Therapists in Escombe

Photo of Veronique Charles - Veronique Charles Minds-Matter-Counselling, General Counsellor, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor
Veronique Charles Minds-Matter-Counselling
General Counsellor, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Affordable Online Counselling ALSO offered via Zoom /Video Calls /Telephonic. Are You Feeling overwhelmed and stressed, battling to cope with daily life and it's challenges. Are you depressed or living with anxiety or abuse. At Minds Matter Counselling I offer effective counselling. My aim is to help you live a more fulfilled life. I offer a Holistic Approach to Therapy, which is based on you as a whole, mind, body & spirit. At the end of each session, my aim is to help you feel empowered. I act with integrity, honesty and truth. I am here to help you feel better and enjoy your life again
Affordable Online Counselling ALSO offered via Zoom /Video Calls /Telephonic. Are You Feeling overwhelmed and stressed, battling to cope with daily life and it's challenges. Are you depressed or living with anxiety or abuse. At Minds Matter Counselling I offer effective counselling. My aim is to help you live a more fulfilled life. I offer a Holistic Approach to Therapy, which is based on you as a whole, mind, body & spirit. At the end of each session, my aim is to help you feel empowered. I act with integrity, honesty and truth. I am here to help you feel better and enjoy your life again
087 250 0592 x95 View 087 250 0592 x95

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Mbali Mthembu Mensah - Mrs. Mthembu Mensah & Associates at Turning Point, Psychologist, MSocSci, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Mrs. Mthembu Mensah & Associates at Turning Point
Psychologist, MSocSci, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Durban 4001
Is it trauma (divorce, rape, GBV, death of a loved one) or relationship problems, a child displaying behavioral problems, occupational distress? Struggle no more, my aim is to alleviate suffering and prevent depression, anxiety and suicidality from debilitating & ending your life. 13 years in the field has widened the scope of my knowledge & skill. As well as a successful personal healing journey, (in pursuit of peace, meaning & fulfillment), which has afforded me the confidence to offer my clients a practical & reliable treatment plan as I guide them step by step in therapy through a supportive approach.
Is it trauma (divorce, rape, GBV, death of a loved one) or relationship problems, a child displaying behavioral problems, occupational distress? Struggle no more, my aim is to alleviate suffering and prevent depression, anxiety and suicidality from debilitating & ending your life. 13 years in the field has widened the scope of my knowledge & skill. As well as a successful personal healing journey, (in pursuit of peace, meaning & fulfillment), which has afforded me the confidence to offer my clients a practical & reliable treatment plan as I guide them step by step in therapy through a supportive approach.
087 012 6176 View 087 012 6176
Photo of Steven Paul Chiaberta, General Counsellor
Steven Paul Chiaberta
General Counsellor
Serves Area
I truly believe that every human being needs a counsellor at some point(s) in life, because life is hard and the list of problems a person can face - and the impact those problems can have - is, seemingly, endless. Needing or wanting help to live a meaningful and fulfilling life is a natural and healthy response. Please know that it is possible.
I truly believe that every human being needs a counsellor at some point(s) in life, because life is hard and the list of problems a person can face - and the impact those problems can have - is, seemingly, endless. Needing or wanting help to live a meaningful and fulfilling life is a natural and healthy response. Please know that it is possible.
087 250 2477 x94 View 087 250 2477 x94
Photo of Monique Mostert, Psychometrist, BSocSci Hons
Monique Mostert
Psychometrist, BSocSci Hons
Serves Area
Registered Psychometrist (Nelspruit & Online) I offer career guidance, subject choice, study methods, and concession (extra time) assessments. Appointments are available online and in person. Assessments include aptitude, personality, interests, values, and cognitive functioning. Geregistreerde Psigometris (Nelspruit & Aanlyn) Ek bied beroepskeuse, vakkeuse, studiegewoontes, en koncessie (addisionele tyd) assesserings aan. Sessies en assesserings is beskikbaar aanlyn en in persoon. Assesserings sluit in aanleg, persoonlikheid, belangstellings, waardes, en kognitiewe funksionering.
