our relationships. We can find ourselves responding in ways we know are not healthy. The good news is there we can find our true adaptability and discover the path forward!
(571) 200-5588 View (571) 200-5588
Photo of Shannon Dufour, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, PMH-C
Shannon Dufour
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, PMH-C
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor. I have immediate in-person openings, accept several insurances, and will respond to all queries within 24 hours. My goal as a therapist is to create a safe, judgement-free zone to help you process the everyday struggles or the big unexpected changes. We will strive to concrete strategies that allow you to feel in control of your life.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor. I have immediate in-person openings, accept several insurances, and will respond to all queries within 24 hours. My goal as a therapist is to create a safe, judgement-free zone to help you process the everyday struggles or the big unexpected changes. We will strive to concrete strategies that allow you to feel in control of your life.
(571) 200-4970 View (571) 200-4970
Photo of Alexandra Madden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Alexandra Madden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Marshall, VA 20115
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about the benefits of therapy and taking time to create a deeper connection with yourself. I believe humans are beautifully flawed and complicated, and that by learning to appreciate our imperfections, we can gain a sense of peace and compassion for ourselves and others. New research in the field of neuroscience is providing evidence to support what many clinicians empirically knew: people are forever growing and changing. Interpersonal connection is the access-point to creating meaningful change in our lives from a place of kindness, compassion and free from judgement.
I am passionate about the benefits of therapy and taking time to create a deeper connection with yourself. I believe humans are beautifully flawed and complicated, and that by learning to appreciate our imperfections, we can gain a sense of peace and compassion for ourselves and others. New research in the field of neuroscience is providing evidence to support what many clinicians empirically knew: people are forever growing and changing. Interpersonal connection is the access-point to creating meaningful change in our lives from a place of kindness, compassion and free from judgement.
(540) 253-1613 View (540) 253-1613
Photo of Melissa Crooks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CCTP
Melissa Crooks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CCTP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
My clients are seeking support going through normative change or in crisis. Drawing upon my holistic therapeutic approach and many years of experience, l will partner alongside them helping to overcome obstacles and unlock their innate strengths and full potential. Working together, my clients will set achievable goals, reach objectives and build a better future.
My clients are seeking support going through normative change or in crisis. Drawing upon my holistic therapeutic approach and many years of experience, l will partner alongside them helping to overcome obstacles and unlock their innate strengths and full potential. Working together, my clients will set achievable goals, reach objectives and build a better future.
(571) 410-3657 View (571) 410-3657
Photo of Allison Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Allison Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome! Dealing with unexpected challenges, change, and the difficulties that life presents us can make it hard to deepen relationships and make decisions. Whether you are a parent struggling with the stress of child-rearing or a young adult dealing with life changes, I believe that every individual has their own unique strengths to propel them toward a better life. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and families. When working with families, my goal is to help you understand yourself better as a parent and provide sound parenting skills to pave the way towards improved behaviors and a solid connection with your child.
Welcome! Dealing with unexpected challenges, change, and the difficulties that life presents us can make it hard to deepen relationships and make decisions. Whether you are a parent struggling with the stress of child-rearing or a young adult dealing with life changes, I believe that every individual has their own unique strengths to propel them toward a better life. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and families. When working with families, my goal is to help you understand yourself better as a parent and provide sound parenting skills to pave the way towards improved behaviors and a solid connection with your child.
(540) 680-3595 View (540) 680-3595
Photo of Stephanie Oulatta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stephanie Oulatta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hello, I'm Stephanie Are you feeling overwhelmed? Are you feeling stressed? Are you struggling with thoughts you cannot control? Are you having difficulty communicating with your child or teenager? Are you in need of hope? I can help! I support clients who experience a variety of mental health and emotional difficulties including depression, anxiety, complex trauma and relationship issues. I believe in the power of connection and understanding. My approach is holistic, empathetic, and culturally sensitive, ensuring clients feel heard, respected, and supported throughout their healing journey.
Hello, I'm Stephanie Are you feeling overwhelmed? Are you feeling stressed? Are you struggling with thoughts you cannot control? Are you having difficulty communicating with your child or teenager? Are you in need of hope? I can help! I support clients who experience a variety of mental health and emotional difficulties including depression, anxiety, complex trauma and relationship issues. I believe in the power of connection and understanding. My approach is holistic, empathetic, and culturally sensitive, ensuring clients feel heard, respected, and supported throughout their healing journey.
