Treatment Centers in Tucson, AZ
Every individual has, within themselves, the resources to recover from their addiction. At Desert Star, professional staff assist the individual to unlock these resources, using a combination of modalities that include 12-step work, psycho-education, motivational enhancement, cognitive behavioral therapies (examining one's belief systems and modes of thinking), expressive arts therapies, relapse prevention tools, trauma and grief work, coping methods, and stress reduction, along with an exploration of mind/body, spiritual needs and beliefs. Our clients are encouraged to follow a program of recovery by understanding their addiction cycle and learning new skills to assist them to live a healthy and productive life in sobriety. Specialty programs and workshops are offered to enhance their life in recovery. Continuing care is available and strongly recommended.
Every individual has, within themselves, the resources to recover from their addiction. At Desert Star, professional staff assist the individual to unlock these resources, using a combination of modalities that include 12-step work, psycho-education, motivational enhancement, cognitive behavioral therapies (examining one's belief systems and modes of thinking), expressive arts therapies, relapse prevention tools, trauma and grief work, coping methods, and stress reduction, along with an exploration of mind/body, spiritual needs and beliefs. Our clients are encouraged to follow a program of recovery by understanding their addiction cycle and learning new skills to assist them to live a healthy and productive life in sobriety. Specialty programs and workshops are offered to enhance their life in recovery. Continuing care is available and strongly recommended.
"When you know yourself you are empowered, when you accept yourself, you are invincible!" Not knowing how to love yourself can be severely debilitating. It can lead to anxiety, depression, self-hatred, addictive behavior, and it can cripple you in every area of your life. Our founder Wen Chi Chien created Inner Twin Therapy, which is exactly what you need to build a loving relationship with yourself!
"When you know yourself you are empowered, when you accept yourself, you are invincible!" Not knowing how to love yourself can be severely debilitating. It can lead to anxiety, depression, self-hatred, addictive behavior, and it can cripple you in every area of your life. Our founder Wen Chi Chien created Inner Twin Therapy, which is exactly what you need to build a loving relationship with yourself!
Welcome to NOVA ViA—your new way home. Our trauma-informed, holistic addiction treatment blends advanced therapy, clinical care, and compassionate healing so you can reclaim your life with clarity and strength. We offer on-site outpatient services for addiction treatment/recovery, integrating both clinical and holistic care modalities to provide a comprehensive approach to healing and recovery. We accept referrals from therapists, healthcare providers, hospitals, or you can contact us directly to schedule an initial assessment. We explore your needs together and decide together if our program is the best fit for your recovery needs.
Welcome to NOVA ViA—your new way home. Our trauma-informed, holistic addiction treatment blends advanced therapy, clinical care, and compassionate healing so you can reclaim your life with clarity and strength. We offer on-site outpatient services for addiction treatment/recovery, integrating both clinical and holistic care modalities to provide a comprehensive approach to healing and recovery. We accept referrals from therapists, healthcare providers, hospitals, or you can contact us directly to schedule an initial assessment. We explore your needs together and decide together if our program is the best fit for your recovery needs.
At our mental health clinic in Central Tucson, Arizona, we are committed to providing effective, caring, and high-quality mental health services. We offer in-person and telehealth therapy, medication management, telepsychiatry, intensive outpatient programs (IOP), and partial hospitalization programs (PHP). Our work impacts our clients and their families, and we take this responsibility seriously. To ensure the highest quality of care, we voluntarily achieved accreditation from The Joint Commission, a rigorous process usually undertaken by hospitals. We provide a full continuum of outpatient services, allowing clients to work with the same treatment team as their needs evolve, eliminating the need to start over with someone new. Our diverse team supports the entire family—children, teens, and adults—often working with multiple family members simultaneously.
At our mental health clinic in Central Tucson, Arizona, we are committed to providing effective, caring, and high-quality mental health services. We offer in-person and telehealth therapy, medication management, telepsychiatry, intensive outpatient programs (IOP), and partial hospitalization programs (PHP). Our work impacts our clients and their families, and we take this responsibility seriously. To ensure the highest quality of care, we voluntarily achieved accreditation from The Joint Commission, a rigorous process usually undertaken by hospitals. We provide a full continuum of outpatient services, allowing clients to work with the same treatment team as their needs evolve, eliminating the need to start over with someone new. Our diverse team supports the entire family—children, teens, and adults—often working with multiple family members simultaneously.
