Therapists in 12184

Photo of Leeann Peters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CASAC-M, REIKI
Leeann Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CASAC-M, REIKI
Valatie, NY 12184
Hi, I am a licensed therapist providing online counseling to individual, couples and families in both North Carolina and New York. For the last nine years I have supplied professional therapy for people with mental health, medical, grief and loss (death, dying and bereavement, different stages of your life development and substance diagnoses. I am a DWI provider through the OASAS Program. I also provide holistic modalities utilizing Reiki and biomat therapy.
Hi, I am a licensed therapist providing online counseling to individual, couples and families in both North Carolina and New York. For the last nine years I have supplied professional therapy for people with mental health, medical, grief and loss (death, dying and bereavement, different stages of your life development and substance diagnoses. I am a DWI provider through the OASAS Program. I also provide holistic modalities utilizing Reiki and biomat therapy.
(518) 628-4165 View (518) 628-4165
Photo of Mabatho Lucia Matima, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR, R
Mabatho Lucia Matima
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR, R
Valatie, NY 12184
I have over 25 years working with children and adults dealing with mental health problems. and other problems of living and challenges that include but are not limited to behavior / oppositional problems, school problems, relationship and addiction problems, poor anger management, grief and loss, chronic pain and trauma. I am experienced in conducting comprehensive suicide risk assessments. I also offer supervised visits for non- custodial parents. I am experienced working with individuals with a diversity of issues and backgrounds. I offer individualized treatment plans that are tailored to the clients challenges and needs.
I have over 25 years working with children and adults dealing with mental health problems. and other problems of living and challenges that include but are not limited to behavior / oppositional problems, school problems, relationship and addiction problems, poor anger management, grief and loss, chronic pain and trauma. I am experienced in conducting comprehensive suicide risk assessments. I also offer supervised visits for non- custodial parents. I am experienced working with individuals with a diversity of issues and backgrounds. I offer individualized treatment plans that are tailored to the clients challenges and needs.
(518) 941-8417 View (518) 941-8417
Photo of Lynn H. Anderson - Lynn H. Anderson, Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Lynn H. Anderson, Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Valatie, NY 12184
I specialize in working with clients who want to have a more authentic and meaningful life. My ideal client would be someone who is motivated to discover what is holding them back from more intimate relationships with family and friends, and someone who longs to find a path that feels true to them.
I specialize in working with clients who want to have a more authentic and meaningful life. My ideal client would be someone who is motivated to discover what is holding them back from more intimate relationships with family and friends, and someone who longs to find a path that feels true to them.
(332) 264-1093 View (332) 264-1093
Photo of Will S Swift, Psychologist, PhD
Will S Swift
Psychologist, PhD
Valatie, NY 12184
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has been in private practice in Manhattan for over forty years. I specialize in gay group therapy, individual and couples therapy for a wide range of clients . As one of the founders of modern cognitive therapy, I am committed to helping you identify and change the stories you tell yourself. That will help you become more of the person you want to be. Known as a warm and strong leader who knows how to move quickly to the heart of a problem, I also have a great sense of humor and bring a lot of playfulness to our work together. One of my specialities is helping people deal with loneliness.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has been in private practice in Manhattan for over forty years. I specialize in gay group therapy, individual and couples therapy for a wide range of clients . As one of the founders of modern cognitive therapy, I am committed to helping you identify and change the stories you tell yourself. That will help you become more of the person you want to be. Known as a warm and strong leader who knows how to move quickly to the heart of a problem, I also have a great sense of humor and bring a lot of playfulness to our work together. One of my specialities is helping people deal with loneliness.
