Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of Margaret McGonegal, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Margaret McGonegal
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
Life’s challenges happen suddenly. Without warning it feels like you can’t navigate through with confidence and calm. Instead, you are plagued with worry, hesitation, anxiety, and depression. At times, life feels like a ticking time bomb, and you are desperately searching for an effective means to diffuse it. But your coping skills aren’t working well enough, or maybe they weren’t that healthy in the first place. How are you supposed to get comfortable with the challenges you are experiencing, let alone feel you are responding in a healthy way, when everything around you – maybe even your person – can be so unpredictable?
Life’s challenges happen suddenly. Without warning it feels like you can’t navigate through with confidence and calm. Instead, you are plagued with worry, hesitation, anxiety, and depression. At times, life feels like a ticking time bomb, and you are desperately searching for an effective means to diffuse it. But your coping skills aren’t working well enough, or maybe they weren’t that healthy in the first place. How are you supposed to get comfortable with the challenges you are experiencing, let alone feel you are responding in a healthy way, when everything around you – maybe even your person – can be so unpredictable?
(312) 262-5173 View (312) 262-5173
Photo of Dinah Hudson, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Dinah Hudson
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60615  (Online Only)
As a queer Black person who has done their own healing work, it became my mission to establish the therapeutic space I provide as trauma-informed. As such, I strive toward building a fundamental anti-oppressive space, one where your intersectionalities are respected and your healing is centered. Bringing these intentions to the space I provide makes doing the work that healing requires that much more possible for the communities I serve.
As a queer Black person who has done their own healing work, it became my mission to establish the therapeutic space I provide as trauma-informed. As such, I strive toward building a fundamental anti-oppressive space, one where your intersectionalities are respected and your healing is centered. Bringing these intentions to the space I provide makes doing the work that healing requires that much more possible for the communities I serve.
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Photo of Dr Robert John Zagar PC A Professional, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Dr Robert John Zagar PC A Professional
Psychologist, PhD, MPH
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611
I discover objectively what is the issue, applying the best treatment for abuse, aging, alcohol/substance use, anger, anxiety, attention deficit, autism spectrum disorders, bereavement, cancer, career consultation, coping, criminal charges, custody, delinquency, dementia, depression, divorce, DUI, dyslexia, hyperactivity, hypnosis, individualized education plans, insomnia, job loss, learning disability, lower productivity, neuropsychological exams, panic attacks, parenting, personal injury, personality tests, post automobile accident, relationships, stress, trauma, TBI, underachievement, vocational guidance, workers compensation.
I discover objectively what is the issue, applying the best treatment for abuse, aging, alcohol/substance use, anger, anxiety, attention deficit, autism spectrum disorders, bereavement, cancer, career consultation, coping, criminal charges, custody, delinquency, dementia, depression, divorce, DUI, dyslexia, hyperactivity, hypnosis, individualized education plans, insomnia, job loss, learning disability, lower productivity, neuropsychological exams, panic attacks, parenting, personal injury, personality tests, post automobile accident, relationships, stress, trauma, TBI, underachievement, vocational guidance, workers compensation.
(312) 266-3411 View (312) 266-3411
Photo of Melissa Larmon, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Melissa Larmon
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling frustrated, discouraged, or uncertain in your life or relationship? Are you struggling with how to change or find relief? You are not alone. We all struggle at various times with the important relationships in our life...including the relationship with ourselves! Uncertainty and change are stressful, but with the right perspective and tools your goals, dreams, best self, and thriving relationships are all possible. I am here to offer empathy, guidance, information, insight, and support, as you tackle the challenges in front of you.
Are you feeling frustrated, discouraged, or uncertain in your life or relationship? Are you struggling with how to change or find relief? You are not alone. We all struggle at various times with the important relationships in our life...including the relationship with ourselves! Uncertainty and change are stressful, but with the right perspective and tools your goals, dreams, best self, and thriving relationships are all possible. I am here to offer empathy, guidance, information, insight, and support, as you tackle the challenges in front of you.
(773) 492-8551 View (773) 492-8551
Photo of Pam Carroll, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chicago, IL
Pam Carroll
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60614
My private practice focuses on couples and individuals who feel challenged, dissatisfied or anxious about their relationships with significant others. I work with clients to raise their self-awareness, understanding and acceptance, in order to facilitate whatever changes they desire.