(571) 582-0906 View (571) 582-0906

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Jackie L Stout, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jackie L Stout
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Herndon, VA 20170
Not feeling quite as happy or satisfied as you would like? In relationships do you find yourself feeling unheard and disconnected? And you can't quite put your finger on what is going on? I will work with you to find solutions to current problems and to understand recurring patterns that impact our daily lives. Often it requires healing old wounds so we can move on from the past in order to develop a deeper bond with oneself and others.
Not feeling quite as happy or satisfied as you would like? In relationships do you find yourself feeling unheard and disconnected? And you can't quite put your finger on what is going on? I will work with you to find solutions to current problems and to understand recurring patterns that impact our daily lives. Often it requires healing old wounds so we can move on from the past in order to develop a deeper bond with oneself and others.
(703) 997-2308 View (703) 997-2308
Photo of Stacey King, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
Stacey King
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
4 Endorsed
Sterling, VA 20166
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in helping adolescents & adults navigate life transitions, anxiety, and relationship struggles. My approach is collaborative utilizing a strength-based approach. I am accepting new clients for evening & weekend appointments in office & tele-health options are available. Experience 25 years- children 12+, adolescents & adults Specialty: Depression, Anxiety, School Refusal, Defiance, ADHD & Self-esteem. Grief & Loss, Parenting Medical Support- Cancer, Lupus, Fibromyalgia & Hidradenitis Suppurativa, Renal Failure and Bariatric Counseling.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in helping adolescents & adults navigate life transitions, anxiety, and relationship struggles. My approach is collaborative utilizing a strength-based approach. I am accepting new clients for evening & weekend appointments in office & tele-health options are available. Experience 25 years- children 12+, adolescents & adults Specialty: Depression, Anxiety, School Refusal, Defiance, ADHD & Self-esteem. Grief & Loss, Parenting Medical Support- Cancer, Lupus, Fibromyalgia & Hidradenitis Suppurativa, Renal Failure and Bariatric Counseling.
(703) 782-9195 View (703) 782-9195
Photo of Katie Chandler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C, EMDR
Katie Chandler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C, EMDR
7 Endorsed
Leesburg, VA 20175
Voted Best of Fairfax in Counseling for 2021. I believe in a holistic approach that focuses on a patient's strengths. I work with my clients to develop a treatment plan that will address the whole person and their specific needs. I specialize in EMDR, Brainspotting, ART, trauma, and the psychological symptoms related to Lyme and autoimmune disease. Other areas of expertise include PTSD, depression, anxiety, life adjustments, bipolar disorder, substance abuse and chronic illness.
Voted Best of Fairfax in Counseling for 2021. I believe in a holistic approach that focuses on a patient's strengths. I work with my clients to develop a treatment plan that will address the whole person and their specific needs. I specialize in EMDR, Brainspotting, ART, trauma, and the psychological symptoms related to Lyme and autoimmune disease. Other areas of expertise include PTSD, depression, anxiety, life adjustments, bipolar disorder, substance abuse and chronic illness.
(571) 206-8609 View (571) 206-8609
Photo of Erin Smith, Pre-Licensed Professional
Erin Smith
Pre-Licensed Professional
49 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hello! My name is Erin Smith and I am so glad you are here taking a step toward a better life. I would love to find out if I can help you become unstuck and live your life with more peace and integrity. I bring a wealth of life experience and knowledge to my clients. I earned two degrees in Sociology before doing my Master's at Ohio State, which means that I bring a rich understanding of social environments and research to my work. I would love to support you through your own unique experiences and challenges.
Hello! My name is Erin Smith and I am so glad you are here taking a step toward a better life. I would love to find out if I can help you become unstuck and live your life with more peace and integrity. I bring a wealth of life experience and knowledge to my clients. I earned two degrees in Sociology before doing my Master's at Ohio State, which means that I bring a rich understanding of social environments and research to my work. I would love to support you through your own unique experiences and challenges.
(508) 233-9782 View (508) 233-9782
Photo of Kelley Kuchinov, Art Therapist, MA, ATR-BC
Kelley Kuchinov
Art Therapist, MA, ATR-BC
Serves Area
Something is getting in the way of the life you want and you are looking for change- I am here to be your guide on your path to wellbeing. Together, we will shed the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are not serving you, so you can enjoy the small and big moments of life. With over 15 years of experience, extensive training in effective, evidenced- based therapies, I specialize in supporting women and their partners experiencing perinatal mood disorders, loss and grief. l know it feels so hard, but you are already taking the first steps towards a better, more fulfilled life and you don't have to do this alone!