(646) 827-6007 View (646) 827-6007
Photo of Kerri Ann Scorpio - Kascorpio Psychological Services, Psychologist, PhD
Kascorpio Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD
Serves Area
Providing Psychiatric Evaluations, Psychotherapy, and Neurofeedback Feeling stuck with the current mode of therapy and treatment? Tired of cycling through childhood wounds and attachments? While therapy can be greatly effective, sometimes its not enough. Consider an alternate approach to your mental health with psychotherapy that focuses on enhancing the mind-body connection and understanding the self with tools for the present day. The added option of Neurofeedback and EEG can aid in the diagnosis and management of ADHD, anxiety, depression, pain, PTSD and more. Focus on building the skills and resources needed for life today. .
Providing Psychiatric Evaluations, Psychotherapy, and Neurofeedback Feeling stuck with the current mode of therapy and treatment? Tired of cycling through childhood wounds and attachments? While therapy can be greatly effective, sometimes its not enough. Consider an alternate approach to your mental health with psychotherapy that focuses on enhancing the mind-body connection and understanding the self with tools for the present day. The added option of Neurofeedback and EEG can aid in the diagnosis and management of ADHD, anxiety, depression, pain, PTSD and more. Focus on building the skills and resources needed for life today. .
(518) 660-7794 View (518) 660-7794
Photo of Andrea Horowitz, Counselor, LMHC, BC-TMH, GCT
Andrea Horowitz
Counselor, LMHC, BC-TMH, GCT
3 Endorsed
Online Only
In the beginning there was fun, excitement and sex in your relationship. Now your relationship has moved to roommate status and you don’t know how to get the spark back.You love your partner but lately things have not felt the same. TV and phones have replaced long conversations and kids take up any “adult” time the two of you can have together. Sometimes you find yourself thinking some pretty negative things about your partner and sometimes they come out of your mouth, which leads to a fight or worse, stoney silence.
In the beginning there was fun, excitement and sex in your relationship. Now your relationship has moved to roommate status and you don’t know how to get the spark back.You love your partner but lately things have not felt the same. TV and phones have replaced long conversations and kids take up any “adult” time the two of you can have together. Sometimes you find yourself thinking some pretty negative things about your partner and sometimes they come out of your mouth, which leads to a fight or worse, stoney silence.
(518) 348-4345 View (518) 348-4345
Photo of Leeann Peters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Leeann Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I’m a licensed clinical social in the states of New York and North Carolina. I specialize in life development, mental health, substance, and end-of-life choices which includes grief therapy. I work with individuals, groups, and marriage counseling utilizing traditional and holistic therapy. I work with ages 18 and up. I work with all different cultures, backgrounds, traumas, hardships, and afflictions ( military. Civilians, gangs, inmates, etc).
I’m a licensed clinical social in the states of New York and North Carolina. I specialize in life development, mental health, substance, and end-of-life choices which includes grief therapy. I work with individuals, groups, and marriage counseling utilizing traditional and holistic therapy. I work with ages 18 and up. I work with all different cultures, backgrounds, traumas, hardships, and afflictions ( military. Civilians, gangs, inmates, etc).
(646) 760-3569 View (646) 760-3569
Photo of Melissa Purificato, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Melissa Purificato
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal client is someone who feels overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected — whether from past trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship or family struggles, or during major life transitions. They may be carrying emotional pain they don’t always have the words for, and they’re looking for a space to feel heard, validated, and understood. More than anything, they want to feel better — to gain clarity, reconnect with themselves, and build healthier relationships. They’re seeking meaningful change and a therapist they can trust to walk alongside them in that process.
My ideal client is someone who feels overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected — whether from past trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship or family struggles, or during major life transitions. They may be carrying emotional pain they don’t always have the words for, and they’re looking for a space to feel heard, validated, and understood. More than anything, they want to feel better — to gain clarity, reconnect with themselves, and build healthier relationships. They’re seeking meaningful change and a therapist they can trust to walk alongside them in that process.
(518) 856-8961 View (518) 856-8961

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Rebecca Santiago - Clearwater Counseling Associates, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Clearwater Counseling Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
1 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12207
Your journey of personal growth and healing. Life is a journey; sometimes you can travel alone, but there are times when you could use someone to walk with you along that journey and help you reach your goals. As your multicultural competent therapist, I am here to support, empower, and guide you towards that more positive + joyful life experience. I work with clients who are looking to take a deeper look at emotional and behavioral patterns, better understand their emotional needs, and build emotional resilience to create a meaningful life.
