Therapists in Ceredo, WV

Photo of Jacqueline Rollyson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Jacqueline Rollyson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Every season in life brings a new set of obstacles and challenges. Sometimes, the season we are currently living in can feel overwhelming, anxiety provoking, and uncomfortable. Are you having difficulty navigating the current stressors in your life? That very brokenness is where the beauty of the counseling relationship comes into play. By utilizing a person centered approach and nonjudgmental stance, I aim to provide support to my clients on their path to self growth and healing.
Every season in life brings a new set of obstacles and challenges. Sometimes, the season we are currently living in can feel overwhelming, anxiety provoking, and uncomfortable. Are you having difficulty navigating the current stressors in your life? That very brokenness is where the beauty of the counseling relationship comes into play. By utilizing a person centered approach and nonjudgmental stance, I aim to provide support to my clients on their path to self growth and healing.
(304) 244-2317 View (304) 244-2317

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Taryn Heart - Relationship specialists, MA
Relationship specialists
MA
Verified Verified
Online Only
As an agency we have been supporting people via online sessions, with everything that falls “outside the box”. If you are encountering relationship problems, you may have found that it is easier to procrastinate rather than to seek the relationship advice and tools that you need. You may have even been waiting to seek consulting or coaching services for years. Meanwhile your relationship difficulties have only been getting worse. Our consulting services are designed to help you communicate better and make sustainable changes that will benefit you and your family throughout your lives to come back to loving one another.
As an agency we have been supporting people via online sessions, with everything that falls “outside the box”. If you are encountering relationship problems, you may have found that it is easier to procrastinate rather than to seek the relationship advice and tools that you need. You may have even been waiting to seek consulting or coaching services for years. Meanwhile your relationship difficulties have only been getting worse. Our consulting services are designed to help you communicate better and make sustainable changes that will benefit you and your family throughout your lives to come back to loving one another.
(833) 934-0574 View (833) 934-0574
Photo of Jude Enrichment Counseling Black - Appalachian Life Enrichment Counseling Center, Licensed Professional Counselor
Appalachian Life Enrichment Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Huntington, WV 25701
Therapy is a place to pause, reflect on what you are seeking in life and explore the barriers preventing you from taking that next step in your journey. Life changes or chronic situations can throw us off course, leaving us to feel out of sync, confused, & disconnected from life. Whether you are looking to reconnect, find purpose, learn new coping skills, process trauma or loss, manage anxiety, deal with shame or make a life changing decision, therapy can be a safe place to discover the power you have within yourself to design your own solutions & find new ways to navigate challenging situations. Multisites!
Therapy is a place to pause, reflect on what you are seeking in life and explore the barriers preventing you from taking that next step in your journey. Life changes or chronic situations can throw us off course, leaving us to feel out of sync, confused, & disconnected from life. Whether you are looking to reconnect, find purpose, learn new coping skills, process trauma or loss, manage anxiety, deal with shame or make a life changing decision, therapy can be a safe place to discover the power you have within yourself to design your own solutions & find new ways to navigate challenging situations. Multisites!
(304) 467-4175 View (304) 467-4175
Photo of Stephanie Knight Clarke, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, P-MHC
Stephanie Knight Clarke
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, P-MHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Deciding you are ready to make a lifelong change can be a difficult decision, or maybe you are ready to start living the life you have envisioned and the choice is obvious. Either way, our team of qualified professionals is ready to work with you to help you determine specific goals that will improve your quality of life and enrich your relationships. We invite you into our comfortable environment. We will maintain a caring and non-judgmental stance, and will patiently follow your lead to your path to peace.
Deciding you are ready to make a lifelong change can be a difficult decision, or maybe you are ready to start living the life you have envisioned and the choice is obvious. Either way, our team of qualified professionals is ready to work with you to help you determine specific goals that will improve your quality of life and enrich your relationships. We invite you into our comfortable environment. We will maintain a caring and non-judgmental stance, and will patiently follow your lead to your path to peace.
(681) 201-1417 View (681) 201-1417
Photo of Maddy Murphy, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Maddy Murphy
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Hurricane, WV 25526
I provide mental health care that is gender-affirming, trauma informed, and culturally sensitive. My primary clinical interests include anxiety, depression, gender and sexuality, relationship conflicts, family/parenting dynamics, and trauma. I see individuals (12 years and older) and families. I am currently working toward licensure.
