Therapists in Mullens, WV

Photo of Amanda Shrewsbury, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amanda Shrewsbury
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Mullens, WV 25882  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with clients navigating multiple challenges such as anxiety, depression, ADHD, and family issues. I support clients who are seeking understanding, support, and practical strategies to manage their mental health and interpersonal relationships effectively. Their goals often include finding stability, improving self-esteem, and developing healthier coping mechanisms. They want to feel empowered and equipped to navigate life's complexities with resilience and confidence, ultimately aiming for a balanced and fulfilling life where they can thrive despite their challenges.
I specialize in working with clients navigating multiple challenges such as anxiety, depression, ADHD, and family issues. I support clients who are seeking understanding, support, and practical strategies to manage their mental health and interpersonal relationships effectively. Their goals often include finding stability, improving self-esteem, and developing healthier coping mechanisms. They want to feel empowered and equipped to navigate life's complexities with resilience and confidence, ultimately aiming for a balanced and fulfilling life where they can thrive despite their challenges.
(304) 849-6993 View (304) 849-6993

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of PJ Neer - Neer Psychological Services, PhD, LPC, ALPS, Psychologist
Neer Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD, LPC, ALPS
Verified Verified
New Richmond, WV 24867
Life is stressful and sometimes coping with everyday challenges can be more than we can handle on our own. We can become unseated in the comfort of our daily routine by extraneous situations that require action and attention from us; death, job loss, separation, or even just being overwhelmed with what's expected from us on a daily basis.
Life is stressful and sometimes coping with everyday challenges can be more than we can handle on our own. We can become unseated in the comfort of our daily routine by extraneous situations that require action and attention from us; death, job loss, separation, or even just being overwhelmed with what's expected from us on a daily basis.
(681) 298-3557 View (681) 298-3557