Sierra Tucson is a premier residential treatment center located in Tucson, Arizona. At our facility, we offer a residential program for adults age 18 and older whose struggles with addictions and mental health concerns have interfered with their ability to thrive. Our evidence-based residential programming is designed to help people address the physical, emotional and social aspects of addiction and mental health concerns. We strive to provide integrative care in a welcoming place where residents have the opportunity to learn new skills that can help them heal. During their time with us, residents can participate in extensive therapeutic interventions ranging from counseling and education to recreational therapy. We aim to address the mind and body together to help those we serve experience the best outcomes. Because we want to encourage each resident’s continued healing, we offer 12 months of case management services postdischarge from our residential program.
Sierra Tucson is a premier residential treatment center located in Tucson, Arizona. At our facility, we offer a residential program for adults age 18 and older whose struggles with addictions and mental health concerns have interfered with their ability to thrive. Our evidence-based residential programming is designed to help people address the physical, emotional and social aspects of addiction and mental health concerns. We strive to provide integrative care in a welcoming place where residents have the opportunity to learn new skills that can help them heal. During their time with us, residents can participate in extensive therapeutic interventions ranging from counseling and education to recreational therapy. We aim to address the mind and body together to help those we serve experience the best outcomes. Because we want to encourage each resident’s continued healing, we offer 12 months of case management services postdischarge from our residential program.
Sierra Tucson, located in Tucson, Arizona, is a renowned treatment center for adults age 18 and older. We provide a residential treatment program for adults who are suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and need stabilization. Our program is designed for adults who are experiencing the effects of trauma and having difficulty functioning on a daily basis. Evidence-based and integrative therapies are led by a dynamic team of medical and behavioral health professionals who are committed to helping each resident rebuild their life and find lasting wellness. PTSD treatment looks different for everyone, and our team is here to support you as you heal. Therapy can help you better regulate your emotions, form strong and healthy attachments with others, improve mindfulness and self-awareness, and learn valuable communication and coping skills.
Sierra Tucson, located in Tucson, Arizona, is a renowned treatment center for adults age 18 and older. We provide a residential treatment program for adults who are suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and need stabilization. Our program is designed for adults who are experiencing the effects of trauma and having difficulty functioning on a daily basis. Evidence-based and integrative therapies are led by a dynamic team of medical and behavioral health professionals who are committed to helping each resident rebuild their life and find lasting wellness. PTSD treatment looks different for everyone, and our team is here to support you as you heal. Therapy can help you better regulate your emotions, form strong and healthy attachments with others, improve mindfulness and self-awareness, and learn valuable communication and coping skills.
At Cottonwood Tucson, we are dedicated to providing innovative and evidence-based holistic behavioral health treatment in an environment characterized by safety and respect for patients, family members and staff. Our commitment is to exceed community standards in the professional practice of medicine, nursing and psychotherapy and to operate our facility in a way that demonstrates respect and responsibility to our patients and employees.
At Cottonwood Tucson, we are dedicated to providing innovative and evidence-based holistic behavioral health treatment in an environment characterized by safety and respect for patients, family members and staff. Our commitment is to exceed community standards in the professional practice of medicine, nursing and psychotherapy and to operate our facility in a way that demonstrates respect and responsibility to our patients and employees.
El Dorado Springs is a behavioral health hospital located in Tucson, AZ. We provide inpatient and outpatient programming for those facing mental health and addiction challenges. Our programs offer caring, compassionate treatment for adults ages 18+.
We’re here to support you on your journey to recovery and wellness, wherever you may be along that journey. Our team of physicians, therapists and clinicians will work together to provide the behavioral health services best suited to meet your specific needs and goals — today and in the future.
El Dorado Springs is a behavioral health hospital located in Tucson, AZ. We provide inpatient and outpatient programming for those facing mental health and addiction challenges. Our programs offer caring, compassionate treatment for adults ages 18+.
We’re here to support you on your journey to recovery and wellness, wherever you may be along that journey. Our team of physicians, therapists and clinicians will work together to provide the behavioral health services best suited to meet your specific needs and goals — today and in the future.
