Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Elaine R Axelrod, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Elaine R Axelrod
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Effective treatment allows you to live more fully, more freely, with greater joy and spiritual connection. Thirty years of a successful psychotherapy practice in addition to 20 years of spiritual studies creates a powerful set of skills. My work blends a psychodynamic orientation and spiritual awareness to help clients move from pain, confusion, anxiety, and depression into truth,clarity,healing, and heightened energy. In a respectful and open-hearted environment we will examine the triggers and habitual patterns which impede you. Then work towards unlocking them and create new ways of being.
Effective treatment allows you to live more fully, more freely, with greater joy and spiritual connection. Thirty years of a successful psychotherapy practice in addition to 20 years of spiritual studies creates a powerful set of skills. My work blends a psychodynamic orientation and spiritual awareness to help clients move from pain, confusion, anxiety, and depression into truth,clarity,healing, and heightened energy. In a respectful and open-hearted environment we will examine the triggers and habitual patterns which impede you. Then work towards unlocking them and create new ways of being.
(215) 995-0203 View (215) 995-0203
Photo of Rachel Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Rachel Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19107  (Online Only)
You are the expert on you, and you already possess all the tools necessary to heal and achieve your goals! Life experiences however can cause those tools or skills to become buried. In a safe and supportive therapeutic environment my role is to help uncover your “toolbox”, remove the broken or ineffective tools, sharpen the dull ones, and add a few new shiny ones. To embark on this counseling journey several critical therapeutic ingredients are needed: safety, empathy, and trust (SET). You'll lead and I'll closely follow, serving as a skillfully trained second pair of eyes and ears.
You are the expert on you, and you already possess all the tools necessary to heal and achieve your goals! Life experiences however can cause those tools or skills to become buried. In a safe and supportive therapeutic environment my role is to help uncover your “toolbox”, remove the broken or ineffective tools, sharpen the dull ones, and add a few new shiny ones. To embark on this counseling journey several critical therapeutic ingredients are needed: safety, empathy, and trust (SET). You'll lead and I'll closely follow, serving as a skillfully trained second pair of eyes and ears.
(267) 490-3692 View (267) 490-3692
Photo of Robert Walsh, Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Robert Walsh
Counselor, MEd
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Waitlist for new clients
Hello. Thanks for stopping by. I’m a therapist who specializes in helping those struggling with anxiety, trauma, self-harm, personality disorders, attachment issues, neurodivergence (Autism, OCD, ADHD), and sexuality/kink concerns. In addition to being a therapist, I’m also a philosopher, and will implement an integrated view on wellness to help you make sense of your concerns, empower you, and give you the tools to live your best life. My goal is to help you actually get better, not just feel better as a result of our sessions. To do this, I aim to be warm and welcoming, but will compassionately challenge you when necessary.
Hello. Thanks for stopping by. I’m a therapist who specializes in helping those struggling with anxiety, trauma, self-harm, personality disorders, attachment issues, neurodivergence (Autism, OCD, ADHD), and sexuality/kink concerns. In addition to being a therapist, I’m also a philosopher, and will implement an integrated view on wellness to help you make sense of your concerns, empower you, and give you the tools to live your best life. My goal is to help you actually get better, not just feel better as a result of our sessions. To do this, I aim to be warm and welcoming, but will compassionately challenge you when necessary.
(215) 330-5037 View (215) 330-5037
Photo of Rachel Wolff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Rachel Wolff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19118
Hi! I’m Rachel, a licensed psychotherapist dedicated to helping adolescents and early adults on their journeys towards well-being and personal growth. The worlds of adolescence and early adulthood can feel exciting, overwhelming, confusing, and empowering all at the same time. During these complicated and transformative years, it can be helpful to have some extra support and guidance. I work collaboratively with clients to develop personalized strategies for overcoming challenges related to anxiety, depression, intense emotions, relational issues, post-traumatic stress, grief and loss, self-esteem, and life transitions.
Hi! I’m Rachel, a licensed psychotherapist dedicated to helping adolescents and early adults on their journeys towards well-being and personal growth. The worlds of adolescence and early adulthood can feel exciting, overwhelming, confusing, and empowering all at the same time. During these complicated and transformative years, it can be helpful to have some extra support and guidance. I work collaboratively with clients to develop personalized strategies for overcoming challenges related to anxiety, depression, intense emotions, relational issues, post-traumatic stress, grief and loss, self-esteem, and life transitions.