Registered Psychometrist (Nelspruit & Online) I offer career guidance, subject choice, study methods, and concession (extra time) assessments. Appointments are available online and in person. Assessments include aptitude, personality, interests, values, and cognitive functioning. Geregistreerde Psigometris (Nelspruit & Aanlyn) Ek bied beroepskeuse, vakkeuse, studiegewoontes, en koncessie (addisionele tyd) assesserings aan. Sessies en assesserings is beskikbaar aanlyn en in persoon. Assesserings sluit in aanleg, persoonlikheid, belangstellings, waardes, en kognitiewe funksionering.
087 250 2042 x83 View 087 250 2042 x83
Photo of Dr. Jana Lazarus, Psychologist, PhD, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Dr. Jana Lazarus
Psychologist, PhD, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I help people who are stuck, in their heads or in undigested emotions, or in difficult life circumstances, relationships and families. I teach that the only person you can change is yourself, but when you do, the ripple effect is massive. Be the change you want to see, never mind what trauma has led to your anxiety, depression etc. We're all addicts: we all have devoted habits or coping mechanisms. After a while these harm us. Find another way. I use a Transpersonal approach because it's v effective. This means I remind you you are connected to something greater than yourself, however you define that - and how to employ that daily.
I help people who are stuck, in their heads or in undigested emotions, or in difficult life circumstances, relationships and families. I teach that the only person you can change is yourself, but when you do, the ripple effect is massive. Be the change you want to see, never mind what trauma has led to your anxiety, depression etc. We're all addicts: we all have devoted habits or coping mechanisms. After a while these harm us. Find another way. I use a Transpersonal approach because it's v effective. This means I remind you you are connected to something greater than yourself, however you define that - and how to employ that daily.
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Photo of Makhosi Mpanza - Makhosi Mpanza Private Practice, Social Worker, MA, SACSSP
Makhosi Mpanza Private Practice
Social Worker, MA, SACSSP
1 Endorsed
Westville 3629
Makhosi Mpanza is a qualified and registered private social worker ,offering a various of therapeutic interventions focusing on Therapy services to Child sexual abuse, children and families affected by abuse, GBV, psychological counselling and guidance support services, Her mission is to provide support, guidance, and coping tools to promote well-being among individuals with extensive experience in emotional recovery counselling, play therapy and personal growth
Makhosi Mpanza is a qualified and registered private social worker ,offering a various of therapeutic interventions focusing on Therapy services to Child sexual abuse, children and families affected by abuse, GBV, psychological counselling and guidance support services, Her mission is to provide support, guidance, and coping tools to promote well-being among individuals with extensive experience in emotional recovery counselling, play therapy and personal growth
087 250 2477 x48 View 087 250 2477 x48
Photo of Liesl Morris, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Liesl Morris
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Ballito 4420
I offer individual therapy for teens and adults and play therapy for children. I have a particular interest in trauma and loss, substance use and addiction, mood and anxiety disorders and personality disorders.
I offer individual therapy for teens and adults and play therapy for children. I have a particular interest in trauma and loss, substance use and addiction, mood and anxiety disorders and personality disorders.
087 250 0513 x96 View 087 250 0513 x96
Photo of Angelo Vincent Deboni, Registered Counsellor
Angelo Vincent Deboni
Registered Counsellor
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Therapy has become very clinical in the pathological world we live in. I focus on ways to make ethical, values-based choices that help you build a life of purp & meaning. I use an Existentialist approach (Humanistic) and my methods generally follow Acceptance & Commitment Therapy guidelines. I have a unique perspective on many issues resulting from my experience in life with personal challenges: raised in poverty, suffering male-anorexia, failed early-life relationships and 20 yrs. as an entrepreneur. This lived experience helps me be an effective counsellor, mental health speaker and provide ethical services as a life-coach.
Therapy has become very clinical in the pathological world we live in. I focus on ways to make ethical, values-based choices that help you build a life of purp & meaning. I use an Existentialist approach (Humanistic) and my methods generally follow Acceptance & Commitment Therapy guidelines. I have a unique perspective on many issues resulting from my experience in life with personal challenges: raised in poverty, suffering male-anorexia, failed early-life relationships and 20 yrs. as an entrepreneur. This lived experience helps me be an effective counsellor, mental health speaker and provide ethical services as a life-coach.