We believe in the whole person approach. Our facility is highly effective at treating adults with depression, anxiety, PTSD, ED, Bi-polar disorder, borderline personality disorder, substance use disorder, OCD, psychosis, and crisis stabilization services.
We believe in the whole person approach. Our facility is highly effective at treating adults with depression, anxiety, PTSD, ED, Bi-polar disorder, borderline personality disorder, substance use disorder, OCD, psychosis, and crisis stabilization services.
We are a leading provider of treatment for mental health concerns like anxiety. When you receive anxiety treatment at Sierra Tucson, our staff of licensed therapists and other trained mental health professionals can help you learn to manage symptoms. Our treatment is tailored to each individual because we believe that the best mental healthcare goes beyond a one-size-fits-all approach. We will determine the interventions that will be part of your customized care plan based on a thorough intake evaluation. This evaluation allows us to consider your health history, needs and goals for treatment as we schedule services and therapies that can help you achieve the best outcomes. Depending on your needs, your individualized treatment plan may incorporate dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing. Anxiety doesn’t have to hold you back from living the life you deserve. Through compassionate, comprehensive care, you can develop healthy lifestyle habits and coping skills that can help you thrive.
We are a leading provider of treatment for mental health concerns like anxiety. When you receive anxiety treatment at Sierra Tucson, our staff of licensed therapists and other trained mental health professionals can help you learn to manage symptoms. Our treatment is tailored to each individual because we believe that the best mental healthcare goes beyond a one-size-fits-all approach. We will determine the interventions that will be part of your customized care plan based on a thorough intake evaluation. This evaluation allows us to consider your health history, needs and goals for treatment as we schedule services and therapies that can help you achieve the best outcomes. Depending on your needs, your individualized treatment plan may incorporate dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing. Anxiety doesn’t have to hold you back from living the life you deserve. Through compassionate, comprehensive care, you can develop healthy lifestyle habits and coping skills that can help you thrive.
At our mental health clinic in Tucson, Arizona, we are committed to providing effective, caring, and high-quality mental health services. We offer in-person and telehealth therapy, medication management, telepsychiatry, intensive outpatient programs (IOP), and partial hospitalization programs (PHP). Our work impacts our clients and their families, and we take this responsibility seriously. To ensure the highest quality of care, we voluntarily achieved accreditation from The Joint Commission, a rigorous process usually undertaken by hospitals. We provide a full continuum of outpatient services, allowing clients to work with the same treatment team as their needs evolve, eliminating the need to start over with someone new. Our diverse team supports the entire family—children, teens, and adults—often working with multiple family members simultaneously.
At our mental health clinic in Tucson, Arizona, we are committed to providing effective, caring, and high-quality mental health services. We offer in-person and telehealth therapy, medication management, telepsychiatry, intensive outpatient programs (IOP), and partial hospitalization programs (PHP). Our work impacts our clients and their families, and we take this responsibility seriously. To ensure the highest quality of care, we voluntarily achieved accreditation from The Joint Commission, a rigorous process usually undertaken by hospitals. We provide a full continuum of outpatient services, allowing clients to work with the same treatment team as their needs evolve, eliminating the need to start over with someone new. Our diverse team supports the entire family—children, teens, and adults—often working with multiple family members simultaneously.
The Mark Youth and Family Care Campus, Inc. was founded in February of 1987, to provide structured outpatient services to the Tucson community and surrounding areas. In February 2016, The Mark celebrated its 29th anniversary as an established corporation. Services have evolved as the times have changed and newly presenting clinical issues emerge.
The Mark Youth and Family Care Campus, Inc. was founded in February of 1987, to provide structured outpatient services to the Tucson community and surrounding areas. In February 2016, The Mark celebrated its 29th anniversary as an established corporation. Services have evolved as the times have changed and newly presenting clinical issues emerge.
Without the help of professionals, going through withdrawal from alcohol or other drugs can be painful and scary. Getting through it successfully can be tough, and many people end up relapsing because it can be so overwhelming. People who are ready to start the recovery process can come to Sonora Behavioral Health Hospital in Tucson, Arizona, for help to safely complete withdrawal. We offer on-site medical detox services that allow people to rid their bodies of the substances they were abusing with as little discomfort as possible. People who take part in detox at our hospital receive support from a medical team that works round-the-clock to ensure their safety. These experts collaborate with each person to tailor their detox plan to their specific needs, continually monitoring their progress and making any necessary adjustments along the way. We understand just how hard it can be to reach out for help for an addiction. When people take part in detox at Sonora Behavioral Health Hospital, they can rest assured that they will be treated with respect and dignity.
