Psychologists and Therapists in Berlin

Photo of Siyabonga Roderick Tom, General Counsellor
Siyabonga Roderick Tom
General Counsellor
Serves Area
Are you facing marital problems or you want a solid foundation (Premarital Counselling) for your marriage to stand firm. MTB is here to render helpful and fruitful Counselling sessions at your most comfortable space.
Are you facing marital problems or you want a solid foundation (Premarital Counselling) for your marriage to stand firm. MTB is here to render helpful and fruitful Counselling sessions at your most comfortable space.
087 250 2389 x79 View 087 250 2389 x79

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Sakhile Msweli, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Sakhile Msweli
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
You may be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, anxious, or lost. Perhaps you're navigating life transitions, past trauma, identity questions, or difficult relationships. You want to feel more grounded, connected, and empowered—but the path isn’t always clear. I offer a compassionate space where you can pause, breathe, and begin to make sense of your experiences in ways that honour who you are and who you are becoming.
You may be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, anxious, or lost. Perhaps you're navigating life transitions, past trauma, identity questions, or difficult relationships. You want to feel more grounded, connected, and empowered—but the path isn’t always clear. I offer a compassionate space where you can pause, breathe, and begin to make sense of your experiences in ways that honour who you are and who you are becoming.
087 250 0062 x14 View 087 250 0062 x14
Photo of Donnaé Maree Godley, General Counsellor, MSocSci
Donnaé Maree Godley
General Counsellor, MSocSci
Serves Area
Amidst these times of global disruption, many are experiencing a deep sense of uncertainty, fear for the future and a sense of hopelessness. The advancement of AI threatens employment, the wars create a sense of vulnerability and economic strain, justice seems unattainable as systems and the patriarchy fail us. Our reality and experience requires a safe space for expression in a holistic and meaningful way. This can assist in lightening the load and in adapting to change we are able to reimagine, see possibility and potential, heal, grow and embrace a new way of being that is authentic and resilient.
Amidst these times of global disruption, many are experiencing a deep sense of uncertainty, fear for the future and a sense of hopelessness. The advancement of AI threatens employment, the wars create a sense of vulnerability and economic strain, justice seems unattainable as systems and the patriarchy fail us. Our reality and experience requires a safe space for expression in a holistic and meaningful way. This can assist in lightening the load and in adapting to change we are able to reimagine, see possibility and potential, heal, grow and embrace a new way of being that is authentic and resilient.
087 250 0513 x91 View 087 250 0513 x91
Photo of Dr. Portia Monnapula-Mazabane, Psychologist, PhD, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Dr. Portia Monnapula-Mazabane
Psychologist, PhD, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
She is a qualified Clinical Psychologist based at Umhlanga in private practice. She offers psychotherapy focusing on emotional, cognitive, and behavioural components to assist individuals in coping with daily challenges and difficulties. Her expertise includes working with relationship conflicts, anxiety, mood disorders such as depression, bipolar, adjustment disorders, postnatal depression, family-related challenges, grief, acute post-traumatic stress, workplace-related stress, and conflict management. She holds a PhD in Psychology, where she passionately researched the stigma surrounding mental health.
She is a qualified Clinical Psychologist based at Umhlanga in private practice. She offers psychotherapy focusing on emotional, cognitive, and behavioural components to assist individuals in coping with daily challenges and difficulties. Her expertise includes working with relationship conflicts, anxiety, mood disorders such as depression, bipolar, adjustment disorders, postnatal depression, family-related challenges, grief, acute post-traumatic stress, workplace-related stress, and conflict management. She holds a PhD in Psychology, where she passionately researched the stigma surrounding mental health.
031 562 1570 View 031 562 1570
Photo of Eddy Maduna - Inpower Therapeutic Solutions, Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
Inpower Therapeutic Solutions
Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
People today are carrying heavy emotional, mental, and social burdens while trying to juggle work, family, and personal aspirations. My ideal clients are individuals, families, and organisations who know something needs to change but feel unsure where to begin. Those seeking to improve their mental well-being, strengthen relationships, and find practical solutions to life’s challenges. Here if you have workplace stress/burnout, struggling with a new medical diagnosis, navigating personal loss, adapting to new environments, or looking for a safe, understanding, and results-driven space to move forward with clarity and confidence.