(215) 372-8759 View (215) 372-8759
Photo of Kye Gilliam in Philadelphia, PA
Kye Gilliam
MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19104  (Online Only)
I am open to all clients regardless of their background and identity. Anyone struggling, experiencing emotional hardships, feeling stuck, dealing with mental health concerns, or addiction is welcome. My goal is to empower and support personal growth, and emotional development. We can explore and learn from experiences, feelings, and actions. Sometimes all we need is someone to listen and hear what we need to say, there is space for you and everything that you choose to bring. As a Queer Black therapist, I am invested in working with Black, Brown, LGBTQIA+, and Neurodivergent communities. I also speak Spanish.
I am open to all clients regardless of their background and identity. Anyone struggling, experiencing emotional hardships, feeling stuck, dealing with mental health concerns, or addiction is welcome. My goal is to empower and support personal growth, and emotional development. We can explore and learn from experiences, feelings, and actions. Sometimes all we need is someone to listen and hear what we need to say, there is space for you and everything that you choose to bring. As a Queer Black therapist, I am invested in working with Black, Brown, LGBTQIA+, and Neurodivergent communities. I also speak Spanish.
(215) 712-8984 View (215) 712-8984
Photo of Joel McIntosh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Joel McIntosh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over a decade of experience providing direct support to individuals. I have a primary focus on supporting healthcare providers and other helping professionals in coping with the stressors of their professions and developing resilience. Additionally, I offer unique support related to issues of culture, identity, and belonging, particularly in the context of personal and professional identity development.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over a decade of experience providing direct support to individuals. I have a primary focus on supporting healthcare providers and other helping professionals in coping with the stressors of their professions and developing resilience. Additionally, I offer unique support related to issues of culture, identity, and belonging, particularly in the context of personal and professional identity development.
(267) 214-4138 View (267) 214-4138
Photo of Katie Lesher, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Katie Lesher
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19119
If you feel stuck, ruminative, or disconnected from your own life, and are seeking an engaged and examined life, psychotherapy can help. I deeply enjoy empowering my patients to know themselves and those around them with greater nuance, depth and honesty. Rather than labeling symptoms in a medicalized, detached way, I work to help patients negotiate complex relationships with themselves and those around them. By identifying patterns and the ways we find ourselves "stuck", psychotherapy can help disentangle these impasses, offering a freer way of being in the world.
If you feel stuck, ruminative, or disconnected from your own life, and are seeking an engaged and examined life, psychotherapy can help. I deeply enjoy empowering my patients to know themselves and those around them with greater nuance, depth and honesty. Rather than labeling symptoms in a medicalized, detached way, I work to help patients negotiate complex relationships with themselves and those around them. By identifying patterns and the ways we find ourselves "stuck", psychotherapy can help disentangle these impasses, offering a freer way of being in the world.
(610) 708-0527 View (610) 708-0527
Photo of Aviva Rosenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Aviva Rosenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19146  (Online Only)
It is my honor to collaborate with clients as they access their strengths and resilience to make and maintain meaningful change. I work to create a warm, non-judgment, and trauma-informed therapy space, so we can develop an individualized treatment plan tailored to your personal values and needs. We then partner together as we explore the many facets and layers of you, your family, and your environment in order to help you learn more about yourself, understand your struggles, and make concrete changes in your life. I believe in a person’s ongoing ability to grow and change and it is my pleasure to partner with you on that journey.
It is my honor to collaborate with clients as they access their strengths and resilience to make and maintain meaningful change. I work to create a warm, non-judgment, and trauma-informed therapy space, so we can develop an individualized treatment plan tailored to your personal values and needs. We then partner together as we explore the many facets and layers of you, your family, and your environment in order to help you learn more about yourself, understand your struggles, and make concrete changes in your life. I believe in a person’s ongoing ability to grow and change and it is my pleasure to partner with you on that journey.
(610) 510-4494 View (610) 510-4494
Photo of Toni Hellmann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Toni Hellmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19119  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I listen with an open mind and work collaboratively with you to develop your own personal wisdom and achieve lasting, meaningful change according to your goals. My approach is psychoanalytic, which means I'm equally interested in your contemporary life, your personal history, and your interior experience of the present moment.
I listen with an open mind and work collaboratively with you to develop your own personal wisdom and achieve lasting, meaningful change according to your goals. My approach is psychoanalytic, which means I'm equally interested in your contemporary life, your personal history, and your interior experience of the present moment.
(215) 607-7190 View (215) 607-7190
Photo of Kyra V McFadden, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Kyra V McFadden
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
We all experience challenges in our lives. Our primary relationships or lack thereof, shape the way in which we understand the world and our problems. I work with people in a way that examines relationships, relational narratives and that validates & identifies the emotions one may experience. As we experience relational problems and question traditional narratives, these ruptures may be the start of a problem, but being unable to truly identify what these problems make us feel causes a problem to linger. With this in mind, I specialize in working with anxiety, identity concerns, life transitions, interpersonal struggles and trauma.
