Therapists in Afton, WY

Photo of Andrew Parker, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andrew Parker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Afton, WY 83110
My ideal client is one who is invested in improvement and change. Most people really want to do and feel better. As a generalist with 30 years of experience, I enjoy the diversity of problems and issues I get to help people with. Because my treatments are principle based, they apply to a broad range of needs. I provide practical solutions to real problems.
My ideal client is one who is invested in improvement and change. Most people really want to do and feel better. As a generalist with 30 years of experience, I enjoy the diversity of problems and issues I get to help people with. Because my treatments are principle based, they apply to a broad range of needs. I provide practical solutions to real problems.
(307) 800-0496 View (307) 800-0496
Photo of Tamara Rammell, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tamara Rammell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Afton, WY 83110
Do you need relief now? Are you overwhelmed? Are you stressed about relationships, your to do list, life? Are you feeling anxious or afraid? If you are motivated because something needs to change, then YOU are my ideal client. I work to help you find relief day-one. I work in short term treatment windows to help you find solutions and experience progress rapidly. Counseling is for everyone, but not forever. After 8-12 weeks you & I will review, evaluate and plan the next logical treatment step that works for you. The space is comfortable, private, and safe. I am here to support you on your journey.
Do you need relief now? Are you overwhelmed? Are you stressed about relationships, your to do list, life? Are you feeling anxious or afraid? If you are motivated because something needs to change, then YOU are my ideal client. I work to help you find relief day-one. I work in short term treatment windows to help you find solutions and experience progress rapidly. Counseling is for everyone, but not forever. After 8-12 weeks you & I will review, evaluate and plan the next logical treatment step that works for you. The space is comfortable, private, and safe. I am here to support you on your journey.
(307) 205-0555 View (307) 205-0555
Photo of Denise Christensen, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Denise Christensen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Afton, WY 83110
I provide a compassionate and empathetic approach to counseling with individuals, couples, families and teens. I have created a safe environment where clients can explore the changes they would like to make in their lives. My practice utilizes methods using mind-body healing in helping clients create an emotional, physical and spiritual balance in their lives. The heart of my work focuses on using client's strengths to help them overcome the challenges that they face. My therapy practice is based on a variety of approaches which I adapt to issues that meet the needs of my clients.
I provide a compassionate and empathetic approach to counseling with individuals, couples, families and teens. I have created a safe environment where clients can explore the changes they would like to make in their lives. My practice utilizes methods using mind-body healing in helping clients create an emotional, physical and spiritual balance in their lives. The heart of my work focuses on using client's strengths to help them overcome the challenges that they face. My therapy practice is based on a variety of approaches which I adapt to issues that meet the needs of my clients.
(307) 209-9835 View (307) 209-9835
Photo of John P. Thorn, PhD, Psychologist
John P. Thorn
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Afton, WY 83110
Forty years of practice have taught me that we humans pretty much learn to be who we are. With a tip of my hat to my alma mater, the University of Minnesota, for setting me on the right track, I practice what is now known as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in which we identify and challenge old, dysfunctional habits by integrating our emotions, thoughts and behaviors while learning new ways of coping with our issues. It is exciting and fulfilling to share in my clients' / patients' journeys from guilt, depression, anxiety, stress, trauma or dysfunction to living proactively, mindfully, and joyfully.
Forty years of practice have taught me that we humans pretty much learn to be who we are. With a tip of my hat to my alma mater, the University of Minnesota, for setting me on the right track, I practice what is now known as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in which we identify and challenge old, dysfunctional habits by integrating our emotions, thoughts and behaviors while learning new ways of coping with our issues. It is exciting and fulfilling to share in my clients' / patients' journeys from guilt, depression, anxiety, stress, trauma or dysfunction to living proactively, mindfully, and joyfully.
(307) 877-7029 View (307) 877-7029
Photo of Steve Badgett, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Steve Badgett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Afton, WY 83110  (Online Only)
Steve Badgett, LCSW is a Marriage, Couples, Family and Individual Therapist. Steve is trained in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) through The International Centre For Excellence In Emotionally Focused Therapy. Steve works effectively with couples, individuals and families. Available Services include: Marriage Therapy, Individual Counseling, Family Therapy, Child/Adolescent Therapy, Substance Abuse and Addiction Recovery, Treating Depression and/or Anxiety/ OCD, Mindfulness Based Practices, and Coaching Services.
Steve Badgett, LCSW is a Marriage, Couples, Family and Individual Therapist. Steve is trained in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) through The International Centre For Excellence In Emotionally Focused Therapy. Steve works effectively with couples, individuals and families. Available Services include: Marriage Therapy, Individual Counseling, Family Therapy, Child/Adolescent Therapy, Substance Abuse and Addiction Recovery, Treating Depression and/or Anxiety/ OCD, Mindfulness Based Practices, and Coaching Services.
(626) 542-1345 View (626) 542-1345
Photo of Jennifer Gogol, BA, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jennifer Gogol
Licensed Professional Counselor, BA, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Afton, WY 83110
There are times when life feels more significant and almost bigger than us. This experience can be wonderful when filled with love, gratitude, & connection. However, the pendulum swings both ways, and sometimes, we can feel overwhelmed, helpless, and angry. Most of us struggle to know what our needs are, let alone how to meet them. Counseling is an avenue that creates a space to get to know yourself and your needs and learn how to make the incremental life adjustments to meet them. I can help you learn how to deal with hard things and cultivate a more satisfying and fulfilling life.
There are times when life feels more significant and almost bigger than us. This experience can be wonderful when filled with love, gratitude, & connection. However, the pendulum swings both ways, and sometimes, we can feel overwhelmed, helpless, and angry. Most of us struggle to know what our needs are, let alone how to meet them. Counseling is an avenue that creates a space to get to know yourself and your needs and learn how to make the incremental life adjustments to meet them. I can help you learn how to deal with hard things and cultivate a more satisfying and fulfilling life.
(307) 459-2434 View (307) 459-2434
Photo of Elizabeth K Miller, MAC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Elizabeth K Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAC, LPC
Verified Verified
Afton, WY 83110
I am a licensed professional counselor with over 14 years of experience. That being said, I've learned there is always room for growth and change. I offer acceptance of whatever you bring to talk about with a non biased perspective and no judgments or criticism. My life experiences have taught me empathy and compassion as well as keeping boundaries and being a little 'tough skinned'. I enjoy working with someone who is open and honest. It's great if I can challenge your thinking and /or perspective on your life, situations and experiences. We all experience hard days and difficult situations - I'm here to help.
I am a licensed professional counselor with over 14 years of experience. That being said, I've learned there is always room for growth and change. I offer acceptance of whatever you bring to talk about with a non biased perspective and no judgments or criticism. My life experiences have taught me empathy and compassion as well as keeping boundaries and being a little 'tough skinned'. I enjoy working with someone who is open and honest. It's great if I can challenge your thinking and /or perspective on your life, situations and experiences. We all experience hard days and difficult situations - I'm here to help.
(605) 501-5642 View (605) 501-5642

