Therapists in Grand Rapids, MI

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Photo of Dave Langerak, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Grand Rapids, MI
Dave Langerak
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Are you searching a positive balance for life? Anxiety, depression, professional burnout, executive/leadership challenges, marital counseling, divorce dynamics, oppressive relationships, and trauma throw off our balance. As a Master Level Psychologist with over 30 years of experience I walk alongside people just like you who are looking for a way to find balance. Building a trusting relationship is the first step toward that path and achieving your goals. I provide a safe, non-judgmental, and confidential environment to explore your story. I use a variety of techniques to maximize your emotional, mental, physical and spiritual self.
Are you searching a positive balance for life? Anxiety, depression, professional burnout, executive/leadership challenges, marital counseling, divorce dynamics, oppressive relationships, and trauma throw off our balance. As a Master Level Psychologist with over 30 years of experience I walk alongside people just like you who are looking for a way to find balance. Building a trusting relationship is the first step toward that path and achieving your goals. I provide a safe, non-judgmental, and confidential environment to explore your story. I use a variety of techniques to maximize your emotional, mental, physical and spiritual self.
(616) 537-2209 View (616) 537-2209
Photo of Kimberly Hoke, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Kimberly Hoke
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LPC, LLMFT, NCC
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49508
Do you feel stuck having the same arguments where you know how things will end before it begins? Everyone experiences periods of difficulties as life changes and turns in unexpected directions. Whatever difficulties you are facing, you do not need to face them alone. As a marriage and family therapist, I will provide you and your family the tools needed to navigate life’s challenges in a safe, warm and understanding environment. Seeking help is not always easy although it can be rewarding.
Do you feel stuck having the same arguments where you know how things will end before it begins? Everyone experiences periods of difficulties as life changes and turns in unexpected directions. Whatever difficulties you are facing, you do not need to face them alone. As a marriage and family therapist, I will provide you and your family the tools needed to navigate life’s challenges in a safe, warm and understanding environment. Seeking help is not always easy although it can be rewarding.
(616) 236-2672 View (616) 236-2672
Photo of Ann Bixler, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Grand Rapids, MI
Ann Bixler
Limited Licensed Psychologist, LLP, ICAADC, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
I 've been in private practice since 1997. Throughout that time I have continued to expand on my knowledge and develop specialties in play therapy, working with the LGBTQ community, substance abuse, and trauma including PTSD. I work with clients experiencing anxiety and depression. I see each client as unique and feel honored to join them in their journey towards health and wellness. I am affiliated with organizations that keep me abreast of evidence-based practices for the unique situations that clients bring to therapy.
I 've been in private practice since 1997. Throughout that time I have continued to expand on my knowledge and develop specialties in play therapy, working with the LGBTQ community, substance abuse, and trauma including PTSD. I work with clients experiencing anxiety and depression. I see each client as unique and feel honored to join them in their journey towards health and wellness. I am affiliated with organizations that keep me abreast of evidence-based practices for the unique situations that clients bring to therapy.
(616) 312-2470 View (616) 312-2470
Photo of Thomas Jachulski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Thomas Jachulski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Grand Rapids, MI 49525
I believe when behaviors are viewed as changeable and manageable, we are no longer limited to past patterns and cycles, but gain the potential to bring balance and control to our reactions, and ultimately, to our lives. I look forward to continuing to work with individuals and families to meet their unique challenges, and often interpersonal issues. I work to guide my clients to challenge unhelpful thoughts and behavioral patterns and to foster increased awareness to help improve the overall quality of life of each person.
I believe when behaviors are viewed as changeable and manageable, we are no longer limited to past patterns and cycles, but gain the potential to bring balance and control to our reactions, and ultimately, to our lives. I look forward to continuing to work with individuals and families to meet their unique challenges, and often interpersonal issues. I work to guide my clients to challenge unhelpful thoughts and behavioral patterns and to foster increased awareness to help improve the overall quality of life of each person.
(616) 522-8827 View (616) 522-8827
Photo of Elizabeth Josey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Elizabeth Josey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW-C, CAADC
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49525
Hi, I'm Elizabeth (she/her) and I'm glad you're here. Life is full of changes that can leave us feeling overwhelmed with stress, anxiety, depression and uncertainty. We are all doing the best we can with the tools we have available. If you’re thinking about learning alternative ways to navigate life, therapy is here so you don’t have to do it alone.
Hi, I'm Elizabeth (she/her) and I'm glad you're here. Life is full of changes that can leave us feeling overwhelmed with stress, anxiety, depression and uncertainty. We are all doing the best we can with the tools we have available. If you’re thinking about learning alternative ways to navigate life, therapy is here so you don’t have to do it alone.