We all experience challenges in our lives. Our primary relationships or lack thereof, shape the way in which we understand the world and our problems. I work with people in a way that examines relationships, relational narratives and that validates & identifies the emotions one may experience. As we experience relational problems and question traditional narratives, these ruptures may be the start of a problem, but being unable to truly identify what these problems make us feel causes a problem to linger. With this in mind, I specialize in working with anxiety, identity concerns, life transitions, interpersonal struggles and trauma.
(484) 812-7933 View (484) 812-7933
Photo of Lea Denlinger, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Lea Denlinger
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19147
I am dedicated to helping my clients overcome challenges, find healing, and lead meaningful and satisfying lives through the power of safe connections and therapeutic support. I welcome individuals, couples, and families into my therapy room to help them address difficult patterns and thrive in their lives.
I am dedicated to helping my clients overcome challenges, find healing, and lead meaningful and satisfying lives through the power of safe connections and therapeutic support. I welcome individuals, couples, and families into my therapy room to help them address difficult patterns and thrive in their lives.
(267) 578-3069 View (267) 578-3069
Photo of Akeesha M Washington, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Akeesha M Washington
Licensed Professional Counselor, MBA, LPC, NCC, CAADC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19131  (Online Only)
Akeesha M. Washington is the founder of Slay Therapy, a multidisciplinary, online counseling and life coaching services specific to Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) that is affordable, accessible, and convenient. We seek to help eradicate the mental health stigma in BIPOC communities and improving access to quality BIPOC therapists and coaches. Today is the day to SLAY: Start Loving All of You. We are an "out of network" provider. Interested in booking today? Go to slay-therapy.com and click "Book Now" to schedule your first appointment with us.
Akeesha M. Washington is the founder of Slay Therapy, a multidisciplinary, online counseling and life coaching services specific to Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) that is affordable, accessible, and convenient. We seek to help eradicate the mental health stigma in BIPOC communities and improving access to quality BIPOC therapists and coaches. Today is the day to SLAY: Start Loving All of You. We are an "out of network" provider. Interested in booking today? Go to slay-therapy.com and click "Book Now" to schedule your first appointment with us.
(610) 421-1254 View (610) 421-1254
Photo of The Inner Canvas Collective, Dr. Elyssa, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
The Inner Canvas Collective, Dr. Elyssa
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, RPT, NCC, ACS
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19147  (Online Only)
The Inner Canvas Collective is a psychotherapy and play therapy practice that believes in transformation, healing, and listening to your soul. You are worth the time and practice.
The Inner Canvas Collective is a psychotherapy and play therapy practice that believes in transformation, healing, and listening to your soul. You are worth the time and practice.
(267) 641-1527 View (267) 641-1527
Photo of Joe Charette, Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Joe Charette
Counselor, PhD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19130
What is your story? What do you want to change in that story? In my years as a counselor I've learned that you have everything you need to grow, and I am here to support you in finding and using those skills. Whether you're wanting to process through trauma, looking for insight or new meaning, or you just need someone to listen I will be with you along the way. My approach is highly collaborative and rooted in the person-centered tradition. We will work to develop your preferred story by using your lived experience to draw on new meaning, insight, and self-awareness.
What is your story? What do you want to change in that story? In my years as a counselor I've learned that you have everything you need to grow, and I am here to support you in finding and using those skills. Whether you're wanting to process through trauma, looking for insight or new meaning, or you just need someone to listen I will be with you along the way. My approach is highly collaborative and rooted in the person-centered tradition. We will work to develop your preferred story by using your lived experience to draw on new meaning, insight, and self-awareness.
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Photo of Timothy Walsh, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Timothy Walsh
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CCTP, CMHIMP
Verified Verified
17 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Life is a journey and we aren't meant to travel alone. Sometimes it's helpful to have a person to travel the path with you, to shine light in the dark places. Engaging in counseling is one way in which to get support with your struggles. If you are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, school, issues of faith, addictions or any other disruption to your life, I would love to get to know you and to help shine light in the dark places.
Life is a journey and we aren't meant to travel alone. Sometimes it's helpful to have a person to travel the path with you, to shine light in the dark places. Engaging in counseling is one way in which to get support with your struggles. If you are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, school, issues of faith, addictions or any other disruption to your life, I would love to get to know you and to help shine light in the dark places.
(484) 498-6634 View (484) 498-6634
Photo of Behavior and Counseling Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Behavior and Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, BCBA, LBS
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19128
Behavior and Counseling Center offers individualized care with a focus on a quality client experience. As a small private practice we provide attention to details and personalized communication that are not found in a larger setting. Our experience enables us to offer effective psychological care. We treat a number of mental health disorders using evidence-based practices, and provide a neutral ground to individuals and families.