Without the help of professionals, going through withdrawal from alcohol or other drugs can be painful and scary. Getting through it successfully can be tough, and many people end up relapsing because it can be so overwhelming. People who are ready to start the recovery process can come to Sonora Behavioral Health Hospital in Tucson, Arizona, for help to safely complete withdrawal. We offer on-site medical detox services that allow people to rid their bodies of the substances they were abusing with as little discomfort as possible. People who take part in detox at our hospital receive support from a medical team that works round-the-clock to ensure their safety. These experts collaborate with each person to tailor their detox plan to their specific needs, continually monitoring their progress and making any necessary adjustments along the way. We understand just how hard it can be to reach out for help for an addiction. When people take part in detox at Sonora Behavioral Health Hospital, they can rest assured that they will be treated with respect and dignity.
Cottonwood’s intensive outpatient program and partial hospitalization programs are designed to build the skills needed for long-term recovery when residential treatment has been completed or is not necessary. Going beyond the level of support offered in traditional support groups, IOP and PHP groups are led by Master’s level therapists and support staff who have extensive experience in mental health treatment and addiction recovery.
Cottonwood’s intensive outpatient program and partial hospitalization programs are designed to build the skills needed for long-term recovery when residential treatment has been completed or is not necessary. Going beyond the level of support offered in traditional support groups, IOP and PHP groups are led by Master’s level therapists and support staff who have extensive experience in mental health treatment and addiction recovery.
JFCS is here to provide therapeutic support in-person, online, or by phone to anyone in Arizona. We provide individual, couples, family, and group counseling to people of all ages depending on the unique needs of each child, teen, adult, family, or older adult. Our licensed, expert, and compassionate therapists treat a variety of issues, including trauma & PTSD, depression & anxiety, relationships, domestic violence, grief & loss, end-of-life, conflict resolution, and child behavioral issues. JFCS therapists and other staff provide behavioral health care and social services to people of all faiths, age groups, and economic backgrounds, regardless of their ability to pay.
JFCS is here to provide therapeutic support in-person, online, or by phone to anyone in Arizona. We provide individual, couples, family, and group counseling to people of all ages depending on the unique needs of each child, teen, adult, family, or older adult. Our licensed, expert, and compassionate therapists treat a variety of issues, including trauma & PTSD, depression & anxiety, relationships, domestic violence, grief & loss, end-of-life, conflict resolution, and child behavioral issues. JFCS therapists and other staff provide behavioral health care and social services to people of all faiths, age groups, and economic backgrounds, regardless of their ability to pay.
Looking at the various adolescent and teen rehab centers in Arizona can be overwhelming and even lead to analysis paralysis. With a comprehensive and holistic approach to adolescent substance abuse treatment and teen mental health treatment, Artemis is a distinct leader among rehabs for teens in Arizona. Choose a path to recovery that is built around your child’s needs and get effective help today!
Looking at the various adolescent and teen rehab centers in Arizona can be overwhelming and even lead to analysis paralysis. With a comprehensive and holistic approach to adolescent substance abuse treatment and teen mental health treatment, Artemis is a distinct leader among rehabs for teens in Arizona. Choose a path to recovery that is built around your child’s needs and get effective help today!
Sierra Tucson provides premier outpatient services for adults age 18 and older who are struggling with substance use disorders and mental health concerns. Our outpatient program gives clients the chance to begin or continue their healing process while maintaining their daily routines. Our partial hospitalization program (PHP) provides intensive care that is less restrictive than inpatient hospitalization. PHP participants can receive treatment four days per week for around seven hours daily and go home at night. Our partial hospitalization program offers various medical services and therapies, including group, individual and family counseling. A multidisciplinary team of experienced and licensed counselors, therapists, social workers, nurses and physicians provides these treatments. Those who participate in our PHP typically complete at least two weeks of programming before moving to our intensive outpatient program. At Sierra Tucson, we aim to support adults by helping them develop the necessary skills to maintain lifelong wellness.