087 250 2148 x76 View 087 250 2148 x76
Photo of Lufuno Lucky Ramabulana, General Counsellor
Lufuno Lucky Ramabulana
General Counsellor
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Is your relationship feeling strained? Are you longing to reconnect with your partner but unsure where to start? Relationships aren’t always easy, but they don’t have to feel impossible either. Whether you're facing communication breakdowns, trust issues, or feel like the spark has faded, you don’t have to navigate this journey alone. I understand the emotional toll relationship challenges can take—feeling unheard, disconnected, or unsure of how to move forward. As an experienced and compassionate counselor, I’m here to help you and your partner rediscover the love, trust, and connection you both deserve. Contact me now.
Is your relationship feeling strained? Are you longing to reconnect with your partner but unsure where to start? Relationships aren’t always easy, but they don’t have to feel impossible either. Whether you're facing communication breakdowns, trust issues, or feel like the spark has faded, you don’t have to navigate this journey alone. I understand the emotional toll relationship challenges can take—feeling unheard, disconnected, or unsure of how to move forward. As an experienced and compassionate counselor, I’m here to help you and your partner rediscover the love, trust, and connection you both deserve. Contact me now.
087 250 2910 x29 View 087 250 2910 x29
Photo of Khonzeni Primrose Gutshwa, Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
Khonzeni Primrose Gutshwa
Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
Kwamashu 4360
I am registered as a Private Social Work holding Bachelor Degree in Social Work from Unisa in 2017. I have been in the field of counselling from 2019 till the date. I am looking forward to join each individual to the journey of self-development. I would like to meet each individualisation need through their self journey. I have a experience in providing psychosocial support more related to Gender Based Violence and Domestic Violence case work. Moreover able to advocate for the individual client through the healing process
I am registered as a Private Social Work holding Bachelor Degree in Social Work from Unisa in 2017. I have been in the field of counselling from 2019 till the date. I am looking forward to join each individual to the journey of self-development. I would like to meet each individualisation need through their self journey. I have a experience in providing psychosocial support more related to Gender Based Violence and Domestic Violence case work. Moreover able to advocate for the individual client through the healing process
087 250 0049 x69 View 087 250 0049 x69
Photo of Dr. Oscar Stuta, General Counsellor, PhD
Dr. Oscar Stuta
General Counsellor, PhD
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Everyone is going through a tough journey of psychological problems. As your guide I am here to help you land safe on your destination. By working together with you for a better and prosperous solution .
Everyone is going through a tough journey of psychological problems. As your guide I am here to help you land safe on your destination. By working together with you for a better and prosperous solution .
087 250 0592 x97 View 087 250 0592 x97
Photo of Anathi Kwinana, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Anathi Kwinana
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Sometimes in life, we may face challenges that make it difficult to function on a day to day. These challenges can be physical, emotional, relational, or psychological. During this time, we may need professional assistance to support us during our healing journey and help us build skills and coping mechanisms. My psychotherapy approach is holistic, and I work collaboratively with the client to help them overcome challenges they may face and build skills to aid them in future. I primarily work from the psychodynamic modality; however, I may utilise knowledge, techniques as well as skills from other modalities where indicated.
Sometimes in life, we may face challenges that make it difficult to function on a day to day. These challenges can be physical, emotional, relational, or psychological. During this time, we may need professional assistance to support us during our healing journey and help us build skills and coping mechanisms. My psychotherapy approach is holistic, and I work collaboratively with the client to help them overcome challenges they may face and build skills to aid them in future. I primarily work from the psychodynamic modality; however, I may utilise knowledge, techniques as well as skills from other modalities where indicated.
087 250 2910 x56 View 087 250 2910 x56
Photo of Courtenay Pottow, Registered Counsellor, HPCSA - Counsellor
Courtenay Pottow
Registered Counsellor, HPCSA - Counsellor
Serves Area
Clients reach out to me to benefit from evidence-based therapy techniques to better themselves, their relationships, & their lives in general. My clients enjoy my friendly & upbeat personality, as well as my empathetic and welcoming nature.