Online Therapists

Photo of Megan E Graves, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Megan E Graves
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jackson, WY 83001
Do you find yourself repeating the same cycles over and over? Do parts of your life feel overwhelming or unmanageable? Our lives exist in cycles and we often find ourselves repeating the same things over and over; unhealthy relationships, bad habits that impede our progress, and patterns of thinking that get in our way. I want to help you become the fullest version of yourself and to help you get ahead of the behaviors that keep you stuck. I help client's to heal their traumas and other emotional wounds, improve their relationships, enhance their self-esteem, and develop a sense of calm capability to bring into their daily lives.
Do you find yourself repeating the same cycles over and over? Do parts of your life feel overwhelming or unmanageable? Our lives exist in cycles and we often find ourselves repeating the same things over and over; unhealthy relationships, bad habits that impede our progress, and patterns of thinking that get in our way. I want to help you become the fullest version of yourself and to help you get ahead of the behaviors that keep you stuck. I help client's to heal their traumas and other emotional wounds, improve their relationships, enhance their self-esteem, and develop a sense of calm capability to bring into their daily lives.
(307) 312-2485 View (307) 312-2485
Photo of Annette K Christensen - Evergreen Counseling, MMHC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Evergreen Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Evanston, WY 82930
It’s all your fault. That’s what you tell yourself. “I’m broken, I’m unlovable, I’m a monster.” Like a mantra, you hammer these messages into your brain. Sometimes it feels like you’re in an abusive relationship with your own thoughts. You’re exhausted but don’t want to sleep. The nightmares are that bad. The sound of a stranger’s voice can trigger you. A familiar scent can trigger you. And when you get triggered, you’re not just in a bad mood for a couple hours. You get taken down for days. It’s affecting your relationships, work, and friendships. No matter what you do, anger, anxiety, and depression persist. You just want peace.
It’s all your fault. That’s what you tell yourself. “I’m broken, I’m unlovable, I’m a monster.” Like a mantra, you hammer these messages into your brain. Sometimes it feels like you’re in an abusive relationship with your own thoughts. You’re exhausted but don’t want to sleep. The nightmares are that bad. The sound of a stranger’s voice can trigger you. A familiar scent can trigger you. And when you get triggered, you’re not just in a bad mood for a couple hours. You get taken down for days. It’s affecting your relationships, work, and friendships. No matter what you do, anger, anxiety, and depression persist. You just want peace.
(307) 227-4426 View (307) 227-4426
Photo of Sarah M Kline, MA,  LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sarah M Kline
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jackson Hole, WY 83002
Most people are searching for purpose in their lives, they have become disconnected from themselves. They are searching outside themselves for contentment, and happiness when it resides within them!
Most people are searching for purpose in their lives, they have become disconnected from themselves. They are searching outside themselves for contentment, and happiness when it resides within them!
(307) 218-3604 View (307) 218-3604
Photo of Joan E Teasdale - Joan Teasdale Hypnotherapy, CHT
Joan Teasdale Hypnotherapy
CHT
Verified Verified
Wilson, WY 83014  (Online Only)
I help diverse clients with a wide range of challenges and goals, with a particular focus on people transitioning to a new stage in their lives or seeking to overcome their fears and anxieties, self-doubt, or depression, and emerge from therapy ready to tap their limitless potential.
I help diverse clients with a wide range of challenges and goals, with a particular focus on people transitioning to a new stage in their lives or seeking to overcome their fears and anxieties, self-doubt, or depression, and emerge from therapy ready to tap their limitless potential.
View
Photo of Vanessa Probert, PLCSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Vanessa Probert
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLCSW
Verified Verified
Evanston, WY 82930
I'm Vanessa, a passionate and dedicated PCSW committed to helping individuals and families create meaningful, positive changes in their lives. If you're ready to embark on a journey of transformation, I'm here to guide and support you every step of the way. Focusing on marriage counseling, I find great joy in helping couples strengthen their relationships and rediscover their connection. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART), Communication skills, and Mindfulness techniques are used to empower my clients.
I'm Vanessa, a passionate and dedicated PCSW committed to helping individuals and families create meaningful, positive changes in their lives. If you're ready to embark on a journey of transformation, I'm here to guide and support you every step of the way. Focusing on marriage counseling, I find great joy in helping couples strengthen their relationships and rediscover their connection. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART), Communication skills, and Mindfulness techniques are used to empower my clients.