Sierra Tucson provides premier outpatient services for adults age 18 and older who are struggling with substance use disorders and mental health concerns. Our outpatient program gives clients the chance to begin or continue their healing process while maintaining their daily routines. Our partial hospitalization program (PHP) provides intensive care that is less restrictive than inpatient hospitalization. PHP participants can receive treatment four days per week for around seven hours daily and go home at night. Our partial hospitalization program offers various medical services and therapies, including group, individual and family counseling. A multidisciplinary team of experienced and licensed counselors, therapists, social workers, nurses and physicians provides these treatments. Those who participate in our PHP typically complete at least two weeks of programming before moving to our intensive outpatient program. At Sierra Tucson, we aim to support adults by helping them develop the necessary skills to maintain lifelong wellness.
Sierra Tucson provides a full continuum of care for adults age 18 and older who are struggling with addictions to substances like alcohol, opioids and benzos. We offer inpatient, residential and outpatient services that can help clients wherever they are in their recovery journeys. Clients who come to our facility with drugs or alcohol in their systems can begin their treatment with detox programming. This service can help them safely rid their bodies of toxic substances. For clients who are experiencing acute symptoms of behavioral health or addiction concerns, we can provide inpatient care. Once they have stabilized, they can move to our residential program or participate in our outpatient programs. We have a partial hospitalization program (PHP) and an intensive outpatient program (IOP) that allow clients to return home after treatment each day. For clients who have substance use disorders and mental health concerns like depression and anxiety, we can provide dual diagnosis treatment at each program level.
Sierra Tucson provides a full continuum of care for adults age 18 and older who are struggling with addictions to substances like alcohol, opioids and benzos. We offer inpatient, residential and outpatient services that can help clients wherever they are in their recovery journeys. Clients who come to our facility with drugs or alcohol in their systems can begin their treatment with detox programming. This service can help them safely rid their bodies of toxic substances. For clients who are experiencing acute symptoms of behavioral health or addiction concerns, we can provide inpatient care. Once they have stabilized, they can move to our residential program or participate in our outpatient programs. We have a partial hospitalization program (PHP) and an intensive outpatient program (IOP) that allow clients to return home after treatment each day. For clients who have substance use disorders and mental health concerns like depression and anxiety, we can provide dual diagnosis treatment at each program level.
Established in 1994, Sonora Behavioral Health is a premier provider of mental health and substance abuse services for children, adolescents, and adults. Situated in Tucson, Arizona, Sonora offers various levels of care aimed to meet the unique needs of those in Pima County and Southern Arizona. With a mission to be an ever-progressing healthcare provider, Sonora also offers a number of specialized programming options, of which has garnered recognition by Optum as a Platinum inpatient provider of behavioral health services. The caring staff at this hospital delivers treatment with the utmost compassion, retaining every patient's dignity by treating each individual as though he or she is family. The therapeutic interventions woven into each program are evidenced-based and proven to care for even the most serious of mental health and chemical dependency concerns so that each person who comes to Sonora for care is able to realize a happy and healthy life.
Established in 1994, Sonora Behavioral Health is a premier provider of mental health and substance abuse services for children, adolescents, and adults. Situated in Tucson, Arizona, Sonora offers various levels of care aimed to meet the unique needs of those in Pima County and Southern Arizona. With a mission to be an ever-progressing healthcare provider, Sonora also offers a number of specialized programming options, of which has garnered recognition by Optum as a Platinum inpatient provider of behavioral health services. The caring staff at this hospital delivers treatment with the utmost compassion, retaining every patient's dignity by treating each individual as though he or she is family. The therapeutic interventions woven into each program are evidenced-based and proven to care for even the most serious of mental health and chemical dependency concerns so that each person who comes to Sonora for care is able to realize a happy and healthy life.
