Therapists in Long Grove, IL

Photo of Christine Decker, Psychologist in Long Grove, IL
Christine Decker
Psychologist, PsyD, LCPC
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
My areas of expertise include group and individual therapy with a specialty working with children, adolescents and young adults. I work with many adults individually as well. Positive attitude, personal growth and fulfillment are achieved through our therapy sessions together. I am a licensed clinical psychologist. For an appointment call: 847-347-9521 Evening and weekend hours are available.
My areas of expertise include group and individual therapy with a specialty working with children, adolescents and young adults. I work with many adults individually as well. Positive attitude, personal growth and fulfillment are achieved through our therapy sessions together. I am a licensed clinical psychologist. For an appointment call: 847-347-9521 Evening and weekend hours are available.
(847) 975-5598 View (847) 975-5598
Photo of Sachiko Burke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Long Grove, IL
Sachiko Burke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
As a social worker and therapist, Sachiko brings over 12 years of professional experience from her previous experiences as a school social worker, social emotional learning coach and psychotherapist. She works with children, teens and adults with a wide range of behavioral and emotional issues including substance abuse, executive functioning skills, depression, anxiety, and grief. When a client sees Sachiko for behavioral therapy and emotional intervention, including play therapy, she provides validation, collaborative problem-solving, empathy, and reflective listening.
As a social worker and therapist, Sachiko brings over 12 years of professional experience from her previous experiences as a school social worker, social emotional learning coach and psychotherapist. She works with children, teens and adults with a wide range of behavioral and emotional issues including substance abuse, executive functioning skills, depression, anxiety, and grief. When a client sees Sachiko for behavioral therapy and emotional intervention, including play therapy, she provides validation, collaborative problem-solving, empathy, and reflective listening.
(847) 978-6996 View (847) 978-6996
Photo of Sharon T Petzel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Long Grove, IL
Sharon T Petzel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACCHT
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
If you have been in therapy before and are looking for something that can assist in healing on a deeper level look no further. You may be looking for a therapy experience where you can explore your own individual life path, where you can get to and heal the root of your relationship issues, your depression, your anxiety, your childhood wounding, and/or your pain. You may be ready to understand and change the long standing patterns that are negatively affecting your life and to finally truly understand why you feel, think, and behave the way you do, heal those issues, and create the life you truly desire.
If you have been in therapy before and are looking for something that can assist in healing on a deeper level look no further. You may be looking for a therapy experience where you can explore your own individual life path, where you can get to and heal the root of your relationship issues, your depression, your anxiety, your childhood wounding, and/or your pain. You may be ready to understand and change the long standing patterns that are negatively affecting your life and to finally truly understand why you feel, think, and behave the way you do, heal those issues, and create the life you truly desire.
(847) 512-8457 View (847) 512-8457
Photo of Einav Tivers, Counselor in Long Grove, IL
Einav Tivers
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Long Grove, IL 60047
Ever felt stuck, overwhelmed, or just unsure what to do next? I have focused my practice on helping people identify what they want out of life and figure out what steps are needed to get there. I specialize in working with adolescents, young adults, and adults. My approach to therapy involves creating a safe, non-judgmental space for my clients to explore their feelings. I strive to create a supportive environment in which positive changes can take place. I work with mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, as well as relationship issues, identity formation, and life transitions.
Ever felt stuck, overwhelmed, or just unsure what to do next? I have focused my practice on helping people identify what they want out of life and figure out what steps are needed to get there. I specialize in working with adolescents, young adults, and adults. My approach to therapy involves creating a safe, non-judgmental space for my clients to explore their feelings. I strive to create a supportive environment in which positive changes can take place. I work with mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, as well as relationship issues, identity formation, and life transitions.
(847) 393-0558 View (847) 393-0558
Photo of Lindsay Harrow Pearlman, Psychologist in Long Grove, IL
Lindsay Harrow Pearlman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
I believe that seeking therapy is a sign of courage and strength. By attending therapy you may obtain objective feedback, gain clarity of difficult issues, and develop individualized solutions that work for your particular situation. As a licensed clinical psychologist my goal is to offer a safe, supportive environment to work collaboratively with you and/or your family to meet your goals.
I believe that seeking therapy is a sign of courage and strength. By attending therapy you may obtain objective feedback, gain clarity of difficult issues, and develop individualized solutions that work for your particular situation. As a licensed clinical psychologist my goal is to offer a safe, supportive environment to work collaboratively with you and/or your family to meet your goals.
(630) 708-2797 View (630) 708-2797
Photo of Elizabeth Joy Fazio, Psychologist in Long Grove, IL
Elizabeth Joy Fazio
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
Dr. Elizabeth Fazio is a licensed clinical psychologist with training in hospitals, schools and private outpatient clinics. She has been caring for clients since 2002 and holds a doctorate in clinical psychology and a master’s degree in counseling psychology. She works with children, adolescents, adults and couples for individual, group and family therapy. Dr. Fazio also provides parenting support and offers various groups for children and adolescents that focus on social skills and self-esteem.