Your journey of personal growth and healing. Life is a journey; sometimes you can travel alone, but there are times when you could use someone to walk with you along that journey and help you reach your goals. As your multicultural competent therapist, I am here to support, empower, and guide you towards that more positive + joyful life experience. I work with clients who are looking to take a deeper look at emotional and behavioral patterns, better understand their emotional needs, and build emotional resilience to create a meaningful life.
(347) 650-2616 x145 View (347) 650-2616 x145
Photo of Sasha Stok, Psychologist, PhD, SEP
Sasha Stok
Psychologist, PhD, SEP
Serves Area
When life throws us for a loop (or many!), we can feel disoriented and without a sense of solid footing. We may even forget our internal resources that help us work through hardships. Therapy can offer a space to heal from stressful experiences, whether from the past or ongoing. With years of experience in the treatment of trauma and mood disorders, I am passionate about helping my clients discover new pathways to recover from traumatic experiences (both big and small), loss, and attachment disruptions. My clientele includes teens to adults, and parents who are managing child behaviors.
When life throws us for a loop (or many!), we can feel disoriented and without a sense of solid footing. We may even forget our internal resources that help us work through hardships. Therapy can offer a space to heal from stressful experiences, whether from the past or ongoing. With years of experience in the treatment of trauma and mood disorders, I am passionate about helping my clients discover new pathways to recover from traumatic experiences (both big and small), loss, and attachment disruptions. My clientele includes teens to adults, and parents who are managing child behaviors.
(929) 295-7533 View (929) 295-7533
Photo of Lisa Manasier, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lisa Manasier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you feeling overwhelmed, depressed, isolated, or simply in need of someone to talk to? These are deeply human experiences, and you don't have to face them alone. You may be losing sleep, feeling disconnected, or struggling in relationships. Whatever you're going through, you deserve inner peace and a life that feels meaningful. Change is within reach, and I'm here to guide you. Therapy is a powerful journey of self-discovery, offering space that leads to healing and a deeper connection with yourself. I've helped others find clarity, acceptance and a renewed sense of strength and I'd be honored to support you, too. Welcome.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, depressed, isolated, or simply in need of someone to talk to? These are deeply human experiences, and you don't have to face them alone. You may be losing sleep, feeling disconnected, or struggling in relationships. Whatever you're going through, you deserve inner peace and a life that feels meaningful. Change is within reach, and I'm here to guide you. Therapy is a powerful journey of self-discovery, offering space that leads to healing and a deeper connection with yourself. I've helped others find clarity, acceptance and a renewed sense of strength and I'd be honored to support you, too. Welcome.
(518) 278-6946 View (518) 278-6946
Photo of Jackie Boenisch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jackie Boenisch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Jackie (she/they) is a licensed clinical social worker with over 10 years experience working in the mental health field. They have extensive experience treating anxiety, OCD, depression, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder. They specialize in working with LGBTQIA+ populations. You, yes, you specifically, deserve to be living life as the happiest and healthiest version of yourself. Jackie specializes in creating safe spaces to explore the many sides of yourself as we work out the big questions of “who am I?” and “what do I really want out of my life?”
Jackie (she/they) is a licensed clinical social worker with over 10 years experience working in the mental health field. They have extensive experience treating anxiety, OCD, depression, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder. They specialize in working with LGBTQIA+ populations. You, yes, you specifically, deserve to be living life as the happiest and healthiest version of yourself. Jackie specializes in creating safe spaces to explore the many sides of yourself as we work out the big questions of “who am I?” and “what do I really want out of my life?”
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Photo of Barb Brontman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Barb Brontman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
If you are reading this, then you have already taken the first step! I believed that the person facing challenges also has the insight needed to find the answers. My role is to assist you in discovering your possibilities.