Clients reach out to me to benefit from evidence-based therapy techniques to better themselves, their relationships, & their lives in general. My clients enjoy my friendly & upbeat personality, as well as my empathetic and welcoming nature.
087 250 0513 x62 View 087 250 0513 x62
Photo of Rebecca Robinson, General Counsellor, MA, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
Rebecca Robinson
General Counsellor, MA, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
4 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with couples wanting to communicate more openly, rebuild trust, or deepen their connection, as well as individuals who feel stuck, overwhelmed, or uncertain—whether they’re navigating stress, identity shifts, life transitions, or relationship challenges. I’m a good fit for clients seeking a calm, compassionate space where they don’t have to hold everything together and can move forward with greater confidence, self-understanding, and healthier patterns in their lives and relationships
I work with couples wanting to communicate more openly, rebuild trust, or deepen their connection, as well as individuals who feel stuck, overwhelmed, or uncertain—whether they’re navigating stress, identity shifts, life transitions, or relationship challenges. I’m a good fit for clients seeking a calm, compassionate space where they don’t have to hold everything together and can move forward with greater confidence, self-understanding, and healthier patterns in their lives and relationships
087 250 0536 x50 View 087 250 0536 x50
Photo of Julia Noble, MPsych
Julia Noble
Verified Verified
Serves Area
No doubt you are looking at this site because you want something in your life to change. You want to feel better, get out of a repetitive rut, make some relationship changes or improvements, or just feel better within your own skin. My clients find it a huge relief to share and process their concerns - within the safe space of my counselling room or via secure online therapy. I believe strongly in a gentle therapy method - a non-judgemental and compassionate attitude - creating a safe, nurturing space for healing and change to begin. I am very aware of how vulnerable one feels in making that first appointment. It is worth it!
No doubt you are looking at this site because you want something in your life to change. You want to feel better, get out of a repetitive rut, make some relationship changes or improvements, or just feel better within your own skin. My clients find it a huge relief to share and process their concerns - within the safe space of my counselling room or via secure online therapy. I believe strongly in a gentle therapy method - a non-judgemental and compassionate attitude - creating a safe, nurturing space for healing and change to begin. I am very aware of how vulnerable one feels in making that first appointment. It is worth it!
087 250 0162 x69 View 087 250 0162 x69
Photo of Angelique Slabbert, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Angelique Slabbert
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
My therapeutic approach is more practical and action-orientated that aims towards creating a rich and meaningful life. This includes learning to accept the pain that inevitably comes with it instead of trying to alleviate it. I believe happiness can be achieved when we commit ourselves towards living a life that aligns with our values. Collaboratively we work together to increase psychological flexibility, adaptability, and tolerance. This means expanding beyond d the pain, not avoiding it. This will look different based on individual needs.
My therapeutic approach is more practical and action-orientated that aims towards creating a rich and meaningful life. This includes learning to accept the pain that inevitably comes with it instead of trying to alleviate it. I believe happiness can be achieved when we commit ourselves towards living a life that aligns with our values. Collaboratively we work together to increase psychological flexibility, adaptability, and tolerance. This means expanding beyond d the pain, not avoiding it. This will look different based on individual needs.
087 250 2293 x23 View 087 250 2293 x23
Photo of Aneesa Karodia - The Light Healing Sanctuary, Psychologist, HPCSA - Ed. Psych.
The Light Healing Sanctuary
Psychologist, HPCSA - Ed. Psych.
Serves Area
At the Light Healing Sanctuary, we provide a warm and safe space for patients to express their emotions , address their innermost conflicts and learn how to grow and heal. We provide Therapeutic containment in a beautiful healing space that nurtures the patient's inner motivation to succeed. In maintaining the highest levels of professionalism and adopting cutting edge therapeutic interventions, we strive to ensure that patients receive the best treatment possible. At The Light Healing Sanctuary, we strive to "Shed a guiding light on your healing journey."
At the Light Healing Sanctuary, we provide a warm and safe space for patients to express their emotions , address their innermost conflicts and learn how to grow and heal. We provide Therapeutic containment in a beautiful healing space that nurtures the patient's inner motivation to succeed. In maintaining the highest levels of professionalism and adopting cutting edge therapeutic interventions, we strive to ensure that patients receive the best treatment possible. At The Light Healing Sanctuary, we strive to "Shed a guiding light on your healing journey."