Dr. Elizabeth Fazio is a licensed clinical psychologist with training in hospitals, schools and private outpatient clinics. She has been caring for clients since 2002 and holds a doctorate in clinical psychology and a master’s degree in counseling psychology. She works with children, adolescents, adults and couples for individual, group and family therapy. Dr. Fazio also provides parenting support and offers various groups for children and adolescents that focus on social skills and self-esteem.
(708) 318-4479 View (708) 318-4479
Photo of Brooke Carson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Long Grove, IL
Brooke Carson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
I have a long history of helping people make changes that lead to significant improvement in self-regard and the ability to function and thrive. One of my favorite aspects of being a therapist is the genuine, experience-based optimism that my practice history allows me to bring to meeting with clients. I enjoy working with clients of all ages with a variety of presenting issues including self-esteem and life struggles such as relationship conflicts, grief, loss and transitions such as divorce. I also enjoy helping people with depression, anxiety disorders (including panic disorder, phobias, and PTSD), and ADHD.
I have a long history of helping people make changes that lead to significant improvement in self-regard and the ability to function and thrive. One of my favorite aspects of being a therapist is the genuine, experience-based optimism that my practice history allows me to bring to meeting with clients. I enjoy working with clients of all ages with a variety of presenting issues including self-esteem and life struggles such as relationship conflicts, grief, loss and transitions such as divorce. I also enjoy helping people with depression, anxiety disorders (including panic disorder, phobias, and PTSD), and ADHD.
(847) 558-1839 View (847) 558-1839
Photo of Lauren Hallerud, Licensed Professional Counselor in Long Grove, IL
Lauren Hallerud
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Long Grove, IL 60047
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with adolescents, young adults, fellow old souls, and adults who face generalized/social/performance anxiety, depression, perfectionism, LGBTQ stressors, low self-esteem, low motivation, ADD/ADHD, and other attention or mood-related ailments. I bring experience from intensive outpatient programs for depression and anxiety in a behavioral health hospital to assist individuals seeking one on one assistance in managing life transitions and stressors. I enjoy teaching coping skills, stress reduction, increasing self-awareness with handouts, other visual aids and helping individuals organize their thoughts on paper.
I enjoy working with adolescents, young adults, fellow old souls, and adults who face generalized/social/performance anxiety, depression, perfectionism, LGBTQ stressors, low self-esteem, low motivation, ADD/ADHD, and other attention or mood-related ailments. I bring experience from intensive outpatient programs for depression and anxiety in a behavioral health hospital to assist individuals seeking one on one assistance in managing life transitions and stressors. I enjoy teaching coping skills, stress reduction, increasing self-awareness with handouts, other visual aids and helping individuals organize their thoughts on paper.
(847) 260-9488 View (847) 260-9488
Photo of Pamela Kaplan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Long Grove, IL
Pamela Kaplan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, JD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
I am a warm and compassionate therapist specializing in helping people experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, divorce, and parenting issues. I am committed to working with a broad spectrum of adult and adolescent clients through individual, couple and family counseling. I provide a comfortable environment for clients to explore their life challenges so that they can build on their unique strengths and attain the growth they are looking for. I have extensive experience working with individuals, couples and families.
I am a warm and compassionate therapist specializing in helping people experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, divorce, and parenting issues. I am committed to working with a broad spectrum of adult and adolescent clients through individual, couple and family counseling. I provide a comfortable environment for clients to explore their life challenges so that they can build on their unique strengths and attain the growth they are looking for. I have extensive experience working with individuals, couples and families.
(224) 803-2499 View (224) 803-2499
Photo of Izabella Brzoza, Licensed Professional Counselor in Long Grove, IL
Izabella Brzoza
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
Izabella started her professional career and development as a therapist at a therapeutic day school where she taught children and teenagers with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Depression, Anxiety, and learning disabilities. Within her career she suported them by educating, teaching and mentoring the students with different ways to cope with their daily challenges, stressors and how to navigate different social situations, environments and interactions. She has a background in teaching social communication and emotional regulation techniques. Izabella works with children, teenagers, and young adults.
Izabella started her professional career and development as a therapist at a therapeutic day school where she taught children and teenagers with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Depression, Anxiety, and learning disabilities. Within her career she suported them by educating, teaching and mentoring the students with different ways to cope with their daily challenges, stressors and how to navigate different social situations, environments and interactions. She has a background in teaching social communication and emotional regulation techniques. Izabella works with children, teenagers, and young adults.
(847) 925-7135 View (847) 925-7135
Photo of Brittany Serrano, Counselor in Long Grove, IL
Brittany Serrano
