Therapists in Baltimore, MD

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Photo of Maggie Donegan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Maggie Donegan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21218
Not accepting new clients
All people need to feel safe, connected and capable. When something interferes with our ability to get these needs met in a healthy way, we develop alternative solutions or avoidance strategies that may help in the short-term but cause harm in the long run. I provide a safe space for people to explore and process difficult experiences and the self-defeating beliefs and over-adaptive behaviors that may have developed in response. I have a genuine interest in others and bring warmth, authenticity, and a non-judgmental presence to sessions to help you get unstuck and to walk with you on your journey of healing and transformation.
All people need to feel safe, connected and capable. When something interferes with our ability to get these needs met in a healthy way, we develop alternative solutions or avoidance strategies that may help in the short-term but cause harm in the long run. I provide a safe space for people to explore and process difficult experiences and the self-defeating beliefs and over-adaptive behaviors that may have developed in response. I have a genuine interest in others and bring warmth, authenticity, and a non-judgmental presence to sessions to help you get unstuck and to walk with you on your journey of healing and transformation.
(410) 936-7383 View (410) 936-7383
Photo of Grace Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Grace Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210
I specialize in working with people of all ages who are struggling with anxiety, OCD, and trauma. In addition to this, I specialize in working with people of all ages who are questioning their gender or sexual orientation. Through gender affirming care, I hope to validate and empower you to feel comfortable being your truest self. As a therapist, I tailor my practice and treatment approach to each individual and family, while working to meet my clients where they are. I believe that providing a safe and welcoming space for my clients is essential to the therapeutic process, and promotes emotional growth and change.
I specialize in working with people of all ages who are struggling with anxiety, OCD, and trauma. In addition to this, I specialize in working with people of all ages who are questioning their gender or sexual orientation. Through gender affirming care, I hope to validate and empower you to feel comfortable being your truest self. As a therapist, I tailor my practice and treatment approach to each individual and family, while working to meet my clients where they are. I believe that providing a safe and welcoming space for my clients is essential to the therapeutic process, and promotes emotional growth and change.
(443) 232-1698 View (443) 232-1698
Photo of Victoria Stith, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Victoria Stith
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21212  (Online Only)
You’re tired of worrying and thinking about what you should do in your relationships. It feels like a burden to be the one who always has to do the right thing. You’re tired of dismissing your own feelings and needs; but you’re conflicted and feel selfish if you do what you want. Relationships become stressful when you feel like you’re the one who puts in all the effort. If you have a history of people-pleasing or anxiety, it can be difficult to break out of the pattern of doing what others expect from you. If you’re struggling with a family member who has mental health challenges, this can add grief and complexity to the situation.
You’re tired of worrying and thinking about what you should do in your relationships. It feels like a burden to be the one who always has to do the right thing. You’re tired of dismissing your own feelings and needs; but you’re conflicted and feel selfish if you do what you want. Relationships become stressful when you feel like you’re the one who puts in all the effort. If you have a history of people-pleasing or anxiety, it can be difficult to break out of the pattern of doing what others expect from you. If you’re struggling with a family member who has mental health challenges, this can add grief and complexity to the situation.
(410) 734-2336 View (410) 734-2336
Photo of Ellie Miller Mindful Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Ellie Miller Mindful Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210  (Online Only)
Therapy for empathetic women looking to quiet the overthinking, build resilience, and worry less about what others think. For individuals, we'll address the core of your anxiety and equip you with real-world coping tools. For couples, we'll pinpoint challenges, improve communication, and build stronger partnerships. If you're ready to invest in yourself and your relationships, I'm here to help guide the way.
Therapy for empathetic women looking to quiet the overthinking, build resilience, and worry less about what others think. For individuals, we'll address the core of your anxiety and equip you with real-world coping tools. For couples, we'll pinpoint challenges, improve communication, and build stronger partnerships. If you're ready to invest in yourself and your relationships, I'm here to help guide the way.
(443) 870-4513 View (443) 870-4513
Photo of Diego Llanes, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Diego Llanes
Counselor, LGPC, NBCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21212
Hablo Español! Are you a people pleaser? Would you like to feel more present? Are you feeling unheard or unwanted in your relationships? Do you feel unmotivated? Are you finding it difficult to cope with your environment, your emotions, or your thoughts? Do you feel yourself sinking or want to maintain the progress you have made? Are you grieving a loss? Do you feel as if you have no control over what is going on around you? Progress and taking charge of your healing is possible, admirable, and needed but it is difficult. Allow me to be your guide on this path to more authentic living in accordance with your values and skills.