087 250 2389 x95 View 087 250 2389 x95
Photo of Gali Slotow, General Counsellor, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
Gali Slotow
General Counsellor, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
Online Only
Have you been finding yourself struggling lately? Do you feel heavy hearted with feelings of hopelessness? Are you emotionally exhausted? It's okay to ask for help. You are safe here, and you are not alone. As Carl Rogers once said "The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction, not a destination." Reaching out is the first step into the direction of the good life that you seek. Whether you and your partner are experiencing some rough patches, if you as an individual are finding your anxiety levels have risen, or if you have unresolved trauma that you can feel creeping in and taking it's toll, I can help.
Have you been finding yourself struggling lately? Do you feel heavy hearted with feelings of hopelessness? Are you emotionally exhausted? It's okay to ask for help. You are safe here, and you are not alone. As Carl Rogers once said "The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction, not a destination." Reaching out is the first step into the direction of the good life that you seek. Whether you and your partner are experiencing some rough patches, if you as an individual are finding your anxiety levels have risen, or if you have unresolved trauma that you can feel creeping in and taking it's toll, I can help.
079 734 9641 View 079 734 9641
Photo of Silindile Nokukhanya Jiyana - SafeSpace Psychology , Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons, HPCSA - Counsellor
SafeSpace Psychology
Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons, HPCSA - Counsellor
Durban 4000
My ideal client is someone who feels overwhelmed by anxiety, stress, or a sense of disconnection—from themselves, their relationships, or their purpose. They may be navigating major life transitions, dealing with trauma or grief. They long to feel more grounded, empowered, and authentic in how they live and relate to others. What makes this therapeutic approach unique is a blend of evidence-based practices with deep, compassionate presence—meeting clients where they are with curiosity.
My ideal client is someone who feels overwhelmed by anxiety, stress, or a sense of disconnection—from themselves, their relationships, or their purpose. They may be navigating major life transitions, dealing with trauma or grief. They long to feel more grounded, empowered, and authentic in how they live and relate to others. What makes this therapeutic approach unique is a blend of evidence-based practices with deep, compassionate presence—meeting clients where they are with curiosity.
087 250 0412 x20 View 087 250 0412 x20
Photo of Zama Dube - Zama Dube Psychological Services, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Zama Dube Psychological Services
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Many of my clients come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure of how to move forward. They may be navigating anxiety, emotional exhaustion, life transitions, trauma, or challenges with self-esteem and identity. My role is to offer a calm, grounded, and supportive space where you can understand your experiences, reconnect with yourself, and move toward the version of life you want to build.
Many of my clients come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure of how to move forward. They may be navigating anxiety, emotional exhaustion, life transitions, trauma, or challenges with self-esteem and identity. My role is to offer a calm, grounded, and supportive space where you can understand your experiences, reconnect with yourself, and move toward the version of life you want to build.
087 250 2962 x46 View 087 250 2962 x46

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Escombe

< 10

Counsellors in Escombe who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% ADHD
100% Domestic Abuse
100% Eating Disorders
100% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)

Average years in practice

5 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Escombe see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Escombe?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Psychologists listed in the directory are registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). The majority of General Counsellors featured in the directory align themselves with reputable professional bodies, particularly the Association for Supportive Counsellors and Holistic Practitioners. All Registered Counsellors listed must be registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered with the South African Council for Social Service Professionals.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for general counsellors in South Africa, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in South Africa.

Psychologists have five years training in psychology, have completed an internship over 12 months, and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. They must be registered with Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Registered Counsellors must have at least four years of study at a university or college, such as the Bachelor of Psychology and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. General counsellors, such as Supportive Counsellors, Holistic Counsellors, and Wellness Counsellors, registered with the ASCHP must possess at least an NQF Level 4 qualification. Social Workers must possess a Bachelor of Social Work and must have completed an approved internship in the social service sector.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in South Africa could be between R600 and R1,500. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are registered with the HPCSA and professional organisations such as PsySSA or the ASCHP are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client, or as required by law, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.