Something is getting in the way of the life you want and you are looking for change- I am here to be your guide on your path to wellbeing. Together, we will shed the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are not serving you, so you can enjoy the small and big moments of life. With over 15 years of experience, extensive training in effective, evidenced- based therapies, I specialize in supporting women and their partners experiencing perinatal mood disorders, loss and grief. l know it feels so hard, but you are already taking the first steps towards a better, more fulfilled life and you don't have to do this alone!
(571) 313-5867 View (571) 313-5867
Photo of Dr. Cheryl Loomis, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Cheryl Loomis
Psychologist, PhD
Serves Area
As a psychologist, my primary focus with patients is to work with them to identify the factors causing stress, difficulty, and discord, and then to work alongside them to restore health, balance, and wellness. My goal is for patients to leave feeling more empowered, confident, and insightful.
As a psychologist, my primary focus with patients is to work with them to identify the factors causing stress, difficulty, and discord, and then to work alongside them to restore health, balance, and wellness. My goal is for patients to leave feeling more empowered, confident, and insightful.
(315) 610-8500 View (315) 610-8500
Photo of Faith James - Battlefield Counseling Centers & Dr. Faith James, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Battlefield Counseling Centers & Dr. Faith James
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Manassas, VA 20109
I provide therapy to children, adolescents, parents and couples. My areas of expertise include Parenting, Co-Parenting, Depression, Anxiety, and Adolescent stress. I also conduct psychological evaluations as well. I am committed to the overall well being of families and work with families in transition, such as divorce, grief and loss, and becoming new parents.
I provide therapy to children, adolescents, parents and couples. My areas of expertise include Parenting, Co-Parenting, Depression, Anxiety, and Adolescent stress. I also conduct psychological evaluations as well. I am committed to the overall well being of families and work with families in transition, such as divorce, grief and loss, and becoming new parents.
(571) 619-9037 View (571) 619-9037
Photo of Jenna Stadler, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Jenna Stadler
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Leesburg, VA 20176
Jenna is a compassionate pre-licensed mental health counselor dedicated to your well-being. Jenna connects with clients by using light humor, warmth, and mindfulness to create a safe space for healing and self-discovery. Therapy is most effective when there is a meaningful connection between the client, therapist, and approach. With a nonjudgmental, authentic, and compassionate stance, Jenna strives to foster a safe and collaborative environment in which to explore sensitive issues, experiment with new behaviors, and work toward what matters to you.
Jenna is a compassionate pre-licensed mental health counselor dedicated to your well-being. Jenna connects with clients by using light humor, warmth, and mindfulness to create a safe space for healing and self-discovery. Therapy is most effective when there is a meaningful connection between the client, therapist, and approach. With a nonjudgmental, authentic, and compassionate stance, Jenna strives to foster a safe and collaborative environment in which to explore sensitive issues, experiment with new behaviors, and work toward what matters to you.
(540) 305-8571 View (540) 305-8571
Photo of Courtney Seiler, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Courtney Seiler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
My heart is to walk with you. No matter what you are bringing into your counseling journey, I desire to provide you with a safe space where you can be confident in knowing that you are seen, heard, and known. Areas of specialty include trauma, anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation, burnout & compassion fatigue, grief, relationships, culture shock & reverse culture shock, and spiritual integration. As a missionary myself, I love to work with missionaries needing support & debrief. When it comes to integrating the Christian faith and biblical principles into our sessions, I am going to follow your lead and personal choice.
My heart is to walk with you. No matter what you are bringing into your counseling journey, I desire to provide you with a safe space where you can be confident in knowing that you are seen, heard, and known. Areas of specialty include trauma, anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation, burnout & compassion fatigue, grief, relationships, culture shock & reverse culture shock, and spiritual integration. As a missionary myself, I love to work with missionaries needing support & debrief. When it comes to integrating the Christian faith and biblical principles into our sessions, I am going to follow your lead and personal choice.
(434) 216-6103 View (434) 216-6103
Photo of Taylour Jones, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Taylour Jones
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
1 Endorsed
Sterling, VA 20165
Life isn’t one-size-fits-all, and neither is therapy. As a therapist with a background in sports performance, trauma, and relational work, I create a space that honors your unique identity, challenges, and goals. Whether you're navigating anxiety, relationship ruptures, identity development, or life transitions, I’m here to support you with curiosity, compassion, and clarity. My style blends humanistic warmth with a psychodynamic lens, valuing both present-focused strategies and deeper emotional exploration.
Life isn’t one-size-fits-all, and neither is therapy. As a therapist with a background in sports performance, trauma, and relational work, I create a space that honors your unique identity, challenges, and goals. Whether you're navigating anxiety, relationship ruptures, identity development, or life transitions, I’m here to support you with curiosity, compassion, and clarity. My style blends humanistic warmth with a psychodynamic lens, valuing both present-focused strategies and deeper emotional exploration.