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with a variety of clients of different presentations ages 3 and up. I understand that each client is in their own stage of healing which is why I meet my clients where they are. Whether it is the beginning of their therapeutic journey or maybe they have been in therapy for years, I'm ready to jump in with them wherever they are!
I enjoy working with a variety of clients of different presentations ages 3 and up. I understand that each client is in their own stage of healing which is why I meet my clients where they are. Whether it is the beginning of their therapeutic journey or maybe they have been in therapy for years, I'm ready to jump in with them wherever they are!
(847) 380-5638 View (847) 380-5638
Photo of Snezana Nina Gadjanski, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Long Grove, IL
Snezana Nina Gadjanski
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, NCC, CADC, CCTP, RYT
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
I support clients through the process in which they are encouraged to welcome any emotions and experiences that arise as it may bring valuable lessons and tools, which can help overcome future obstacles in life. I understand that our life experiences can have an enormous impact on our bodies, mind, and overall functioning; and to heal all these parts, we need to heal our bodies and go inward.
I support clients through the process in which they are encouraged to welcome any emotions and experiences that arise as it may bring valuable lessons and tools, which can help overcome future obstacles in life. I understand that our life experiences can have an enormous impact on our bodies, mind, and overall functioning; and to heal all these parts, we need to heal our bodies and go inward.
(224) 529-4075 View (224) 529-4075
Photo of Felice L Block, Counselor in Long Grove, IL
Felice L Block
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I help women get out of and stay out of abusive relationships. This includes women who love an addict or have a partner that is emotionally, verbally, spiritually, financially or physically abusive. I have developed a treatment model for partners in these dysfunctional relationships called "Relationship Recovery." I have over 30 years experience. I am EMDR certified which is a type of therapy that can resolve symptoms associated with trauma and anxiety. I train and supervise other counselors. I work with clients as young as 2 through 64 years of age.
I help women get out of and stay out of abusive relationships. This includes women who love an addict or have a partner that is emotionally, verbally, spiritually, financially or physically abusive. I have developed a treatment model for partners in these dysfunctional relationships called "Relationship Recovery." I have over 30 years experience. I am EMDR certified which is a type of therapy that can resolve symptoms associated with trauma and anxiety. I train and supervise other counselors. I work with clients as young as 2 through 64 years of age.
(847) 469-4955 View (847) 469-4955
Photo of Kimberly Kallmann, Counselor in Long Grove, IL
Kimberly Kallmann
Counselor, LCPC, CADC, CSAT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Long Grove, IL 60047
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor. My focus is to help my clients reach their full potential, through emotional stability. I look at the therapeutic relationship as important ground work to establishing the emotionally safe environment required by clients as they face many challenges in the therapeutic process. I provide a counseling experience that allows the client to grow by identifying and using their own strengths to achieve their goals.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor. My focus is to help my clients reach their full potential, through emotional stability. I look at the therapeutic relationship as important ground work to establishing the emotionally safe environment required by clients as they face many challenges in the therapeutic process. I provide a counseling experience that allows the client to grow by identifying and using their own strengths to achieve their goals.
(224) 588-8564 View (224) 588-8564
Photo of Kathleen Friddle, Counselor in Long Grove, IL
Kathleen Friddle
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
I have worked with a variety of populations and mental health issues as I come from a community mental health background. I have worked with DCFS families in social services agencies as well as residential treatment centers for adolescents. I have a strong background in trauma and an understanding of how attachment and trauma can affect all aspects of life. I am warm, energetic, and skilled in helping you with your challenges.
I have worked with a variety of populations and mental health issues as I come from a community mental health background. I have worked with DCFS families in social services agencies as well as residential treatment centers for adolescents. I have a strong background in trauma and an understanding of how attachment and trauma can affect all aspects of life. I am warm, energetic, and skilled in helping you with your challenges.
(847) 906-2424 View (847) 906-2424
Photo of Susan Weitzman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Long Grove, IL
Susan Weitzman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
I am a psychotherapist with over 30 years of experience working with adults, couples and families. I also offer litigation consultation and expert witness work for difficult divorces. I am proud to have one of the longest running Women's Groups in the Chicagoland area. I believe that developing rapport and trust is essential in therapy. To this end, I provide a safe and respectful environment so that clients can feel comfortable sharing their concerns, fears and hopes for their future. I will help you regain the courage to face your issues and provide the necessary therapeutic tools to make positive, lasting changes in your life.
I am a psychotherapist with over 30 years of experience working with adults, couples and families. I also offer litigation consultation and expert witness work for difficult divorces. I am proud to have one of the longest running Women's Groups in the Chicagoland area. I believe that developing rapport and trust is essential in therapy. To this end, I provide a safe and respectful environment so that clients can feel comfortable sharing their concerns, fears and hopes for their future. I will help you regain the courage to face your issues and provide the necessary therapeutic tools to make positive, lasting changes in your life.