People today are carrying heavy emotional, mental, and social burdens while trying to juggle work, family, and personal aspirations. My ideal clients are individuals, families, and organisations who know something needs to change but feel unsure where to begin. Those seeking to improve their mental well-being, strengthen relationships, and find practical solutions to life’s challenges. Here if you have workplace stress/burnout, struggling with a new medical diagnosis, navigating personal loss, adapting to new environments, or looking for a safe, understanding, and results-driven space to move forward with clarity and confidence.
087 250 2962 x50 View 087 250 2962 x50
Photo of Naledi Nobathembu Mqhayi, Psychologist, MSc, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Naledi Nobathembu Mqhayi
Psychologist, MSc, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Are you trying to find meaning in life? A sense of belonging or you simply do not know how to put back the broken pieces in your life? You've been thinking about talking to someone but do not know where to start? Well look no further because I am here for you. Seeking professional help can be overwhelming but empowering once you do it. With my expertise in psychotherapy, I am dedicated to creating a confidential, warm, and culturally sensitive environment where healing both the body, mind and soul is my top priority.
Are you trying to find meaning in life? A sense of belonging or you simply do not know how to put back the broken pieces in your life? You've been thinking about talking to someone but do not know where to start? Well look no further because I am here for you. Seeking professional help can be overwhelming but empowering once you do it. With my expertise in psychotherapy, I am dedicated to creating a confidential, warm, and culturally sensitive environment where healing both the body, mind and soul is my top priority.
087 250 2477 x15 View 087 250 2477 x15
Photo of Jack John Henry Martin, General Counsellor, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
Jack John Henry Martin
General Counsellor, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal client feels overwhelmed by persistent stress, anxiety, or past trauma, struggling to find clarity and peace. They deeply desire emotional healing, meaningful connections, and practical guidance to rebuild their lives. They seek hope, genuine understanding, and personalized support because traditional approaches haven't fully addressed their inner pain.
My ideal client feels overwhelmed by persistent stress, anxiety, or past trauma, struggling to find clarity and peace. They deeply desire emotional healing, meaningful connections, and practical guidance to rebuild their lives. They seek hope, genuine understanding, and personalized support because traditional approaches haven't fully addressed their inner pain.
087 250 0902 x21 View 087 250 0902 x21
Photo of Qhama Magazi, General Counsellor
Qhama Magazi
General Counsellor
At Magazi MindShift Coaching, we work with individuals who feel overwhelmed, stuck and ready for a positive shift in their lives. Many clients come to me during stressful transitions, emotional burnout, and periods of self-doubt. They come to seek clarity and a renewed direction. Through supportive wellness counseling and practical mindshifting strategies I help clients reframe limiting beliefs, strengthen resilience, and reconnect with their inner strengths. My goal is to empower you with the mindset and tools needed to move forward with confidence, balance, and purpose.
At Magazi MindShift Coaching, we work with individuals who feel overwhelmed, stuck and ready for a positive shift in their lives. Many clients come to me during stressful transitions, emotional burnout, and periods of self-doubt. They come to seek clarity and a renewed direction. Through supportive wellness counseling and practical mindshifting strategies I help clients reframe limiting beliefs, strengthen resilience, and reconnect with their inner strengths. My goal is to empower you with the mindset and tools needed to move forward with confidence, balance, and purpose.
076 340 1547 View 076 340 1547
Photo of Nosiphiwo Ntweni, Psychologist, MSocSci, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Nosiphiwo Ntweni
Psychologist, MSocSci, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
I work with a diverse group of clients; from children to old age, all sexes and genders, and all races and ethnic groups. My ideal client may be an individual who is struggling with grief, navigating a different phase in life, dealing with divorce or separation, a teenager who is trying to figure out their identity, someone who is struggling with depressive symptoms, anxiety, post traumatic stress, work related difficulties and any other life stressors. Some of my clients may just be at a stage where they are pursuing personal growth and development. The primary goal of therapy is to build resilience in the face of life challenges.
I work with a diverse group of clients; from children to old age, all sexes and genders, and all races and ethnic groups. My ideal client may be an individual who is struggling with grief, navigating a different phase in life, dealing with divorce or separation, a teenager who is trying to figure out their identity, someone who is struggling with depressive symptoms, anxiety, post traumatic stress, work related difficulties and any other life stressors. Some of my clients may just be at a stage where they are pursuing personal growth and development. The primary goal of therapy is to build resilience in the face of life challenges.