Online Therapists

Photo of Sara Elisabeth Frost, MA, LPC-ALP, LCMHC, NCC, ADC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sara Elisabeth Frost
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-ALP, LCMHC, NCC, ADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Beckley, WV 25801
Even resilient and strong people need support for the challenges that life can send their way! During times of challenge and growth, I am here to support you as you rediscover what allows you to have a fulfilling life. My clients describe me as compassionate, authentic and kind. They also say that I gently challenge them to meet their goals and celebrate with them when they do! You don't have to live with depression, anxiety or self doubt. You can thrive and grow, even through the most challenging times in life; you don't have to go through things alone. You are taking the first step to reach the peace and happiness you deserve!
Even resilient and strong people need support for the challenges that life can send their way! During times of challenge and growth, I am here to support you as you rediscover what allows you to have a fulfilling life. My clients describe me as compassionate, authentic and kind. They also say that I gently challenge them to meet their goals and celebrate with them when they do! You don't have to live with depression, anxiety or self doubt. You can thrive and grow, even through the most challenging times in life; you don't have to go through things alone. You are taking the first step to reach the peace and happiness you deserve!
(304) 318-4959 View (304) 318-4959
Photo of Alexandria J Dawson, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alexandria J Dawson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nitro, WV 25143
Waitlist for new clients
I'm Alexandria (Ali) Dawson, and I'm a part of Dawson Counseling Services, LLC. I'm a licensed independent clinical social worker, and I specialize in working with young adult/adult women.
I'm Alexandria (Ali) Dawson, and I'm a part of Dawson Counseling Services, LLC. I'm a licensed independent clinical social worker, and I specialize in working with young adult/adult women.
(304) 903-6659 View (304) 903-6659
Photo of Stephanie Todd - Life Strategies Counseling, PLPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Life Strategies Counseling
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC
Verified Verified
Charleston, WV 25304
Since 2001 we have helped thousands of people navigate life challenges on a path to betterment. We have a multi-discipline team spanning a plethora of services including help for the following challenges: Relational, Behavioral, Anxiety, Depression, Addiction, Trauma, Marriage, Grief, Attention Deficit, Adjustment, Stress, Dysphoria, Post Traumatic Stress, Loneliness, Career Development, Job-Related Stress, School Problems, Learning Issues, Autism.
Since 2001 we have helped thousands of people navigate life challenges on a path to betterment. We have a multi-discipline team spanning a plethora of services including help for the following challenges: Relational, Behavioral, Anxiety, Depression, Addiction, Trauma, Marriage, Grief, Attention Deficit, Adjustment, Stress, Dysphoria, Post Traumatic Stress, Loneliness, Career Development, Job-Related Stress, School Problems, Learning Issues, Autism.
(304) 484-4389 View (304) 484-4389
Photo of Andrea Hicks, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andrea Hicks
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Huntington, WV 25701
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Anxiety, ADHD, personal or romantic relationships, school concerns, or the loss of a sense of self can affect your day-to-day life. You may feel exhausted and overwhelmed by stress and uncertainty that can come with pressure to be productive and successful, for not only yourself but also for your family. Do you ever hope that life could be better and feel more natural? Now, more than ever, teens and adults are feeling anxious and unsettled about how to manage their relationships, careers, school days, and their lives. It shouldn't be so hard to live a better life.
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Anxiety, ADHD, personal or romantic relationships, school concerns, or the loss of a sense of self can affect your day-to-day life. You may feel exhausted and overwhelmed by stress and uncertainty that can come with pressure to be productive and successful, for not only yourself but also for your family. Do you ever hope that life could be better and feel more natural? Now, more than ever, teens and adults are feeling anxious and unsettled about how to manage their relationships, careers, school days, and their lives. It shouldn't be so hard to live a better life.
(843) 894-4297 View (843) 894-4297
Photo of Andrew Moeller - Andrew Moeller - NOCD, LMHC, Counselor
Andrew Moeller - NOCD
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Lewisburg, WV 24901  (Online Only)
I strive to make therapy a collaborative process, focusing on creating a safe space and normalizing experiences that often go undiscussed. I'm in the passenger seat with you, not steering the car. My interest in psychology began in college, and it just clicked for me. I've always been fascinated by the mind and motivated to help people. I love helping people with anxiety and seeing them make positive changes. Working with OCD aligned well with my focus on anxiety and felt like a natural progression in my career. At NOCD, my team and I specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for OCD.
I strive to make therapy a collaborative process, focusing on creating a safe space and normalizing experiences that often go undiscussed. I'm in the passenger seat with you, not steering the car. My interest in psychology began in college, and it just clicked for me. I've always been fascinated by the mind and motivated to help people. I love helping people with anxiety and seeing them make positive changes. Working with OCD aligned well with my focus on anxiety and felt like a natural progression in my career. At NOCD, my team and I specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for OCD.
(304) 944-5923 View (304) 944-5923
Photo of Emily Engelland Wilson - River Valley Associates, MA, Psychologist
River Valley Associates
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntington, WV 25701  (Online Only)
I started River Valley Associates in 2007. I enjoy helping my clients discover more productive and healthier ways of dealing with issues in their lives. I strive to help them increase their self-awareness and find a more authentic center, which creates confidence in making better choices in their lives. My approach is client-centered, and I utilize a variety of techniques from several models, including cognitive-behavioral, internal family systems (IFS), and solution-focused therapies.
I started River Valley Associates in 2007. I enjoy helping my clients discover more productive and healthier ways of dealing with issues in their lives. I strive to help them increase their self-awareness and find a more authentic center, which creates confidence in making better choices in their lives. My approach is client-centered, and I utilize a variety of techniques from several models, including cognitive-behavioral, internal family systems (IFS), and solution-focused therapies.
(304) 397-5477 View (304) 397-5477
Photo of Jennifer A Regan, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer A Regan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Huntington, WV 25701