(240) 571-2294 View (240) 571-2294
Photo of Cheryl Cyr, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC
Cheryl Cyr
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC
1 Endorsed
Fairfax Station, VA 22039
You’ve carried the weight of trauma—whether it’s the kind that leaves deep scars from horrific experiences or the invisible wounds of growing up in a family shaped by addiction. The pain, the fear, the constant effort to hold it all together—it’s exhausting, and it’s not your fault. You deserve a space where you feel truly seen, where your story is honored without judgment, and where healing feels possible, even when it seems out of reach. I’m here to walk with you through the chaos, to help you find safety within yourself, and to uncover the strength you’ve always had, even when it feels buried.
You’ve carried the weight of trauma—whether it’s the kind that leaves deep scars from horrific experiences or the invisible wounds of growing up in a family shaped by addiction. The pain, the fear, the constant effort to hold it all together—it’s exhausting, and it’s not your fault. You deserve a space where you feel truly seen, where your story is honored without judgment, and where healing feels possible, even when it seems out of reach. I’m here to walk with you through the chaos, to help you find safety within yourself, and to uncover the strength you’ve always had, even when it feels buried.
(703) 991-0281 View (703) 991-0281
Photo of Shannon Soto, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Shannon Soto
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hey there! I'm Shannon and I specialize in working with trauma survivors or those recovering from difficult relationships. I help those who are learning to know their voice, their thoughts, their emotions as life enhancers, and support the discovery of what they need to flourish. I aim to offer clients improved self-efficacy and empowerment. My areas of focus are helping adults, young adults, and teens to address distressing issues, significant life changes and all needs pertaining to trauma, abuse, grief, anxiety, depression or working towards increased confidence and enjoyment in life.
Hey there! I'm Shannon and I specialize in working with trauma survivors or those recovering from difficult relationships. I help those who are learning to know their voice, their thoughts, their emotions as life enhancers, and support the discovery of what they need to flourish. I aim to offer clients improved self-efficacy and empowerment. My areas of focus are helping adults, young adults, and teens to address distressing issues, significant life changes and all needs pertaining to trauma, abuse, grief, anxiety, depression or working towards increased confidence and enjoyment in life.
(434) 505-8433 View (434) 505-8433
Photo of Yanyna Yaich, Resident in Counseling, MS
Yanyna Yaich
Resident in Counseling, MS
1 Endorsed
Manassas Park, VA 20111
Life can look successful on the outside and still feel overwhelming underneath. You may be juggling work, family, expectations, and responsibilities while quietly carrying stress, disconnection, or self-doubt. You want relief, but more than that, you want understanding, clarity, and lasting change. I work with children, teens, adults, couples, families, and individuals who are ready to move from simply surviving to truly thriving. I have extensive experience working with military, immigrants and federal employees.
Life can look successful on the outside and still feel overwhelming underneath. You may be juggling work, family, expectations, and responsibilities while quietly carrying stress, disconnection, or self-doubt. You want relief, but more than that, you want understanding, clarity, and lasting change. I work with children, teens, adults, couples, families, and individuals who are ready to move from simply surviving to truly thriving. I have extensive experience working with military, immigrants and federal employees.
(571) 506-4974 View (571) 506-4974
Photo of Jeanie Chang, Resident in Counseling, MEd
Jeanie Chang
Resident in Counseling, MEd
Warrenton, VA 20186
Feeling stuck or overwhelmed. A string of broken relationships. Addictions. Just surviving through each day. Life’s stressors or trauma can leave us in these states. But it doesn’t have to stay that way. While there may be seasons in which all we can do is breathe (and that’s okay!), God has created us in His image for so much more. With curiosity and compassion, we can unpack internalized messages you carry from significant people or events in your life, and explore how those beliefs affect your relationships and current day-to-day.
Feeling stuck or overwhelmed. A string of broken relationships. Addictions. Just surviving through each day. Life’s stressors or trauma can leave us in these states. But it doesn’t have to stay that way. While there may be seasons in which all we can do is breathe (and that’s okay!), God has created us in His image for so much more. With curiosity and compassion, we can unpack internalized messages you carry from significant people or events in your life, and explore how those beliefs affect your relationships and current day-to-day.
(540) 413-0054 View (540) 413-0054

See more therapy options for 20115

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 20115

< 10

Therapists in 20115 who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
83% Grief
67% Relationship Issues
67% Parenting
67% Family Conflict
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
80% Anthem
40% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 20115 see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 20115?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.