087 250 0160 x63 View 087 250 0160 x63
Photo of Lukhanyo Peter, General Counsellor
Lukhanyo Peter
General Counsellor
I provide support to children in the areas of Character Development, Character Correction, and Grief and Loss. Every child makes mistakes, and those mistakes do not define them. My role is to help children understand that while mistakes can be forgiven, growth comes from learning, making better choices, and avoiding the repetition of harmful behaviours. Through my services, I guide children and families in developing positive values, healthy behaviours, emotional resilience, and strong character foundations that contribute to lifelong well-being.
I provide support to children in the areas of Character Development, Character Correction, and Grief and Loss. Every child makes mistakes, and those mistakes do not define them. My role is to help children understand that while mistakes can be forgiven, growth comes from learning, making better choices, and avoiding the repetition of harmful behaviours. Through my services, I guide children and families in developing positive values, healthy behaviours, emotional resilience, and strong character foundations that contribute to lifelong well-being.
087 723 9385 x19 View 087 723 9385 x19
Photo of Nolwazi Somtsewu, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Nolwazi Somtsewu
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
I am a registered Counselling psychologist, with 16 years' experience in supporting clients with career planning and management, study, personal challenges affecting their wellbeing, performance and life satisfaction. I also help with employment preparation, adjustment to preparation for retirement. I am compassionate, and love to help clients to empower themselves to lead meaningful and fulfilling life. I am a firm believer in human potential and working collaboratively with my clients for their personal growth. My services are online and face to face, to individuals, groups, and organizations.
I am a registered Counselling psychologist, with 16 years' experience in supporting clients with career planning and management, study, personal challenges affecting their wellbeing, performance and life satisfaction. I also help with employment preparation, adjustment to preparation for retirement. I am compassionate, and love to help clients to empower themselves to lead meaningful and fulfilling life. I am a firm believer in human potential and working collaboratively with my clients for their personal growth. My services are online and face to face, to individuals, groups, and organizations.
087 250 2477 x38 View 087 250 2477 x38
Photo of Mihlali Makasi, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Mihlali Makasi
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
2 Endorsed
I am an empathic and passionate Counselling Psychologist offering services for Individuals, couples, families, groups and organizations. Psychological assessment (incl. career guidance assessments) and psychotherapy are part of the services offered to adults, adolescents and children. Both inpatient and outpatient mental health services are offered. Clients are assisted to live life without the hindrance of emotional, behavioural and cognitive struggles. Services are offered in a non judgemental space with support in developing more fulfilling life experiences.
I am an empathic and passionate Counselling Psychologist offering services for Individuals, couples, families, groups and organizations. Psychological assessment (incl. career guidance assessments) and psychotherapy are part of the services offered to adults, adolescents and children. Both inpatient and outpatient mental health services are offered. Clients are assisted to live life without the hindrance of emotional, behavioural and cognitive struggles. Services are offered in a non judgemental space with support in developing more fulfilling life experiences.
087 250 0719 x24 View 087 250 0719 x24
Photo of Sweetlener Thobeka Msengana, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Sweetlener Thobeka Msengana
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Belgravia 5201
Thobeka Msengana is a Multilingual Registered Counselling Psychologist. Thobeka supports individuals navigating emotional, psychological, and life challenges by providing a safe, compassionate, and professional therapeutic space. Her clients include adolescents, students, professionals, couples, and families seeking support for anxiety, trauma, depression, stress, burnout, grief, relationship difficulties, and major life transitions.Thobeka uses evidence-based therapeutic approaches to help clients build resilience, develop healthier coping strategies, improve emotional wellbeing, and regain a sense of balance and empowerment.
Thobeka Msengana is a Multilingual Registered Counselling Psychologist. Thobeka supports individuals navigating emotional, psychological, and life challenges by providing a safe, compassionate, and professional therapeutic space. Her clients include adolescents, students, professionals, couples, and families seeking support for anxiety, trauma, depression, stress, burnout, grief, relationship difficulties, and major life transitions.Thobeka uses evidence-based therapeutic approaches to help clients build resilience, develop healthier coping strategies, improve emotional wellbeing, and regain a sense of balance and empowerment.