Are you ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery, growth, and positive change? If you're seeking to enhance your mental well-being, overcome challenges, and unlock your full potential, you've come to the right place. Whether you're facing issues related to stress, anxiety, depression, relationships, or personal development, together, we can work towards creating a healthier and more fulfilling life.
Are you ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery, growth, and positive change? If you're seeking to enhance your mental well-being, overcome challenges, and unlock your full potential, you've come to the right place. Whether you're facing issues related to stress, anxiety, depression, relationships, or personal development, together, we can work towards creating a healthier and more fulfilling life.
(681) 378-2134 View (681) 378-2134
Photo of Shawna Bumgardner, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shawna Bumgardner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Huntington, WV 25701
Do you feel like no one sees you or your pain? Do you feel misunderstood and alone in your thoughts? Are you navigating through life holding on to emotional pain and circumstances that leave you feeling alone or out of control? Living with all of these thoughts, feelings and emotions can be overwhelming to our daily routine and function and just having another person to walk this journey of life can create healing and new perspective.
Do you feel like no one sees you or your pain? Do you feel misunderstood and alone in your thoughts? Are you navigating through life holding on to emotional pain and circumstances that leave you feeling alone or out of control? Living with all of these thoughts, feelings and emotions can be overwhelming to our daily routine and function and just having another person to walk this journey of life can create healing and new perspective.
(304) 381-1790 View (304) 381-1790
Photo of Ashlee N Calandros, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ashlee N Calandros
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Chapmanville, WV 25508
Hi there! My name is Ashlee and I have approximately 10 years working with children, adolescents, and adults who are struggling with a wide array of mental health-related issues. Some of these issues include depression, anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, interpersonal conflict, trauma/abuse, self-esteem, motivation, confidence, and much more! I believe everyone can benefit from therapy even if nothing is “wrong.” Sometimes we just need a listening ear from a neutral person and I look forward to being that person for you. I am LGBTQ+ affirming and promote a safe space for individuals of all backgrounds to express themselves freely.
Hi there! My name is Ashlee and I have approximately 10 years working with children, adolescents, and adults who are struggling with a wide array of mental health-related issues. Some of these issues include depression, anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, interpersonal conflict, trauma/abuse, self-esteem, motivation, confidence, and much more! I believe everyone can benefit from therapy even if nothing is “wrong.” Sometimes we just need a listening ear from a neutral person and I look forward to being that person for you. I am LGBTQ+ affirming and promote a safe space for individuals of all backgrounds to express themselves freely.
(304) 605-2916 View (304) 605-2916
Photo of Keith P. Cole, MA, LPC, ALPS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Keith P. Cole
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ALPS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charleston, WV 25301
Hello! I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with most clients in individual counseling and use techniques from other theoretical models depending on client needs. I work with teen and adults with a focus on such areas as anxiety, depression, and grief; I additionally provide couples and marriage counseling, substance abuse counseling, Christian counseling, and counseling to adults who are victims of crime or dealing with trauma. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and an Approved Licensed Professional Supervisor in the state of West Virginia (License 2213) and National Certified Counselor. I serve as a Clinical Supervisor.
Hello! I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with most clients in individual counseling and use techniques from other theoretical models depending on client needs. I work with teen and adults with a focus on such areas as anxiety, depression, and grief; I additionally provide couples and marriage counseling, substance abuse counseling, Christian counseling, and counseling to adults who are victims of crime or dealing with trauma. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and an Approved Licensed Professional Supervisor in the state of West Virginia (License 2213) and National Certified Counselor. I serve as a Clinical Supervisor.
(304) 486-9177 View (304) 486-9177
Photo of Angela Harris, LCSW, CEDS, EMDR-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angela Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEDS, EMDR-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charleston, WV 25304  (Online Only)
I have a therapeutic focus in the areas of eating disorders including anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder, orthorexia, avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED), disordered eating, compulsive exercise and body image concerns. I also work with self esteem concerns, depression, anxiety, process and substance use disorders, coping skills, trauma, and PTSD. I specialize in treating adolescents and adults. My goal is to empower you to write the next chapter of your life.
I have a therapeutic focus in the areas of eating disorders including anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder, orthorexia, avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED), disordered eating, compulsive exercise and body image concerns. I also work with self esteem concerns, depression, anxiety, process and substance use disorders, coping skills, trauma, and PTSD. I specialize in treating adolescents and adults. My goal is to empower you to write the next chapter of your life.
(304) 576-6310 View (304) 576-6310
Photo of Karena Neace, MSW, LGSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karena Neace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Hurricane, WV 25526
Therapy is often described as a journey or an adventure through life's ups and downs. We're all on a quest to uncover the treasure of inner peace and well-being, and I'm here to be your trusted guide along the path. Together, we'll navigate the challenges and celebrate the growth. It will be difficult at times, but you will be wrapped in unwavering support, and it will be worth the time and energy to keep pushing forward.
Therapy is often described as a journey or an adventure through life's ups and downs. We're all on a quest to uncover the treasure of inner peace and well-being, and I'm here to be your trusted guide along the path. Together, we'll navigate the challenges and celebrate the growth. It will be difficult at times, but you will be wrapped in unwavering support, and it will be worth the time and energy to keep pushing forward.
(304) 760-9945 View (304) 760-9945
Photo of Chava Kristin Clendinning, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chava Kristin Clendinning
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charleston, WV 25301
