Are Free-Ranging Dogs Better Off When "Saved" by Humans?

Free-ranging dogs in Bali. Arnold (front), Lisa (left), and Baobab (right).

Source: Marco Adda

Dog expert and trainer Dr. Marco Adda is a leading spokesman for the well-being of domestic dogs. In his work on canine anthropology, he calls for a significant change in how dogs are viewed and trained by calling attention to the psychophysical and kinesthetic roots of dog-human interactions and the importance of humans entering an empathetic state of listening instead of seeking obedience and assuming to know everything.

In his latest landmark essay "Wellness or Hellness? Rediscussing Free-Ranging Dogs Welfare," Adda explores some intricacies of the “free-ranging dog removal” phenomenon by tracking some trajectories in dogs’ human-triggered migrations and challenges the presumption that extracting these dogs from their habitats enhances their quality of life. Here he expands on this and other important related topics.

Marc Bekoff: Why did you write "Wellness or Hellness?"

Marco Adda: My work and research with ranging free dogs has identified significant inconsistencies and conflicting views regarding their welfare. These differences often result in varied approaches to managing their well-being—some of which, despite good intentions, may harm the dogs. I have engaged extensively with global practitioners and advocates to explore these issues. This paper sheds light on uncomfortable yet critical perspectives, emphasizing that supporting these dogs may require a profound transformation in our usual practices and ways of thinking.

MB: Who do you hope to reach in your interesting and important work?

MA: My primary goal is to connect with those directly involved with ranging free dogs—volunteers, organizations, and individuals working in regions where these dogs are present. It is essential to initiate a dialogue about the methods and practices used to support these dogs and the people they interact with. While interventions often stem from good intentions, they may sometimes overlook the dogs’ unique needs, behaviors, and functions within a specific community.

Dog relocation routes map.

Source: Marco Adda

Secondly, I aim to reach a wider audience globally, including dog parents and enthusiasts. They should recognize that dogs ranging freely are only sometimes who they might perceive them to be. Your work in A Dog's World: Imagining the Lives of Dogs in a World Without Humans and Dogs Demystified effectively illustrates that, too. These dogs often lead lives vastly different from the companion dogs with whom we are familiar. We can challenge common stereotypes and assumptions by fostering greater awareness, inspiring empathy and a deeper appreciation for each animal's unique life and individuality.¹

MB: What are some of the major topics you consider?

MA: I clarify that our focus is specifically aimed at those free-ranging dogs who thrive in their natural habitats and should be respected for who they are. Dogs requiring help can and should be supported in various ways, but it is essential to recognize that not all dogs are the same. A one-size-fits-all approach fails to acknowledge the individuality of these animals, leading to practices that ignore their natural behaviors and cultural, social, and ecological roles.

I propose a preliminary and nonexhaustive global map to illustrate how free dogs are moved across the world. It highlights the significant and often overlooked practice of relocating these dogs—sometimes within countries but frequently to entirely different continents—purportedly to provide them with better living conditions.

The reasons for removing dogs from their environments vary widely, from public safety concerns to welfare-driven initiatives. The experience of being removed from their familiar territories and transported across great distances is often deeply traumatic for these animals. Many undergo significant stress during capture, confinement, sterilization, and transit—procedures that disrupt their biopsychosocial balance and overall sense of security. In many instances, the physical and emotional harm resulting from relocation surpasses the supposed benefits. Dogs often exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, leading to severe consequences for both their lives and the lives of their adopters. The term “deportation” seems more fitting than “relocation.”

The paper also points to the role of dogs ranging free as social supporters and cultural symbols. In specific communities, they provide vital help: They offer companionship to the lonely and the elderly, serve as playful companions for children, strengthen connections among community members, foster shared responsibilities, enhance a sense of participation and belonging, and provide guardianship, among other roles. These contributions must be acknowledged and carefully considered before removing these dogs. I also raise questions about balancing ecological health, human-dog coexistence, and context-sensitive animal welfare, especially in areas where these dogs are integral to local communities.

Animal Behavior Essential Reads

Chimpanzee the Hunter

Why Studying Animal Behavior Can Improve Human-Animal Bonds

What does “free” signify from our viewpoint? Does it suggest abandonment, danger, or independence? What concerns does the concept of canine freedom raise? Do dogs who range free truly need saving? Rather than viewing them as nuisances to be eradicated or vulnerable beings in need of incontestable rescue, we can recognize the intrinsic value of healthy and free dogs as sentient beings and vital members of their canine and human communities.

MB: How does your work differ from others that are concerned with some of the same general topics?

MA: I take a holistic approach that considers not only dogs’ general welfare but also their ethical, social, cultural, and ecological dimensions. My essay highlights the often-overlooked consequences of human interventions, particularly how well-meaning actions can unintentionally harm the animals they aim to help. It seeks to encourage a more thoughtful and multifaceted understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with free dogs by addressing nuanced and sometimes uncomfortable topics. It emphasizes community-led initiatives by empowering local residents to share responsibility for the dogs' welfare, emotional well-being, and autonomy while fostering compassionate and practical solutions.

MB: Are you hopeful that as people learn more about this topic they will treat free-ranging dogs with more respect?

MA: There is strong resistance from those who believe every dog should have a human home. While their welfare concerns are sometimes valid, this perspective often overlooks the important distinction between healthy and free dogs and those genuinely needing medical assistance or other care. Furthermore, it reflects a limited understanding of the diverse ecotypes of free dogs, many of whom naturally associate with humans and indeed have their own human "families" while still maintaining their independent status.

However, I have already seen some positive results over the years in response to the various initiatives I created around ranging free dogs. Many people have reached out to me embracing this perspective with a growing understanding of the complexities involved, clearly reformulating their perception and, in some cases, reconsidering their practices. So, yes, I am hopeful.