087 250 0609 x57 View 087 250 0609 x57
Photo of Vuyolwethu Maqekeza, Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons
Vuyolwethu Maqekeza
Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons
Each individual has a story to tell, and often the foundation of this story is rooted in suppressed and unresolved trauma. As we forge forward in life, the trauma catches up with us, without a warning or sign. It presents itself in the form of triggers, and manifests in the way we carry ourselves, and the way we interact with those around us. Unhealthy coping mechanisms are developed unconsciously, as a way of dealing with this trauma, often the most common one being avoidance. Without realising it, we have been living and functioning on survival mode.
Each individual has a story to tell, and often the foundation of this story is rooted in suppressed and unresolved trauma. As we forge forward in life, the trauma catches up with us, without a warning or sign. It presents itself in the form of triggers, and manifests in the way we carry ourselves, and the way we interact with those around us. Unhealthy coping mechanisms are developed unconsciously, as a way of dealing with this trauma, often the most common one being avoidance. Without realising it, we have been living and functioning on survival mode.
087 250 0902 x60 View 087 250 0902 x60
Photo of Leonie M Dippenaar, General Counsellor
Leonie M Dippenaar
General Counsellor
Online Only
You may be self-aware and capable, but still feel trapped in anxiety, burnout, or repeating emotional patterns; therapy can help you shift what insight alone has not changed. I specialise in working with thoughtful, emotionally aware adults who understand their struggles yet still feel overwhelmed, emotionally drained, or stuck in relationship patterns. Together, we explore the deeper drivers behind these experiences and work to shift them so you can regain emotional balance, confidence, and a greater sense of calm and control in your life.
You may be self-aware and capable, but still feel trapped in anxiety, burnout, or repeating emotional patterns; therapy can help you shift what insight alone has not changed. I specialise in working with thoughtful, emotionally aware adults who understand their struggles yet still feel overwhelmed, emotionally drained, or stuck in relationship patterns. Together, we explore the deeper drivers behind these experiences and work to shift them so you can regain emotional balance, confidence, and a greater sense of calm and control in your life.
087 250 0049 x24 View 087 250 0049 x24
Photo of Yolisa Faith Bomela, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Yolisa Faith Bomela
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Our focus is to provide counselling to clients struggling to make sense of what they are going through in their personal lives. Our targets are chidren, individuals, couples and families. We provide counselling in cases of trauma, grief, marital problems, illness and various other day to day emotional and psychological challenges. We also offer assessment for placement for learners as well.
Our focus is to provide counselling to clients struggling to make sense of what they are going through in their personal lives. Our targets are chidren, individuals, couples and families. We provide counselling in cases of trauma, grief, marital problems, illness and various other day to day emotional and psychological challenges. We also offer assessment for placement for learners as well.
087 250 2837 x98 View 087 250 2837 x98
Photo of Nomaxabiso Gqomo, Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
Nomaxabiso Gqomo
Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
Balazie 5601
You find yourself not coping due to stress, grief, life changes (divorce, separation, break-up, health diagnosis, loss of a job e.t.c). You are at the right place with the right person in a safe space to share your life story without judgement. My practice is a family friendly practice that restores, inspires and re- generates. Special interest is on reducing future generations carrying childhood traumas through play therapy for children. Children face a range of emotional and psychological challenges including bullying, grief, abuse, family breakdown; due to their development stage they lack skills to cope and need extra support
You find yourself not coping due to stress, grief, life changes (divorce, separation, break-up, health diagnosis, loss of a job e.t.c). You are at the right place with the right person in a safe space to share your life story without judgement. My practice is a family friendly practice that restores, inspires and re- generates. Special interest is on reducing future generations carrying childhood traumas through play therapy for children. Children face a range of emotional and psychological challenges including bullying, grief, abuse, family breakdown; due to their development stage they lack skills to cope and need extra support
087 250 0409 x30 View 087 250 0409 x30
Photo of Neziswa Yambata-Mqoboli, General Counsellor, BSocSci Hons, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
Neziswa Yambata-Mqoboli
General Counsellor, BSocSci Hons, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