I believe everyone is entitled to sound mental health. No matter who you are, you should be given the opportunity to improve your mental wellness through ethical and sound clinical interventions. I am a natural born cheerleader and am committed to walking with you through some of life's most rigorous challenges.
I believe everyone is entitled to sound mental health. No matter who you are, you should be given the opportunity to improve your mental wellness through ethical and sound clinical interventions. I am a natural born cheerleader and am committed to walking with you through some of life's most rigorous challenges.
(304) 486-3815 View (304) 486-3815
Photo of Angela Brogan, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Angela Brogan
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Charleston, WV 25311
My ideal client is someone who is active in their own treatment. I enjoy working with clients who have a vision for how they want their life to look and are willing to take concrete steps to bring that vision to life. This client understands that therapy for one hour a week is only a fraction of the healing process. I take a holistic approach, addressing both the body's and the mind's roles in shaping our mental health. My goal is to help clients better control their body's response to trauma/stress, while also exploring and processing the emotions underneath.
My ideal client is someone who is active in their own treatment. I enjoy working with clients who have a vision for how they want their life to look and are willing to take concrete steps to bring that vision to life. This client understands that therapy for one hour a week is only a fraction of the healing process. I take a holistic approach, addressing both the body's and the mind's roles in shaping our mental health. My goal is to help clients better control their body's response to trauma/stress, while also exploring and processing the emotions underneath.
(304) 451-5605 View (304) 451-5605
Photo of Maddy Murphy, MA, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Maddy Murphy
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hurricane, WV 25526
I provide mental health care that is gender-affirming, trauma informed, and culturally sensitive. My primary clinical interests include anxiety, depression, gender and sexuality, relationship conflicts, family/parenting dynamics, and trauma. I see individuals (12 years and older) and families. I am currently working toward licensure.
I provide mental health care that is gender-affirming, trauma informed, and culturally sensitive. My primary clinical interests include anxiety, depression, gender and sexuality, relationship conflicts, family/parenting dynamics, and trauma. I see individuals (12 years and older) and families. I am currently working toward licensure.
(304) 407-4281 View (304) 407-4281
Photo of Linda R Greer, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Linda R Greer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntington, WV 25705  (Online Only)
Hi. I'm Linda. I'm a therapist in Huntington, WV; and I was inspired to become a licensed therapist because people naturally confide in me; friends, family, strangers. They came to me when they were going through hard times. As a therapist, I often work with people who are at a crossroads and struggling with making the right decisions. I work with those who are seeking to get some relief in their battle with anxiety and depression. I help people make progress in their recovery, or to pick up the pieces after a relapse. I work with clients that are seeking to do more than just cope with what life is dishing out.
Hi. I'm Linda. I'm a therapist in Huntington, WV; and I was inspired to become a licensed therapist because people naturally confide in me; friends, family, strangers. They came to me when they were going through hard times. As a therapist, I often work with people who are at a crossroads and struggling with making the right decisions. I work with those who are seeking to get some relief in their battle with anxiety and depression. I help people make progress in their recovery, or to pick up the pieces after a relapse. I work with clients that are seeking to do more than just cope with what life is dishing out.
(304) 486-3940 View (304) 486-3940
Photo of Natalie Criss, LPC, NCC, ALPS, LPCC-S
Natalie Criss
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPC, NCC, ALPS, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Huntington, WV 25702  (Online Only)
LGBTQ+ Therapist! I am a lesbian and love working with the LGBTQ community. I also specialize in treating PTSD. If you are someone who has been struggling with panic attacks, or maybe feels like your emotional response to things is out of proportion for what 'the thing' is, I am a good counselor for you. If you are someone who is really hard on yourself or maybe you are going through something and simply need someone to talk to, I am a good counselor for you. If you are ready to transition and need support, I am a good counselor for you. I hope to hear from you!
LGBTQ+ Therapist! I am a lesbian and love working with the LGBTQ community. I also specialize in treating PTSD. If you are someone who has been struggling with panic attacks, or maybe feels like your emotional response to things is out of proportion for what 'the thing' is, I am a good counselor for you. If you are someone who is really hard on yourself or maybe you are going through something and simply need someone to talk to, I am a good counselor for you. If you are ready to transition and need support, I am a good counselor for you. I hope to hear from you!
(606) 708-8641 View (606) 708-8641
Photo of Holly Raridon, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Holly Raridon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Marlinton, WV 24954  (Online Only)
Is something bothering you or affecting your quality of life? Simple things can help you start to feel better. Depression, anxiety or past trauma can show up unexpectedly, at the most inconvenient time. Let's explore what you're feeling, thinking and doing to help you take a step back and gain insight into what is working in your life, and what is not. What's really important to you? Are you taking care of yourself in the same way that you would take care of others you love? Why not? If this was your last day on Earth, would you be satisfied with the way your life turned out? If not, are you ready to change that?
Is something bothering you or affecting your quality of life? Simple things can help you start to feel better. Depression, anxiety or past trauma can show up unexpectedly, at the most inconvenient time. Let's explore what you're feeling, thinking and doing to help you take a step back and gain insight into what is working in your life, and what is not. What's really important to you? Are you taking care of yourself in the same way that you would take care of others you love? Why not? If this was your last day on Earth, would you be satisfied with the way your life turned out? If not, are you ready to change that?
(304) 403-7447 x100 View (304) 403-7447 x100

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mullens, WV

< 10

Therapists in Mullens, WV who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% ADHD
100% Grief
100% Parenting
100% Divorce
100% School Issues

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% Cigna and Evernorth
100% Public Employees Insurance Agency

How Therapists in Mullens, WV see their clients

100% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mullens?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.