Hablo Español! Are you a people pleaser? Would you like to feel more present? Are you feeling unheard or unwanted in your relationships? Do you feel unmotivated? Are you finding it difficult to cope with your environment, your emotions, or your thoughts? Do you feel yourself sinking or want to maintain the progress you have made? Are you grieving a loss? Do you feel as if you have no control over what is going on around you? Progress and taking charge of your healing is possible, admirable, and needed but it is difficult. Allow me to be your guide on this path to more authentic living in accordance with your values and skills.
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Photo of Karen Ortman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Karen Ortman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21224  (Online Only)
Karen Ortman is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 5 years of experience in the mental health field. She has worked with children to assist them in improving their emotional and behavioral challenges, and she has worked with adults to learn and improve their daily living and social skills. Karen specializes in ADHD, anger, behavioral issues, coping skills, family therapy, and adjustment disorders.
Karen Ortman is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 5 years of experience in the mental health field. She has worked with children to assist them in improving their emotional and behavioral challenges, and she has worked with adults to learn and improve their daily living and social skills. Karen specializes in ADHD, anger, behavioral issues, coping skills, family therapy, and adjustment disorders.
(410) 457-3695 View (410) 457-3695
Photo of Candice Tyson, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Candice Tyson
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21209
Therapists at Transitional Care Services assist clients with life challenges, relationship issues, behavioral issues, depression, anxiety, trauma, and persistent mental illness changing lives one person at a time. Transitional Care Services is staffed with dedicated professionals with over 20 years of experience in behavioral health.
Therapists at Transitional Care Services assist clients with life challenges, relationship issues, behavioral issues, depression, anxiety, trauma, and persistent mental illness changing lives one person at a time. Transitional Care Services is staffed with dedicated professionals with over 20 years of experience in behavioral health.
(410) 429-1090 View (410) 429-1090
Photo of Sky Koch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Sky Koch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210
I specialize in working with college age adults, mothers of young children, and families who are struggling with anxiety, trauma, and life stress, utilizing holistic, evidence-based approaches to meet your needs. As a therapist, I am passionate about helping individuals improve their emotional well-being and find a sense of peace and fulfillment in their lives. Therapy provides an opportunity to make growth in all areas from the inside out.
I specialize in working with college age adults, mothers of young children, and families who are struggling with anxiety, trauma, and life stress, utilizing holistic, evidence-based approaches to meet your needs. As a therapist, I am passionate about helping individuals improve their emotional well-being and find a sense of peace and fulfillment in their lives. Therapy provides an opportunity to make growth in all areas from the inside out.
(443) 232-0654 View (443) 232-0654
Photo of Justin L. Harmon in Baltimore, MD
Justin L. Harmon
PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21231  (Online Only)
Philosophy is often seen as a dry, esoteric academic field with no connection to everyday life and its problems. This is simply untrue. For millennia, philosophers have asked and given meaningful answers to the deepest, most enduring questions of all: Who are we? What is our purpose? What are truth, freedom, justice, beauty? What is the good life? What is real? What is 'nature' and our relationship to it? In short, philosophers think about what we take for granted when we think about anything else. Together, we will strive to awaken your own philosopher within and, in the words of Nietzsche, help you to become who you are.
Philosophy is often seen as a dry, esoteric academic field with no connection to everyday life and its problems. This is simply untrue. For millennia, philosophers have asked and given meaningful answers to the deepest, most enduring questions of all: Who are we? What is our purpose? What are truth, freedom, justice, beauty? What is the good life? What is real? What is 'nature' and our relationship to it? In short, philosophers think about what we take for granted when we think about anything else. Together, we will strive to awaken your own philosopher within and, in the words of Nietzsche, help you to become who you are.
(301) 368-6458 View (301) 368-6458
Photo of Elizabeth McCarthy, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Elizabeth McCarthy
Counselor, MS, LCPC, RYT
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21209
Waitlist for new clients
Deepak Chopra, in The Healing Self says, "The dividing line between what happens automatically and what happens voluntarily isn’t fixed. Choices matter, and thus the healing self comes into play. On its own the body knows how to survive; it’s up to us to teach it how to thrive.” Welcome to your life! It's yours for the choosing, the healing, the awareness building, the perception changing, and the whole self loving. I can be a grounded guide in this journey. I love helping caregivers, students, and helping professionals by nurturing relationship with their inner wisdom to build stress resilence, strength, and peace.