If you are reading this, then you have already taken the first step! I believed that the person facing challenges also has the insight needed to find the answers. My role is to assist you in discovering your possibilities.
(716) 899-1609 View (716) 899-1609
Photo of Jihee Cho, Psychologist, PhD
Jihee Cho
Psychologist, PhD
3 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12205
Struggling with trauma, grief, discrimination, immigration and cultural adjustment issues that keeping you up at night? Your challenges are real and valid, and can be affecting you, your relationships with family, friends, and even at work. If you find yourself spiralling down into isolation, feeling misunderstood, doubting your self worth and wandering, “What’s wrong with me?”, it’s time to reach out for help! There’s a way to ease your pain, achieve a sense of belonging, build meaningful connections and navigate documentation nightmare.
Struggling with trauma, grief, discrimination, immigration and cultural adjustment issues that keeping you up at night? Your challenges are real and valid, and can be affecting you, your relationships with family, friends, and even at work. If you find yourself spiralling down into isolation, feeling misunderstood, doubting your self worth and wandering, “What’s wrong with me?”, it’s time to reach out for help! There’s a way to ease your pain, achieve a sense of belonging, build meaningful connections and navigate documentation nightmare.
(917) 746-3583 View (917) 746-3583
Photo of Valerie Malivuk, Counselor, LMHC
Valerie Malivuk
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hey, welcome. I know the process of trying to find the right therapist can feel overwhelming. When I’ve looked for therapists for myself or as referrals for others, what I generally want to know is who the therapist is, what kind of person they are. Will they get me? Will they judge me? Are they going to actually call me on my stuff, but, in a nice way? These questions make sense. Therapy is vulnerable, it can be raw and real in ways we generally aren’t, even in very close relationships. Change is often hard and sometimes really scary but if you’re ready, I will meet you there.
Hey, welcome. I know the process of trying to find the right therapist can feel overwhelming. When I’ve looked for therapists for myself or as referrals for others, what I generally want to know is who the therapist is, what kind of person they are. Will they get me? Will they judge me? Are they going to actually call me on my stuff, but, in a nice way? These questions make sense. Therapy is vulnerable, it can be raw and real in ways we generally aren’t, even in very close relationships. Change is often hard and sometimes really scary but if you’re ready, I will meet you there.
(518) 252-8146 View (518) 252-8146
Photo of Joyce Rosenthal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Joyce Rosenthal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
We all face challenge in our lives; the way we manage them can make all the difference. I will work to build a caring relationship and a strong therapeutic alliance so you can feel safe to express yourself, share your feelings, your hopes, your dreams, your pain. I listen deeply to what you say, and notice what your body and eyes say when there are no words. Our therapy sessions will be geared toward finding hopeful, strength based paths toward improving your days. I pay careful attention to personal and family history and to current patterns and behaviors in order to help you see new possibilities for yourself.
We all face challenge in our lives; the way we manage them can make all the difference. I will work to build a caring relationship and a strong therapeutic alliance so you can feel safe to express yourself, share your feelings, your hopes, your dreams, your pain. I listen deeply to what you say, and notice what your body and eyes say when there are no words. Our therapy sessions will be geared toward finding hopeful, strength based paths toward improving your days. I pay careful attention to personal and family history and to current patterns and behaviors in order to help you see new possibilities for yourself.
(646) 437-8383 View (646) 437-8383
Photo of Jenna Bogetti, Counselor, LMHC, CCTP, MS
Jenna Bogetti
Counselor, LMHC, CCTP, MS
17 Endorsed
Serves Area
Facing changes alone can feel isolating and confusing. I work with adults in major life transitions, navigating grief, divorce, break-ups, empty nest, shift in career, and cultural differences, or changes. Many of my clients are feeling anxious, stressed, burned out, stuck in old patterns, or struggling to set boundaries or communicate effectively. In therapy we will work to slow down, make sense of what's happening, and practice tools to reduce stress, strengthen relationships, and align your life with your goals and values. My clients want to feel grounded, connected, and purposeful and learn to communicate with confidence.