I provide mental health care that is gender-affirming, trauma informed, and culturally sensitive. My primary clinical interests include anxiety, depression, gender and sexuality, relationship conflicts, family/parenting dynamics, and trauma. I see individuals (12 years and older) and families. I am currently working toward licensure.
(304) 407-4281 View (304) 407-4281
Photo of Jack Alan Copley, Marriage & Family Therapist, DMin, LMFT, CST
Jack Alan Copley
Marriage & Family Therapist, DMin, LMFT, CST
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and an AASECT Certified Sex Therapist who provides Telehealth appointments to people living in Charleston and throughout WV. I am open and affirming of all persons-regardless of sexual orientation, gender, age, race, faith, or marital status. People see me for a variety of needs, such as couples therapy, individual therapy, recovery after an affair, grief, or a traumatic personal history.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and an AASECT Certified Sex Therapist who provides Telehealth appointments to people living in Charleston and throughout WV. I am open and affirming of all persons-regardless of sexual orientation, gender, age, race, faith, or marital status. People see me for a variety of needs, such as couples therapy, individual therapy, recovery after an affair, grief, or a traumatic personal history.
(304) 205-0695 View (304) 205-0695
Photo of Dr. Dean Leav - Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean, Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean
Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Verified Verified
Huntington, WV 25701
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
(304) 779-8517 View (304) 779-8517
Photo of Dave Dinardi - Point of Freedom Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CRC, NCC
Point of Freedom Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CRC, NCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
My ideal client is motivated for personal growth in an effort to provide freedom from self. Someone who is eager to explore what it is they want to address. Not even necessarily someone with tremendous insight but just the desire to want to become a better human. Whatever that means for them. I want to provide a collaborative process where we aim to work towards finding your goals and the best way to reach them.
My ideal client is motivated for personal growth in an effort to provide freedom from self. Someone who is eager to explore what it is they want to address. Not even necessarily someone with tremendous insight but just the desire to want to become a better human. Whatever that means for them. I want to provide a collaborative process where we aim to work towards finding your goals and the best way to reach them.
(304) 245-9534 View (304) 245-9534
Photo of Rachel E Baldrige-Bush, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ALPS, NCC
Rachel E Baldrige-Bush
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ALPS, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
If you are feeling overwhelmed, you are not alone. Many of us feel like something is wrong, fear we aren’t good enough or worry we are failing. We try our best to push these feelings aside. However, our insecurities tend to find their way back. We want to be confident and secure, capable of loving who we are. Our fears of judgment or rejection make it intimidating to ask for help. We believe admitting we can’t do it all alone is a weakness. It is not. You don’t have to struggle alone. You need someone in your corner rooting for you. Everyone deserves a safe place to share their story and receive validation.
If you are feeling overwhelmed, you are not alone. Many of us feel like something is wrong, fear we aren’t good enough or worry we are failing. We try our best to push these feelings aside. However, our insecurities tend to find their way back. We want to be confident and secure, capable of loving who we are. Our fears of judgment or rejection make it intimidating to ask for help. We believe admitting we can’t do it all alone is a weakness. It is not. You don’t have to struggle alone. You need someone in your corner rooting for you. Everyone deserves a safe place to share their story and receive validation.
(681) 233-1096 View (681) 233-1096
Photo of Sheli Bernstein-Goff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CTS, CFS, DAAETS
Sheli Bernstein-Goff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CTS, CFS, DAAETS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I strongly believe that everyone is unique and everyone’s story is unique; therefore, different approaches are essential in working with a wide variety of people. I am a true believer in the concept of “words shape beliefs”. My favorite quote illustrate this - "When we are no longer able to change a situation - we are challenged to change ourselves." - Viktor Frankl . Together, we can explore the powerful impact words and beliefs have on you and begin the process of change.
I strongly believe that everyone is unique and everyone’s story is unique; therefore, different approaches are essential in working with a wide variety of people. I am a true believer in the concept of “words shape beliefs”. My favorite quote illustrate this - "When we are no longer able to change a situation - we are challenged to change ourselves." - Viktor Frankl . Together, we can explore the powerful impact words and beliefs have on you and begin the process of change.
(304) 403-7124 View (304) 403-7124
Photo of Aaron Nick Hemlepp, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, DSW
Aaron Nick Hemlepp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, DSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Barboursville, WV 25504
Sometimes our lives take us in directions that we have no control over. Yet, we are still left to figure out what to do with them That's my specialty: creative care plans grounded in excellent care. My ideal client would know something is amiss and they seek help. Sometimes life is stuck because the things that used to work no longer get us through. Together, we can work a plan to help you get to feeling better and doing better!