Deepak Chopra, in The Healing Self says, "The dividing line between what happens automatically and what happens voluntarily isn’t fixed. Choices matter, and thus the healing self comes into play. On its own the body knows how to survive; it’s up to us to teach it how to thrive.” Welcome to your life! It's yours for the choosing, the healing, the awareness building, the perception changing, and the whole self loving. I can be a grounded guide in this journey. I love helping caregivers, students, and helping professionals by nurturing relationship with their inner wisdom to build stress resilence, strength, and peace.
(443) 280-6003 View (443) 280-6003
Photo of Mika Singer, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Mika Singer
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21208
Mika Singer, LCPC Mika Singer is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Maryland who has been practicing since 2011. She holds a BA in Psychology, an MA in Criminal Justice, and an MA in Counseling. Mika believes in meeting clients where they are and addressing their needs with a modality suited to them. In her spare time, Mika enjoys trivia, coaching and playing softball, and being a Cheer and Girl Scout mom.
Mika Singer, LCPC Mika Singer is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Maryland who has been practicing since 2011. She holds a BA in Psychology, an MA in Criminal Justice, and an MA in Counseling. Mika believes in meeting clients where they are and addressing their needs with a modality suited to them. In her spare time, Mika enjoys trivia, coaching and playing softball, and being a Cheer and Girl Scout mom.
(443) 998-8425 View (443) 998-8425
Photo of Matthew Figiel-Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Matthew Figiel-Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21201
Not all therapists are the same. I help my clients find practical solutions to the issues facing them, and together we find ways to change the patterns behind these issues. Whether depression, anxiety, or dealing with a difficult life event, the situations facing us can feel overwhelming. For over 15 years I've empowered children, families, and adults as they move toward their goals. I am experienced in school and community settings, as well as inpatient, and I enjoy working with people of all backgrounds and orientations.
Not all therapists are the same. I help my clients find practical solutions to the issues facing them, and together we find ways to change the patterns behind these issues. Whether depression, anxiety, or dealing with a difficult life event, the situations facing us can feel overwhelming. For over 15 years I've empowered children, families, and adults as they move toward their goals. I am experienced in school and community settings, as well as inpatient, and I enjoy working with people of all backgrounds and orientations.
(443) 360-3830 View (443) 360-3830
Photo of Jennifer Cleanthous, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Jennifer Cleanthous
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21239  (Online Only)
You made the brave step to search for a therapist! Maybe you are struggling with a relationship with a partner or family member? Maybe you are struggling with your relationship with yourself? Maybe something has happened or is happening to you such as fighting with family, separation from a partner, birth trauma or parenting challenges and you need help sorting it all out. At BMORE Curious Counseling we will work together to take you from "I don't know what to do..." to "I've noticed.... or "I'm realizing...". I will help you move from the back seat to the driver seat of your life. I look forward to working with you!
You made the brave step to search for a therapist! Maybe you are struggling with a relationship with a partner or family member? Maybe you are struggling with your relationship with yourself? Maybe something has happened or is happening to you such as fighting with family, separation from a partner, birth trauma or parenting challenges and you need help sorting it all out. At BMORE Curious Counseling we will work together to take you from "I don't know what to do..." to "I've noticed.... or "I'm realizing...". I will help you move from the back seat to the driver seat of your life. I look forward to working with you!
(410) 453-8488 View (410) 453-8488
Photo of Thinh Nguyen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Thinh Nguyen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21211  (Online Only)
Currently accepting patients for Telehealth sessions and remote EMDR. Some limited availability. I've been blessed to be able to work in this field for over the last 25 years, 16 as a psychotherapist. Over that time I've been able to work with a myriad amount of problems, ranging from anxiety, depression, substance abuse, ADHD in both adults and children, as well as work with families in distress. I personally take great enjoyment in working with people with anxiety based difficulties and trauma, having had the greatest success with this population.
Currently accepting patients for Telehealth sessions and remote EMDR. Some limited availability. I've been blessed to be able to work in this field for over the last 25 years, 16 as a psychotherapist. Over that time I've been able to work with a myriad amount of problems, ranging from anxiety, depression, substance abuse, ADHD in both adults and children, as well as work with families in distress. I personally take great enjoyment in working with people with anxiety based difficulties and trauma, having had the greatest success with this population.
(410) 469-7520 View (410) 469-7520
Photo of Nikita Parson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Nikita Parson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21214  (Online Only)
I believe everyone was chosen for purpose. My goal is to hold a space designed for self-exploration, empowerment, and wholeness. It is a team effort, so lets go on this therapy journey together as you seek to heal from past hurts, build healthy relationships, grow, and learn the tools needed to achieve your true purpose in life.
I believe everyone was chosen for purpose. My goal is to hold a space designed for self-exploration, empowerment, and wholeness. It is a team effort, so lets go on this therapy journey together as you seek to heal from past hurts, build healthy relationships, grow, and learn the tools needed to achieve your true purpose in life.