(307) 317-4397 View (307) 317-4397
Photo of Jennifer Bradof - Teton Behavior Therapy, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Teton Behavior Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Jackson, WY 83001
We believe that a strong, healthy community begins with individual mental health. Our ideal client is anyone seeking support for their mental health as we have a diverse base of therapists that can address every area of concern. We value supporting care of yourself, specifically as it relates to your mental health and emotional well-being. TBT is thrilled to work with you, your child, or your family on your well-being journey to manage challenges and heal. Therapy is available in English and Spanish statewide in WY and ID.
We believe that a strong, healthy community begins with individual mental health. Our ideal client is anyone seeking support for their mental health as we have a diverse base of therapists that can address every area of concern. We value supporting care of yourself, specifically as it relates to your mental health and emotional well-being. TBT is thrilled to work with you, your child, or your family on your well-being journey to manage challenges and heal. Therapy is available in English and Spanish statewide in WY and ID.
(307) 228-7506 View (307) 228-7506
Photo of Cheyenne Syvertson-Hagestuen, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cheyenne Syvertson-Hagestuen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Jackson, WY 83001
I am a clinical social worker providing individual therapy to children, teens and adults. My approach is collaborative and supportive. My role is to offer what I know and to act as a guide, empowering my clients to uncover and employ the skills and knowledge they already have, while learning new things together. We will start wherever you are. Whether you are seeking help for something specific and known, or you are just feeling stuck or unsure of what you are looking for entirely, we’ll work together to move you forward in the therapeutic process—and life!
I am a clinical social worker providing individual therapy to children, teens and adults. My approach is collaborative and supportive. My role is to offer what I know and to act as a guide, empowering my clients to uncover and employ the skills and knowledge they already have, while learning new things together. We will start wherever you are. Whether you are seeking help for something specific and known, or you are just feeling stuck or unsure of what you are looking for entirely, we’ll work together to move you forward in the therapeutic process—and life!
(307) 206-0408 View (307) 206-0408
Photo of Elizabeth Koutrelakos, LCSW, NBCHWC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Koutrelakos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, NBCHWC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Jackson, WY 83001
Counseling for children, teens and adults who are seeking support to improve social and emotional wellbeing and alleviate distress. As an LCSW, I work with individuals in finding their own inner expert. I believe that people intrinsically have the strengths to lead happy and productive lives but are sometimes unable to leverage those internal resources when faced with adversities such as loss, trauma, depression or anxiety. I work with people as they understand their own struggles to help them address past issues that contribute to their present mindset and develop strategies using their internal resources.
Counseling for children, teens and adults who are seeking support to improve social and emotional wellbeing and alleviate distress. As an LCSW, I work with individuals in finding their own inner expert. I believe that people intrinsically have the strengths to lead happy and productive lives but are sometimes unable to leverage those internal resources when faced with adversities such as loss, trauma, depression or anxiety. I work with people as they understand their own struggles to help them address past issues that contribute to their present mindset and develop strategies using their internal resources.
(307) 522-1298 View (307) 522-1298
Photo of Sadie H Cole, PhD, Psychologist
Sadie H Cole
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Jackson, WY 83001
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that psychological treatment is a collaboration between the patient and therapist. Utilizing evidence-based cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions, I specialize in working with adolescents and adults with eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, and bipolar disorder. I strive to help my clients learn about the function of emotion and the nature of their problems, and to develop practical, effective coping skills for tolerating feelings, making effective choices, and living life according to their values. I take a weight-inclusive, anti-diet, approach to body image and food concerns.