Behavior and Counseling Center offers individualized care with a focus on a quality client experience. As a small private practice we provide attention to details and personalized communication that are not found in a larger setting. Our experience enables us to offer effective psychological care. We treat a number of mental health disorders using evidence-based practices, and provide a neutral ground to individuals and families.
(267) 651-1785 View (267) 651-1785
Photo of Lisa Richman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Lisa Richman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19118  (Online Only)
The only constant in life is change. However, change can often be challenging and painful, leaving us feeling stuck in old patterns. I believe that every individual is capable of change, given the right tools and support. Utilizing a client-centered, humanistic, and trauma-informed approach, I provide the safe, supportive space that my clients need in order to achieve the growth and change that they seek. Having worked most recently with members of the LGBTQ community, I understand how important it is to have the acceptance and support of someone in a non-judgmental space in order to grow.
The only constant in life is change. However, change can often be challenging and painful, leaving us feeling stuck in old patterns. I believe that every individual is capable of change, given the right tools and support. Utilizing a client-centered, humanistic, and trauma-informed approach, I provide the safe, supportive space that my clients need in order to achieve the growth and change that they seek. Having worked most recently with members of the LGBTQ community, I understand how important it is to have the acceptance and support of someone in a non-judgmental space in order to grow.
(267) 729-9858 View (267) 729-9858
Photo of Jill Farabelli, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Jill Farabelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSCW, APHSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19127
Life is hard and challenging. It can be complicated and sometimes messy. Whether you are facing a life transition, a change in relationship, or a serious illness, you may be struggling. Recognizing this is the first step and reaching out for help is one of the bravest things you can do. You came here for a reason and I am committed to helping you. I approach each client from a place of warmth, compassion and free of judgment. I hope to ensure you will have a safe space for your individual concerns to be seen and heard.
Life is hard and challenging. It can be complicated and sometimes messy. Whether you are facing a life transition, a change in relationship, or a serious illness, you may be struggling. Recognizing this is the first step and reaching out for help is one of the bravest things you can do. You came here for a reason and I am committed to helping you. I approach each client from a place of warmth, compassion and free of judgment. I hope to ensure you will have a safe space for your individual concerns to be seen and heard.
(484) 218-3177 View (484) 218-3177
Photo of David Harvey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
David Harvey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19122
I strive to create a collaborative, nonjudgmental space conducive to meaningful self-examination and change. My style is curious, at times challenging and, at others, affirming. I work with you to compassionately explore your life and identify new possibilities, as well as alter unrecognized habits that inhibit satisfaction and personal growth. Therapy with me is a compassionate and dedicated inquiry to help you feel better and thrive. 'Thriving' is unique to each of us and I will work with you define your idea of a fulfilling life, keeping in mind it may differ from social ideals ill-suited to satisfy many of us.
I strive to create a collaborative, nonjudgmental space conducive to meaningful self-examination and change. My style is curious, at times challenging and, at others, affirming. I work with you to compassionately explore your life and identify new possibilities, as well as alter unrecognized habits that inhibit satisfaction and personal growth. Therapy with me is a compassionate and dedicated inquiry to help you feel better and thrive. 'Thriving' is unique to each of us and I will work with you define your idea of a fulfilling life, keeping in mind it may differ from social ideals ill-suited to satisfy many of us.
(215) 712-8468 View (215) 712-8468
Photo of Tiffany Harris, Marriage & Family Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Tiffany Harris
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19119  (Online Only)
I grew up in an urban environment or as I affectionately call it “the hood”. It is my belief that those who grow up in “the hood” walk through life with a unique set of experiences. Those experiences serve as a foundation for the ways in which we show up in the world , how we understand and express emotions and how we engage with others. Through a collaborative and person centered approach I assist my clients in identifying, understanding, and highlighting the positive patterns that have been adopted as they have moved throughout life , while challenging and disrupting the patterns that no longer serve them well.
I grew up in an urban environment or as I affectionately call it “the hood”. It is my belief that those who grow up in “the hood” walk through life with a unique set of experiences. Those experiences serve as a foundation for the ways in which we show up in the world , how we understand and express emotions and how we engage with others. Through a collaborative and person centered approach I assist my clients in identifying, understanding, and highlighting the positive patterns that have been adopted as they have moved throughout life , while challenging and disrupting the patterns that no longer serve them well.
(267) 296-8262 View (267) 296-8262

See more therapy options for Philadelphia

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$144

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
74% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
60% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.