(410) 421-7962 View (410) 421-7962
Photo of Taylor Glover, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Taylor Glover
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21201  (Online Only)
Taylor Glover is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with almost 10 years of experience working with clients of all ages. She specializes in treatingdepression, anxiety, grief, trauma, relationship issues, pregnancy/postpartum, parenting issues, and major life transitions.
Taylor Glover is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with almost 10 years of experience working with clients of all ages. She specializes in treatingdepression, anxiety, grief, trauma, relationship issues, pregnancy/postpartum, parenting issues, and major life transitions.
(667) 270-8918 View (667) 270-8918
Photo of Gregory Cecil Wright in Baltimore, MD
Gregory Cecil Wright
LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21218
If you are ready for change in your life and are willing to do the work, then there is hope. I offer a safe, judgment-free environment, where you can feel comfortable to be yourself.
If you are ready for change in your life and are willing to do the work, then there is hope. I offer a safe, judgment-free environment, where you can feel comfortable to be yourself.
(410) 989-4859 View (410) 989-4859
Photo of Britt Lindon, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Britt Lindon
Psychologist, PhD, Anxiety, Couples, Trauma
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21202
Modern relationships are HARD. It’s a struggle to find the right person OR to wonder if your current partner is possibly the wrong person. It’s tough when you feel burned by or totally confused about your path. Maybe you’ve even made choices or overlooked things you now regret. Or, maybe it’s a relationship with a boss or coworkers who undervalue you or play favorites with others. Your work ethic and good ideas have long taken a backseat to putting out fires or just avoiding things way more than you should. You’re past thinking that life’s fair. But, you never thought that things could go THIS wrong or get under your skin THIS much.
Modern relationships are HARD. It’s a struggle to find the right person OR to wonder if your current partner is possibly the wrong person. It’s tough when you feel burned by or totally confused about your path. Maybe you’ve even made choices or overlooked things you now regret. Or, maybe it’s a relationship with a boss or coworkers who undervalue you or play favorites with others. Your work ethic and good ideas have long taken a backseat to putting out fires or just avoiding things way more than you should. You’re past thinking that life’s fair. But, you never thought that things could go THIS wrong or get under your skin THIS much.
(443) 672-5358 View (443) 672-5358
Photo of Devon Ciampa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Devon Ciampa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW, OSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21230  (Online Only)
Life is unexpected and, at any moment, we can be derailed from our path and forced to face unbelievable challenges. The stress and frustration that can accompany a traumatic situation can be overwhelming, terrifying, and exhausting. I offer a safe space filled with compassion, empathy and encouragement where I work with clients on coping strategies, self-care and reducing anxiety and depression. I focus on a strengths-based approach, helping clients examine both their inner and outer resources and supports in the face of adversity and trauma, emphasizing a client’s own resilience, bravery and power.
Life is unexpected and, at any moment, we can be derailed from our path and forced to face unbelievable challenges. The stress and frustration that can accompany a traumatic situation can be overwhelming, terrifying, and exhausting. I offer a safe space filled with compassion, empathy and encouragement where I work with clients on coping strategies, self-care and reducing anxiety and depression. I focus on a strengths-based approach, helping clients examine both their inner and outer resources and supports in the face of adversity and trauma, emphasizing a client’s own resilience, bravery and power.
(443) 331-5256 View (443) 331-5256
Photo of De'Trece Lavender, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
De'Trece Lavender
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, NCC, LCPC, CCATP, CAGCS, C-DBT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21218  (Online Only)
De'Trece (affectionately called Ms.Dee) comes with over 20 years experience as an arts educator and administrator, music therapist and mental health clinician. In addition to providing professional development trainings and consulting services around social emotional learning, diversity/inclusion in urban educational settings, and arts integration, she is passionate about supporting educators, clergy and other helping professionals around issues of identity, spirituality, compassion fatigue and burnout, trauma and grief.
De'Trece (affectionately called Ms.Dee) comes with over 20 years experience as an arts educator and administrator, music therapist and mental health clinician. In addition to providing professional development trainings and consulting services around social emotional learning, diversity/inclusion in urban educational settings, and arts integration, she is passionate about supporting educators, clergy and other helping professionals around issues of identity, spirituality, compassion fatigue and burnout, trauma and grief.
(410) 881-8571 View (410) 881-8571

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Baltimore, MD

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Baltimore, MD who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
69% Coping Skills
67% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Cigna and Evernorth
68% CareFirst

How Therapists in Baltimore, MD see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Baltimore?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.