(616) 441-3681 View (616) 441-3681
Photo of Jay Miller, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Grand Rapids, MI
Jay Miller
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49525
I have over twelve years of experience working with adolescents and their families as well as counseling experience with couples, adults, and children as young as seven years old. The areas that I focus on are anxiety, depression/mood, adjustment issues, spiritual issues, oppositional behaviors, anger management, and trauma. I have immediate openings available and more information can be obtained by visiting clearwatergr.com or by calling ClearWater Counseling & Wellness at 616-965-1200.
I have over twelve years of experience working with adolescents and their families as well as counseling experience with couples, adults, and children as young as seven years old. The areas that I focus on are anxiety, depression/mood, adjustment issues, spiritual issues, oppositional behaviors, anger management, and trauma. I have immediate openings available and more information can be obtained by visiting clearwatergr.com or by calling ClearWater Counseling & Wellness at 616-965-1200.
(616) 773-2279 View (616) 773-2279
Photo of Julia Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Rapids, MI
Julia Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, CGCS, CCTP, C-DBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grand Rapids, MI 49508
You want to be loved again? You want to have conversations without arguing all of the time. There’s no such thing as normal these days. It's rough. Every. Day. Nothing is getting resolved and you’re both walking on eggshells. Where did the fun, the laughter, the romance go? It seems like you just don't understand each other anymore. You're tired of living with a roommate. When we work together expect it to be direct. We'll find effective and practical solutions for your relationship hurts and struggles. I keep it real and relevant. You want your relationship to be better? So do I. Let's work together to make it happen.
You want to be loved again? You want to have conversations without arguing all of the time. There’s no such thing as normal these days. It's rough. Every. Day. Nothing is getting resolved and you’re both walking on eggshells. Where did the fun, the laughter, the romance go? It seems like you just don't understand each other anymore. You're tired of living with a roommate. When we work together expect it to be direct. We'll find effective and practical solutions for your relationship hurts and struggles. I keep it real and relevant. You want your relationship to be better? So do I. Let's work together to make it happen.
(616) 691-9875 View (616) 691-9875
Photo of Emily Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Emily Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49506
I have experience addressing the following: Complex trauma, spiritual trauma, PTSD, burnout, secondary stress, grief, women’s issues, life transitions of various forms, and issues specific to refugees, first responders, humanitarians, and missionaries.
I have experience addressing the following: Complex trauma, spiritual trauma, PTSD, burnout, secondary stress, grief, women’s issues, life transitions of various forms, and issues specific to refugees, first responders, humanitarians, and missionaries.
(616) 253-6312 View (616) 253-6312
Photo of Shynequa Williams, Pre-Licensed Professional in Grand Rapids, MI
Shynequa Williams
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grand Rapids, MI 49505
Shynequa is a strong believer that just because you're "going through it," does not mean you can't "grow through it." No matter what that challenge may look like. Shynequa is eager to work with teens and young adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, and their self-identity. Creating a safe place for clients to be their true authentic selves.
Shynequa is a strong believer that just because you're "going through it," does not mean you can't "grow through it." No matter what that challenge may look like. Shynequa is eager to work with teens and young adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, and their self-identity. Creating a safe place for clients to be their true authentic selves.
(616) 439-6242 View (616) 439-6242
Photo of Walk and Talk Michigan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Rapids, MI
Walk and Talk Michigan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grand Rapids, MI 49503
Have you ever envisioned a morning where the first thing you feel isn't self-doubt and nagging anxiety? Perhaps, you've noticed that your only reprieve from the constant looping of worry has been a brief moment out in nature? Welcome to Walk and Talk Michigan, where we hold a deep understanding of both the intricate nature of anxiety and the profound impact that emerges from merging nature, movement, and traditional therapeutic techniques.
Have you ever envisioned a morning where the first thing you feel isn't self-doubt and nagging anxiety? Perhaps, you've noticed that your only reprieve from the constant looping of worry has been a brief moment out in nature? Welcome to Walk and Talk Michigan, where we hold a deep understanding of both the intricate nature of anxiety and the profound impact that emerges from merging nature, movement, and traditional therapeutic techniques.
(616) 741-2538 View (616) 741-2538
Photo of Gabrielle Grace, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Gabrielle Grace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49508  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
As a plus sized African American woman, and a proud member of the queer community, I am no stranger to religious trauma, confining closets, family rejection and making myself feel small for the comfort of others. For these reasons, I am dedicated to creating a safe and empowering environment where you can breathe deeply, take up space, and be your truest and most authentic self. Whether you're struggling with your gender identity and sexuality, racial identity & discrimination, body image & self esteem or dealing with mental health issues, I am here to support you while you navigate that journey.