Sabino Recovery, located in Tucson, Arizona is a 35-day residential program specializing in the treatment of trauma and addictions. If you or a loved one are suffering from trauma, alcohol abuse, anxiety, drug addiction, depression, PTSD or other behavioral health issues, we can help. We know there are very real reasons which drive these behaviors; almost always they revolve around forgotten or unresolved trauma. Our Sabino Way works with you to address not only the behavioral symptoms but also the core issues driving the behavior. Once we help you resolve both, you can have a lasting recovery. Our program addresses the neurological, physical, social, spiritual and psychological struggles in a remarkable holistic treatment environment. Our advanced clinical and diagnostic services, combined with our extraordinary team of treatment professionals, will guide you to the recovery you deserve. Surrounded by 100 acres of stunning Sonoran Desert beauty, all of our rooms are single occupancy and feature panoramic and inspiring views. Whether you engage in our residential or outpatient program, the experience is one of excellence, compassion, healing and personally tailored care.
Sabino Recovery, located in Tucson, Arizona is a 35-day residential program specializing in the treatment of trauma and addictions. If you or a loved one are suffering from trauma, alcohol abuse, anxiety, drug addiction, depression, PTSD or other behavioral health issues, we can help. We know there are very real reasons which drive these behaviors; almost always they revolve around forgotten or unresolved trauma. Our Sabino Way works with you to address not only the behavioral symptoms but also the core issues driving the behavior. Once we help you resolve both, you can have a lasting recovery. Our program addresses the neurological, physical, social, spiritual and psychological struggles in a remarkable holistic treatment environment. Our advanced clinical and diagnostic services, combined with our extraordinary team of treatment professionals, will guide you to the recovery you deserve. Surrounded by 100 acres of stunning Sonoran Desert beauty, all of our rooms are single occupancy and feature panoramic and inspiring views. Whether you engage in our residential or outpatient program, the experience is one of excellence, compassion, healing and personally tailored care.
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FAQs - About Treatment Centers and Rehab
How can I find a treatment center in Tucson?
The Psychology Today Directory has customizable search options that show potential treatment centers tailored to your location, including inpatient or outpatient, the types of insurance accepted, and even the programs the center specializes in. Finding the right treatment center can be vitally important, and the dropdown filters make it easier to find the best fit for you or your loved one.
How do treatment centers work?
There are treatment centers for individuals dealing with psychiatric issues as well as for those dealing with substance use or addiction, or who are dealing with both, also known as co-occurring disorders. The type of program that is right for an individual depends on their medical and mental health history, the severity of the issues they are dealing with, as well as their treatment goals. Individuals using the directory can filter to find a center best-suited to them based on their gender, the issues they are facing, such as addiction or a mental health condition, or the type of treatments they are seeking.
What is the difference between inpatient and outpatient treatments?
In an inpatient or residential treatment program, individuals receive treatment while living in a facility and have 24/7 access to care by medical professionals. There are various forms of outpatient treatment that offer different levels of care, including Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOPs) and Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHPs). PHPs tend to offer more time-intensive, supervised care than IOPs. Aftercare is another option that offers ongoing treatment for an individual recovering from substance use or addiction after they have achieved initial sobriety, which can take the form of either an inpatient or outpatient program.
How long is rehab?
Short term treatment usually lasts less than 30 days, while long term programs can last 60 days, 90 days, or longer, depending on the needs and goals of the individual and the structure of the program. Individuals searching for a treatment program in the directory can filter results by duration.
How much does rehab cost?
The price of treatment varies according to the length and type of service you search for, such as detox treatment, residential treatment, or outpatient treatment, as well as location and amenities offered. Non-profit centers are typically less expensive than private centers, but may have longer wait lists. Using the filters on the Psychology Today Treatment Center Directory can help narrow down which centers accept insurance plans, and, if so, which ones.
Does insurance cover rehab?
Health insurance typically covers rehab, but the extent of coverage depends on the particular policy, the treatment provider, and the needs of the individual. Individuals are encouraged to check with their insurance providers prior to entering a treatment program. Once you have confirmed coverage, you can use the Insurance filter on the Psychology Today Treatment Center Directory to find and contact centers that accept your insurance.
How do you get someone who refuses treatment into rehab?
It is important to convey compassion and understanding toward an individual dealing with an addiction problem. If a person refuses treatment at first, it’s important for their loved ones to continue to express their concerns in a kind and respectful manner, and to periodically encourage them to get help. It can take time for someone dealing with addiction to gain the motivation to make a change. In the meantime, it can be helpful for loved ones to set boundaries with the individual and educate themselves on the many treatment options that exist in order to have more informed conversations regarding recovery.