Sometimes our lives take us in directions that we have no control over. Yet, we are still left to figure out what to do with them That's my specialty: creative care plans grounded in excellent care. My ideal client would know something is amiss and they seek help. Sometimes life is stuck because the things that used to work no longer get us through. Together, we can work a plan to help you get to feeling better and doing better!
(304) 449-3463 View (304) 449-3463
Photo of Rhonda Henning, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ALPS
Rhonda Henning
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ALPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I enjoy working with service members, veterans and families, women and men in recovery from addictive behaviors and helping adolescents navigate life. I offer a safe environment where you will feel comfortable and can openly share without fear of judgment. We, together, will identify problem areas, create treatment goals and Change Plans to reflect a healthy mind, body and spirit.
I enjoy working with service members, veterans and families, women and men in recovery from addictive behaviors and helping adolescents navigate life. I offer a safe environment where you will feel comfortable and can openly share without fear of judgment. We, together, will identify problem areas, create treatment goals and Change Plans to reflect a healthy mind, body and spirit.
(304) 381-1464 View (304) 381-1464
Photo of Dr. Michael Stinnett, Psychologist, PsyD, LP, HSP-P
Dr. Michael Stinnett
Psychologist, PsyD, LP, HSP-P
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Serves Area
Oceanview Mental Health & Wellness may be a great fit for you if you're seeking a safe, affirming space to address mental health concerns like anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, gender dysphoria, ADHD, etc. You likely value culturally responsive, trauma-informed care and want a provider who understands the impact of systemic injustices on your well-being. Your goals likely include achieving emotional well-being, building resilience, and enhancing your overall quality of life. You'll appreciate my compassionate approach, delivering high-quality mental health care, and my dedication to social justice issues.
Oceanview Mental Health & Wellness may be a great fit for you if you're seeking a safe, affirming space to address mental health concerns like anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, gender dysphoria, ADHD, etc. You likely value culturally responsive, trauma-informed care and want a provider who understands the impact of systemic injustices on your well-being. Your goals likely include achieving emotional well-being, building resilience, and enhancing your overall quality of life. You'll appreciate my compassionate approach, delivering high-quality mental health care, and my dedication to social justice issues.
(984) 422-3803 View (984) 422-3803
Photo of Mj Zink, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CCTP
Mj Zink
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hey You! I am so proud that you have chosen to take this courageous journey. The world is changing, and so are YOU! Let’s explore what’s been heavy on your heart. Therapy grounded in your personal values and unique experiences can bring forth the full/new YOU- Let’s embrace the next chapter of your story with courage and curiosity. I specialize in anxiety, stress- related transitions, self-esteem and body image, trauma, cognitive dysfunctions, and relationship issues. My mission is to provide a space where you can feel unburdened. I hope to bring humor, hope and connection through our sessions together.
Hey You! I am so proud that you have chosen to take this courageous journey. The world is changing, and so are YOU! Let’s explore what’s been heavy on your heart. Therapy grounded in your personal values and unique experiences can bring forth the full/new YOU- Let’s embrace the next chapter of your story with courage and curiosity. I specialize in anxiety, stress- related transitions, self-esteem and body image, trauma, cognitive dysfunctions, and relationship issues. My mission is to provide a space where you can feel unburdened. I hope to bring humor, hope and connection through our sessions together.
(304) 584-6512 View (304) 584-6512
Photo of Emily Aust - Warrior Goddess Tribe, LLC, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor , LPCC
Warrior Goddess Tribe, LLC
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor , LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Warrior Goddess Tribe is about the empowerment of individuals and helping them reach their goals. We work with warriors from all backgrounds and work towards helping you attain or regain the life you want. When you sit down in the office, our hope is you feel heard, seen, and valued. Life is hard, it can be stressful, overwhelming, and sometimes impossible to find the next step to take. We want to help you take the next step, to sort out the hectic, gain your sense of self, and enter the world the warrior you were always meant to be.
Warrior Goddess Tribe is about the empowerment of individuals and helping them reach their goals. We work with warriors from all backgrounds and work towards helping you attain or regain the life you want. When you sit down in the office, our hope is you feel heard, seen, and valued. Life is hard, it can be stressful, overwhelming, and sometimes impossible to find the next step to take. We want to help you take the next step, to sort out the hectic, gain your sense of self, and enter the world the warrior you were always meant to be.