(312) 789-5415 View (312) 789-5415
Photo of Abby Watel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Long Grove, IL
Abby Watel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
Long Grove, IL 60047
I am a seasoned therapist with 25+ years of experience working in community mental health, hospital, child welfare, and private practice settings; I have both direct practice and supervisory experience. I currently enjoy dividing my caseload between working with children, adolescents, parents and families and working with individual adults and couples. I believe in helping people of all ages to continue learning and developing throughout their lives. I use play therapy with young children; I use behavioral and solution focused treatment with all clients.; for adults and adolescents more insight oriented approaches are available.
I am a seasoned therapist with 25+ years of experience working in community mental health, hospital, child welfare, and private practice settings; I have both direct practice and supervisory experience. I currently enjoy dividing my caseload between working with children, adolescents, parents and families and working with individual adults and couples. I believe in helping people of all ages to continue learning and developing throughout their lives. I use play therapy with young children; I use behavioral and solution focused treatment with all clients.; for adults and adolescents more insight oriented approaches are available.
(847) 920-7810 View (847) 920-7810
Photo of Whitney Smith, Psychologist in Long Grove, IL
Whitney Smith
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Long Grove, IL 60047
Not accepting new clients
I believe that therapy can assist clients with a variety of challenges whether related to a diagnosed mental illness, life transition, relationship, or other. There are many things that can interfere with a feeling of satisfaction or fulfillment in one's life. In my work, I aim to help clients uncover and better navigate these barriers by first understanding their goals and getting to know the whole person. I then utilize evidence-based treatment to assist clients with developing a plan for meeting their personal, professional, and relational needs.
I believe that therapy can assist clients with a variety of challenges whether related to a diagnosed mental illness, life transition, relationship, or other. There are many things that can interfere with a feeling of satisfaction or fulfillment in one's life. In my work, I aim to help clients uncover and better navigate these barriers by first understanding their goals and getting to know the whole person. I then utilize evidence-based treatment to assist clients with developing a plan for meeting their personal, professional, and relational needs.
(847) 744-8785 View (847) 744-8785
Photo of Maggie E Dunne, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Long Grove, IL
Maggie E Dunne
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Long Grove, IL 60047
One of my greatest joys, is helping individuals, couples and families learn to manage the various, yet often unavoidable, stresses of life. Our days are packed with work, school, family, and relationships. We come home depleted and then it starts all over again the next day. Feelings of anxiety, panic, depression, anger, and/or lack of motivation, are inevitable. So it grieves my heart when clients ask what's wrong with them. So while we may need to "power through" certain situations, I help my clients develop strategies that are tailor made to their circumstances and personality, to successfully complete the marathon of life.
One of my greatest joys, is helping individuals, couples and families learn to manage the various, yet often unavoidable, stresses of life. Our days are packed with work, school, family, and relationships. We come home depleted and then it starts all over again the next day. Feelings of anxiety, panic, depression, anger, and/or lack of motivation, are inevitable. So it grieves my heart when clients ask what's wrong with them. So while we may need to "power through" certain situations, I help my clients develop strategies that are tailor made to their circumstances and personality, to successfully complete the marathon of life.
(847) 793-1144 View (847) 793-1144
Photo of Christina Bailey, Psychologist in Long Grove, IL
Christina Bailey
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Long Grove, IL 60047
Growing up isn't easy. Today's adolescents experience more stress, expectations, and worries than ever. My passion is helping people who are feeling stuck or overwhelmed, which can lead to depressive/anxious symptoms, and poor coping skills. I bring compassion, honesty, and humor into our sessions, creating a safe, trusting space. I believe in the resiliency everyone has to work through challenges. I include parents and the child in our work, a crucial piece for consistency in communication, and navigating the increasing stressors kids face. On a personal note, I'm also a mom, and can empathize with daily demands of family life.
Growing up isn't easy. Today's adolescents experience more stress, expectations, and worries than ever. My passion is helping people who are feeling stuck or overwhelmed, which can lead to depressive/anxious symptoms, and poor coping skills. I bring compassion, honesty, and humor into our sessions, creating a safe, trusting space. I believe in the resiliency everyone has to work through challenges. I include parents and the child in our work, a crucial piece for consistency in communication, and navigating the increasing stressors kids face. On a personal note, I'm also a mom, and can empathize with daily demands of family life.
(847) 558-1978 View (847) 558-1978

See more therapy options for Long Grove

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Long Grove, IL

30+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Long Grove, IL who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
97% Self Esteem
87% Relationship Issues
87% Depression
80% Stress
77% Coping Skills
73% Grief

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
46% Aetna
46% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Long Grove, IL see their clients

90% In Person and Online
10% Online Only

Gender breakdown

97% Female
3% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Long Grove?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.