Facing changes alone can feel isolating and confusing. I work with adults in major life transitions, navigating grief, divorce, break-ups, empty nest, shift in career, and cultural differences, or changes. Many of my clients are feeling anxious, stressed, burned out, stuck in old patterns, or struggling to set boundaries or communicate effectively. In therapy we will work to slow down, make sense of what's happening, and practice tools to reduce stress, strengthen relationships, and align your life with your goals and values. My clients want to feel grounded, connected, and purposeful and learn to communicate with confidence.
(914) 639-6411 View (914) 639-6411
Photo of James Falduti - James Falduti, LCSW, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
James Falduti, LCSW, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
4 Endorsed
Selkirk, NY 12158
Whether you need treatment for a mood disorder or practical tools to improve your life and relationships, I will patiently listen and compassionately guide you. My clients are challenged by depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, chronic illness, and/or conflicted relationships. They seek to improve their communication with others, to have more confidence and clarity, and be free of shame and painful memories. After over 40 years counseling others, first as a pastoral minister and then as a psychotherapist since 2001, I've learned that empathic listening and non-judgmental support is the key to helping and healing.
Whether you need treatment for a mood disorder or practical tools to improve your life and relationships, I will patiently listen and compassionately guide you. My clients are challenged by depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, chronic illness, and/or conflicted relationships. They seek to improve their communication with others, to have more confidence and clarity, and be free of shame and painful memories. After over 40 years counseling others, first as a pastoral minister and then as a psychotherapist since 2001, I've learned that empathic listening and non-judgmental support is the key to helping and healing.
(518) 662-1489 View (518) 662-1489
Photo of Jenna Kawola, Art Therapist, LCAT, ATR-BC
Jenna Kawola
Art Therapist, LCAT, ATR-BC
Schenectady, NY 12305
My name is Jenna and I am a Licensed Creative Arts Therapist who provides a playful and holistic approach when working with children, adolescents, and adults. I do what I can to provide a safe space for folks to explore their thoughts and feelings in order to increase confidence, comfort, and strength for themselves. We will work together to create goals to increase peace and balance in your life. Goals may be regarding minor stress, anxiety, depression, going through a transition, difficulty connecting with others, or wanting to improve overall wellbeing.
My name is Jenna and I am a Licensed Creative Arts Therapist who provides a playful and holistic approach when working with children, adolescents, and adults. I do what I can to provide a safe space for folks to explore their thoughts and feelings in order to increase confidence, comfort, and strength for themselves. We will work together to create goals to increase peace and balance in your life. Goals may be regarding minor stress, anxiety, depression, going through a transition, difficulty connecting with others, or wanting to improve overall wellbeing.
(838) 259-5437 View (838) 259-5437
Photo of Elizabeth Lunceford, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Elizabeth Lunceford
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Serves Area
With growth and change comes challenges. And with challenges, often comes growth and change. Therapy is a tool that can help with this. With over twenty years of experience in the profession and having worked with people of all ages facing various obstacles and difficulties, I have had the honor and privilege to witness this time and time again. Sometimes, we need support as we grow, evolve, learn to more fully connect with ourselves and others, and heal.
With growth and change comes challenges. And with challenges, often comes growth and change. Therapy is a tool that can help with this. With over twenty years of experience in the profession and having worked with people of all ages facing various obstacles and difficulties, I have had the honor and privilege to witness this time and time again. Sometimes, we need support as we grow, evolve, learn to more fully connect with ourselves and others, and heal.
(845) 242-7228 View (845) 242-7228

See more therapy options for 12184

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 12184

< 10

Therapists in 12184 who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
88% Depression
88% Addiction
88% Grief
88% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
67% Carelon Behavioral Health
50% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 12184 see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

88% Female
12% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 12184?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.