(606) 939-5555 View (606) 939-5555
Photo of Cassandra Chapman, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CCMHC
Cassandra Chapman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CCMHC
Verified Verified
Huntington, WV 25701
Waitlist for new clients
My ideal clients are teens or adults who want learn tools for long term happiness. Issues I enjoy treating are substance use, binge eating, grief, loss, trauma, relationship issues, marriage counseling, anxiety and depression. For success, I provide judgement free space and unconditional positive regard, mixed with some humor and direction. I like to dive deep with my clients, utilizing their strengths, which will allow them to become more free and self-sufficient, with healthier relationships.
My ideal clients are teens or adults who want learn tools for long term happiness. Issues I enjoy treating are substance use, binge eating, grief, loss, trauma, relationship issues, marriage counseling, anxiety and depression. For success, I provide judgement free space and unconditional positive regard, mixed with some humor and direction. I like to dive deep with my clients, utilizing their strengths, which will allow them to become more free and self-sufficient, with healthier relationships.
(304) 381-6067 View (304) 381-6067
Photo of Jill Garrett, APRN, FNP-BC
Jill Garrett
APRN, FNP-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal client is someone struggling with weight management and seeking a sustainable, balanced approach to improve their health. They may feel overwhelmed by diets that don’t work or unsure how to start a lifestyle change. They want personalized guidance, compassionate support, and a plan that fits their unique goals to achieve lasting results.
My ideal client is someone struggling with weight management and seeking a sustainable, balanced approach to improve their health. They may feel overwhelmed by diets that don’t work or unsure how to start a lifestyle change. They want personalized guidance, compassionate support, and a plan that fits their unique goals to achieve lasting results.
(304) 446-4209 View (304) 446-4209
Photo of Kristin Pruitt, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Kristin Pruitt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Hi, I’m Kristin Pruitt, a Licensed Professional Counselor passionate about helping individuals and families overcome life’s challenges and thrive. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, adults, and families navigating trauma, PTSD, depression, anxiety, ADHD, adjustment disorders, and more. In therapy, I provide an open, accepting environment tailored to your unique needs. I understand that everyone learns and grows differently, so I adapt our sessions to fit your learning style—whether that’s seeing, hearing, reading, writing, or doing.
Hi, I’m Kristin Pruitt, a Licensed Professional Counselor passionate about helping individuals and families overcome life’s challenges and thrive. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, adults, and families navigating trauma, PTSD, depression, anxiety, ADHD, adjustment disorders, and more. In therapy, I provide an open, accepting environment tailored to your unique needs. I understand that everyone learns and grows differently, so I adapt our sessions to fit your learning style—whether that’s seeing, hearing, reading, writing, or doing.
(681) 581-0101 View (681) 581-0101
Photo of Kristin Pruitt, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Kristin Pruitt
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi, my name is Kristin Pruitt, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. My focus is to help you feel empowered and confident to overcome your challenges, as well as gaining tools to best help you manage and thrive in all areas of your life! As a neurodiverse person I know what it's like to be in a position where people assume you can learn in the "standard" way. Some people are auditory learners, but many are also visual and tactile learners, so I want to be able to meet you where you are and provide the assistance you need to learn. I use movement, art, games, music, and many other creative methods in my therapeutic approach.
Hi, my name is Kristin Pruitt, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. My focus is to help you feel empowered and confident to overcome your challenges, as well as gaining tools to best help you manage and thrive in all areas of your life! As a neurodiverse person I know what it's like to be in a position where people assume you can learn in the "standard" way. Some people are auditory learners, but many are also visual and tactile learners, so I want to be able to meet you where you are and provide the assistance you need to learn. I use movement, art, games, music, and many other creative methods in my therapeutic approach.
(304) 849-6505 View (304) 849-6505
Photo of Dana Strom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Dana Strom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
As adults, we can experience a wide range of emotions such as anxiety or depression. These strong emotions may cause us distress or fear which in turn may lessen our motivation to pursue our future values and goals. As a result, we may feel trapped, which can stop us from discovering what truly matters.
As adults, we can experience a wide range of emotions such as anxiety or depression. These strong emotions may cause us distress or fear which in turn may lessen our motivation to pursue our future values and goals. As a result, we may feel trapped, which can stop us from discovering what truly matters.
(304) 967-2428 View (304) 967-2428

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ceredo, WV

< 10

Therapists in Ceredo, WV who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Addiction
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Substance Use
100% Behavioral Issues
100% Coping Skills

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Ceredo, WV see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ceredo?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.