As a plus sized African American woman, and a proud member of the queer community, I am no stranger to religious trauma, confining closets, family rejection and making myself feel small for the comfort of others. For these reasons, I am dedicated to creating a safe and empowering environment where you can breathe deeply, take up space, and be your truest and most authentic self. Whether you're struggling with your gender identity and sexuality, racial identity & discrimination, body image & self esteem or dealing with mental health issues, I am here to support you while you navigate that journey.
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Photo of Julia J Krump, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Julia J Krump
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW-C
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49504  (Online Only)
I help people recover from people-pleasing, perfectionism, and other ways of coping with that uneasy feeling of insecurity in relationships. I know how it feels – I’ve been there too. I know how it feels to feel like you’re holding up the sky and that you must earn your place in someone’s life. And I know how it feels to learn how to let go and say, “no more” and go about creating the life you want, not the one you feel like you have to do.
I help people recover from people-pleasing, perfectionism, and other ways of coping with that uneasy feeling of insecurity in relationships. I know how it feels – I’ve been there too. I know how it feels to feel like you’re holding up the sky and that you must earn your place in someone’s life. And I know how it feels to learn how to let go and say, “no more” and go about creating the life you want, not the one you feel like you have to do.
(616) 585-0934 View (616) 585-0934
Photo of Marie Dershem, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Marie Dershem
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Not accepting new clients
"Courage doesn't happen when you have all the answers. It happens when you are ready to face the questions you've been avoiding your whole life." I love this quote by Shannon L Alder. It takes such courage to reach out to someone, to recognize that you desire growth and healing. Know that when you reach out to me, you will be met with compassion, support, and a safe place to look inside yourself. We can face shame, sadness, fear, anger, trauma, eating issues, body image struggles, and other issues... and together, we will build on your strength, resilience, and deep capacity for healing. Together, we will find hope and healing.
"Courage doesn't happen when you have all the answers. It happens when you are ready to face the questions you've been avoiding your whole life." I love this quote by Shannon L Alder. It takes such courage to reach out to someone, to recognize that you desire growth and healing. Know that when you reach out to me, you will be met with compassion, support, and a safe place to look inside yourself. We can face shame, sadness, fear, anger, trauma, eating issues, body image struggles, and other issues... and together, we will build on your strength, resilience, and deep capacity for healing. Together, we will find hope and healing.
(616) 201-1447 View (616) 201-1447
Photo of Katie Halma, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Katie Halma
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49506
Welcome. I'm glad you're here and would be happy to help. I believe that we all have the innate desire to be accepted, so I aim to provide a warm and caring environment where you will feel safe to be yourself. I weave validation, insight, empathy and humor in my sessions.
Welcome. I'm glad you're here and would be happy to help. I believe that we all have the innate desire to be accepted, so I aim to provide a warm and caring environment where you will feel safe to be yourself. I weave validation, insight, empathy and humor in my sessions.
(269) 399-3060 View (269) 399-3060
Photo of Iesha Marie Johnson-White, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Iesha Marie Johnson-White
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grand Rapids, MI 49546  (Online Only)
I'm a Therapist at Space for Change Therapeutic Services. I specialize and have a love for serving teens and young adults. I help teens learn coping strategies to manage anxiety, depression, and anger. I believe that creating a safe space to nurture self love, provides the opportunity for teens and young adults to successfully achieve their goals. I am intentional about cultivating a space that my clients can present their authentic selves as they address life challenges.
I'm a Therapist at Space for Change Therapeutic Services. I specialize and have a love for serving teens and young adults. I help teens learn coping strategies to manage anxiety, depression, and anger. I believe that creating a safe space to nurture self love, provides the opportunity for teens and young adults to successfully achieve their goals. I am intentional about cultivating a space that my clients can present their authentic selves as they address life challenges.
(616) 741-2839 View (616) 741-2839
Photo of Andrea Dieleman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Andrea Dieleman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49504  (Online Only)
I work with clients from all backgrounds, religions, gender identity, and sexual orientation. I believe that as we move through life we encounter moments that cause us to adapt; whether from trauma, unmet expectations, humiliation, lack of nurturing, societal pressure, or our role within our family. We cultivate these adaptations and carry them with us, applying them to new parts of life where they may no longer be needed. If we learn to meet ourselves with compassion, gratitude, and curiosity, getting to know the parts of us that work so diligently to protect us, we can begin to uncover and heal the deeper wounds that they shield.