I am a Specialist Wellness Counsellor. I have completed both undergraduate and honours in Psychology at UNISA, Introduction to Employee Assistant Programme at University of Pretoria. You have some issues that need a listening ear or someone to journey with you please do not hesitate to contact me. There are certain things in the journey of life that needs an intervention of someone trained to deal with them. I am available for you. I believe in creating an authentic connection with each individual who seeks my support. This is vital during your journey with me, as it provides you with a safe, trusting, non-judgmental space.
I am a Specialist Wellness Counsellor. I have completed both undergraduate and honours in Psychology at UNISA, Introduction to Employee Assistant Programme at University of Pretoria. You have some issues that need a listening ear or someone to journey with you please do not hesitate to contact me. There are certain things in the journey of life that needs an intervention of someone trained to deal with them. I am available for you. I believe in creating an authentic connection with each individual who seeks my support. This is vital during your journey with me, as it provides you with a safe, trusting, non-judgmental space.
087 250 0536 x30 View 087 250 0536 x30
Photo of Zukiswa Silinyana, Psychologist, MSocSci, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
Zukiswa Silinyana
Psychologist, MSocSci, HPCSA - Couns. Psych.
I am a registered Counselling Psychologist with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). I offer both online and face-to-face sessions to support adolescents and adults in navigating life’s challenges in a safe and collaborative space.
I am a registered Counselling Psychologist with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). I offer both online and face-to-face sessions to support adolescents and adults in navigating life’s challenges in a safe and collaborative space.
087 250 0536 x62 View 087 250 0536 x62
Photo of Nombuso Soyizwapi, General Counsellor, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor
Nombuso Soyizwapi
General Counsellor, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Feel like you’re holding everything together on the outside,but struggling within? You’re not alone. I am a wellness counsellor offering online counselling in South Africa for individuals and couples navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, and relationship challenges. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, emotionally drained, or stuck in patterns that no longer serve you, counselling can help you regain clarity, stability, and a sense of control. Book a session today and reclaim your calm
Feel like you’re holding everything together on the outside,but struggling within? You’re not alone. I am a wellness counsellor offering online counselling in South Africa for individuals and couples navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, and relationship challenges. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, emotionally drained, or stuck in patterns that no longer serve you, counselling can help you regain clarity, stability, and a sense of control. Book a session today and reclaim your calm
087 250 0062 x76 View 087 250 0062 x76

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Berlin

< 10

Psychologists and Therapists in Berlin who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Addiction
100% Anxiety
100% Grief
100% Parenting
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Divorce

Average years in practice

3 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Male

How Psychologists and Therapists in Berlin see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Berlin?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Psychologists listed in the directory are registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). The majority of General Counsellors featured in the directory align themselves with reputable professional bodies, particularly the Association for Supportive Counsellors and Holistic Practitioners. All Registered Counsellors listed must be registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered with the South African Council for Social Service Professionals.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for general counsellors in South Africa, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in South Africa.

Psychologists have five years training in psychology, have completed an internship over 12 months, and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. They must be registered with Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Registered Counsellors must have at least four years of study at a university or college, such as the Bachelor of Psychology and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. General counsellors, such as Supportive Counsellors, Holistic Counsellors, and Wellness Counsellors, registered with the ASCHP must possess at least an NQF Level 4 qualification. Social Workers must possess a Bachelor of Social Work and must have completed an approved internship in the social service sector.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in South Africa could be between R600 and R1,500. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are registered with the HPCSA and professional organisations such as PsySSA or the ASCHP are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client, or as required by law, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.