I believe that psychological treatment is a collaboration between the patient and therapist. Utilizing evidence-based cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions, I specialize in working with adolescents and adults with eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, and bipolar disorder. I strive to help my clients learn about the function of emotion and the nature of their problems, and to develop practical, effective coping skills for tolerating feelings, making effective choices, and living life according to their values. I take a weight-inclusive, anti-diet, approach to body image and food concerns.
(307) 621-9175 View (307) 621-9175
Photo of Jillian Goodwin, MPS
Jillian Goodwin
MPS
Verified Verified
Jackson, WY 83001
The changes of our time contain challenges calling for new forms of expression to strengthen the fibers of our social contract. The therapeutic journey is not only about the mind, it includes the full spirit as well as the body, integrating contexts of both past and present realities. This process invites a sense of familiarity that provides relief from suffering in isolation. This space offers a reconditioning of how we process information creating new pathways of understanding to co-construct questions of ethics, empathy, and imagination that include the nuanced fragilities of our shared stories.
The changes of our time contain challenges calling for new forms of expression to strengthen the fibers of our social contract. The therapeutic journey is not only about the mind, it includes the full spirit as well as the body, integrating contexts of both past and present realities. This process invites a sense of familiarity that provides relief from suffering in isolation. This space offers a reconditioning of how we process information creating new pathways of understanding to co-construct questions of ethics, empathy, and imagination that include the nuanced fragilities of our shared stories.
(718) 218-3903 View (718) 218-3903
Photo of Antuanett Lopez, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Antuanett Lopez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jackson, WY 83001
Antuanett completed her master’s degree in Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling at the University of Arizona. She worked in Arizona and New Jersey before coming to Wyoming. Antuanett works with teenagers, adults and children to help overcome feelings of depression, frustration, anger and anxiety.
Antuanett completed her master’s degree in Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling at the University of Arizona. She worked in Arizona and New Jersey before coming to Wyoming. Antuanett works with teenagers, adults and children to help overcome feelings of depression, frustration, anger and anxiety.
(307) 284-5449 View (307) 284-5449
Photo of Vanessa Fabian, LCSW, MS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vanessa Fabian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MS
Verified Verified
Jackson, WY 83002
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in both Wyoming and Idaho, with fourteen years of experience in the mental health field. I currently offer online teletherapy with adults, teens, and their families. My therapeutic style is holistic, reality-based, experiential, and engaging. I use an integrative approach in psychotherapy, utilizing a variety of techniques to help clients achieve their goals.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in both Wyoming and Idaho, with fourteen years of experience in the mental health field. I currently offer online teletherapy with adults, teens, and their families. My therapeutic style is holistic, reality-based, experiential, and engaging. I use an integrative approach in psychotherapy, utilizing a variety of techniques to help clients achieve their goals.
(307) 336-3047 View (307) 336-3047
Photo of Anna McDonough, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Anna McDonough
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jackson, WY 83001
Our world is full of challenges, conflicting demands, and values. At Karis Counseling, I help individuals and couples establish a sense of direction and balance. ​ I counsel clients striving to overcome troubling issues by helping them to understand the origin of the dynamics behind these matters. With this understanding, we establish a clear path and direction to make changes that will bring resolution and fulfillment. ​ This is more than a business to me. It is a commitment and passion and I am honored to walk alongside you.
Our world is full of challenges, conflicting demands, and values. At Karis Counseling, I help individuals and couples establish a sense of direction and balance. ​ I counsel clients striving to overcome troubling issues by helping them to understand the origin of the dynamics behind these matters. With this understanding, we establish a clear path and direction to make changes that will bring resolution and fulfillment. ​ This is more than a business to me. It is a commitment and passion and I am honored to walk alongside you.
(307) 227-3663 View (307) 227-3663

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Number of Therapists in Afton, WY

< 10

Therapists in Afton, WY who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
86% Relationship Issues
86% Parenting
86% Family Conflict
86% Marital and Premarital
71% Depression
71% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
50% Aetna
50% Medicaid

How Therapists in Afton, WY see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

58% Female
42% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Afton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.