I work with clients from all backgrounds, religions, gender identity, and sexual orientation. I believe that as we move through life we encounter moments that cause us to adapt; whether from trauma, unmet expectations, humiliation, lack of nurturing, societal pressure, or our role within our family. We cultivate these adaptations and carry them with us, applying them to new parts of life where they may no longer be needed. If we learn to meet ourselves with compassion, gratitude, and curiosity, getting to know the parts of us that work so diligently to protect us, we can begin to uncover and heal the deeper wounds that they shield.
(616) 522-4017 View (616) 522-4017
Photo of Jena Smith, Counselor in Grand Rapids, MI
Jena Smith
Counselor, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Life comes with many challenges and complexities that can be difficult to navigate. As we have seen over the past few years, life throws us many curveballs, and sometimes we need extra support. My goal as a counselor is to create a safe, welcoming environment that allows you to feel comfortable yet empowered. My approach to therapy is holistic and trauma-informed to meet you where you are and understand what factors/influences may be present or important to you. Additionally, we will incorporate appropriate evidence-based practices (i.e. CBT, solution-focused, etc.) that would be most helpful to you and your goals for therapy.
Life comes with many challenges and complexities that can be difficult to navigate. As we have seen over the past few years, life throws us many curveballs, and sometimes we need extra support. My goal as a counselor is to create a safe, welcoming environment that allows you to feel comfortable yet empowered. My approach to therapy is holistic and trauma-informed to meet you where you are and understand what factors/influences may be present or important to you. Additionally, we will incorporate appropriate evidence-based practices (i.e. CBT, solution-focused, etc.) that would be most helpful to you and your goals for therapy.
(616) 522-8195 View (616) 522-8195
Photo of Lisa C. Townsend, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Lisa C. Townsend
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DMin, LMSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Christian Counselor: Victimization, Trauma, Individual, Family & Relationship Conflicts. Life throws everyone a curb, unexpected or recurring, that will shake the very core of what one believes in, even their spirituality & faith in God. Curbs, Setbacks or bumps in the road can be opportunities to face ones weaknesses, build on strengths. These experiences can be traumatic, but they don't have to dictate who you are or debilitate you & who you become. With incorporation of years of clinical & spiritual experience in Christian Counseling, you can be well on your way to grasping the building blocks of clinical emphathetic counseling & your faith to keep your life together.
Christian Counselor: Victimization, Trauma, Individual, Family & Relationship Conflicts. Life throws everyone a curb, unexpected or recurring, that will shake the very core of what one believes in, even their spirituality & faith in God. Curbs, Setbacks or bumps in the road can be opportunities to face ones weaknesses, build on strengths. These experiences can be traumatic, but they don't have to dictate who you are or debilitate you & who you become. With incorporation of years of clinical & spiritual experience in Christian Counseling, you can be well on your way to grasping the building blocks of clinical emphathetic counseling & your faith to keep your life together.
(616) 207-8125 View (616) 207-8125
Photo of Lehanna Hardy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Lehanna Hardy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Lehanna Hardy is a Licensed Master Social Worker who specializes in anxiety, ADHD, depression, eating disorders, mood disorders, and PTSD. She is a trauma-informed clinician who brings an integrative approach to her work with clients and believes in connecting with people through empathy and compassion. Lehanna is also passionate about her work with Gilda’s Club Grand Rapids where she facilitates support groups for those impacted by cancer or grief. She feels it’s an honor to walk beside people on their cancer and grief journeys and be a part of the Gilda community.
Lehanna Hardy is a Licensed Master Social Worker who specializes in anxiety, ADHD, depression, eating disorders, mood disorders, and PTSD. She is a trauma-informed clinician who brings an integrative approach to her work with clients and believes in connecting with people through empathy and compassion. Lehanna is also passionate about her work with Gilda’s Club Grand Rapids where she facilitates support groups for those impacted by cancer or grief. She feels it’s an honor to walk beside people on their cancer and grief journeys and be a part of the Gilda community.
(616) 208-2878 View (616) 208-2878
Photo of Erin VanVeen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Rapids, MI
Erin VanVeen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Grand Rapids, MI 49506
My philosophy, We all need a little help at times. Mental health is very important and takes work. I will be there to help along the way; to be a listening ear, or teach coping skills, or whatever support may be needed. My passion is to help others, help themselves.
My philosophy, We all need a little help at times. Mental health is very important and takes work. I will be there to help along the way; to be a listening ear, or teach coping skills, or whatever support may be needed. My passion is to help others, help themselves.
(616) 389-0165 View (616) 389-0165

See more therapy options for Grand Rapids

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Grand Rapids, MI

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Grand Rapids, MI who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
89% Depression
77% Self Esteem
76% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Coping Skills
70% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% Priority Health
63% Aetna

How Therapists in Grand Rapids, MI see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Grand Rapids?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.