My private practice focuses on couples and individuals who feel challenged, dissatisfied or anxious about their relationships with significant others. I work with clients to raise their self-awareness, understanding and acceptance, in order to facilitate whatever changes they desire.
(773) 382-1501 View (773) 382-1501
Photo of Ana Ferraz, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Ana Ferraz
Counselor, MA, LCPC, CCTSI
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60631
I believe that the beginning of a person’s healing journey starts with creating a safe, collaborative, and supportive therapeutic space that can pave the way toward restorative growth. The foundation of my therapeutic work stems from understanding how life experiences and everyday stressors impact the way we engage with the world. With an intentional focus on individuals’ stories, I use tools that aid in bottom-up trauma processing through a relational approach, building greater awareness and insight.
I believe that the beginning of a person’s healing journey starts with creating a safe, collaborative, and supportive therapeutic space that can pave the way toward restorative growth. The foundation of my therapeutic work stems from understanding how life experiences and everyday stressors impact the way we engage with the world. With an intentional focus on individuals’ stories, I use tools that aid in bottom-up trauma processing through a relational approach, building greater awareness and insight.
(312) 667-3826 View (312) 667-3826
Photo of Mollye Levy, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Mollye Levy
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
I offer psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.
I offer psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.
(312) 548-6608 View (312) 548-6608
Photo of Rita Sussman, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Rita Sussman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60614
I'm an experienced,reliable and compassionate psychologist who works with clients to lessen depression and anxiety, gain emotional strength, and work through problems at home and at work. As people learn how their experience has impacted their lives, they gain insight that leads to understanding. As they gain control, they make changes in their relationships and quality of life. I work with children, adolescents and adults who are Caucasian, African-American, of diverse ethnicities nationalities and religions. My experience is that being in therapy with a person who is listening closely to what is happening and how you feel about it is empowering.
I'm an experienced,reliable and compassionate psychologist who works with clients to lessen depression and anxiety, gain emotional strength, and work through problems at home and at work. As people learn how their experience has impacted their lives, they gain insight that leads to understanding. As they gain control, they make changes in their relationships and quality of life. I work with children, adolescents and adults who are Caucasian, African-American, of diverse ethnicities nationalities and religions. My experience is that being in therapy with a person who is listening closely to what is happening and how you feel about it is empowering.
(312) 487-4672 View (312) 487-4672
Photo of Rebekah Ray Nguyen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Rebekah Ray Nguyen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
My work focuses on adolescents and young adults, and parents and caregivers, impacted by anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, trauma, life stressors, and identity development. My background is with community-based services for people facing mental health concerns, trauma, and disability. I bring my full self as a social worker, a partner in a biracial family, and a parent to children who are LGBTQ and disabled. I am committed to an anti-racist and culturally humble practice. I am trauma informed, LGBTQ+ affirming, and neurodiversity and disability justice oriented.
My work focuses on adolescents and young adults, and parents and caregivers, impacted by anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, trauma, life stressors, and identity development. My background is with community-based services for people facing mental health concerns, trauma, and disability. I bring my full self as a social worker, a partner in a biracial family, and a parent to children who are LGBTQ and disabled. I am committed to an anti-racist and culturally humble practice. I am trauma informed, LGBTQ+ affirming, and neurodiversity and disability justice oriented.
(773) 840-0383 View (773) 840-0383
Photo of Jamie D. Pellar LCSW,BCD,CYT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Jamie D. Pellar LCSW,BCD,CYT
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD, CYT, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
With more than 20 years of experience, I have learned to empower my clients with the proper tools to survive the upheaval, heal & then thrive. I believe the mind, body and spirit are all connected & the key to a healthy life is BALANCE. Each person has the ability to achieve this & by utilizing the body and spirit through different modalities, it is facilitated even faster. I provide a safe, nurturing & compassionate environment that promotes healing & growth through different expressions besides just talking including hypnotherapy, yoga & meditation, when appropriate . I work on focus,awareness and energy together with each client to help create a healthier balance.
With more than 20 years of experience, I have learned to empower my clients with the proper tools to survive the upheaval, heal & then thrive. I believe the mind, body and spirit are all connected & the key to a healthy life is BALANCE. Each person has the ability to achieve this & by utilizing the body and spirit through different modalities, it is facilitated even faster. I provide a safe, nurturing & compassionate environment that promotes healing & growth through different expressions besides just talking including hypnotherapy, yoga & meditation, when appropriate . I work on focus,awareness and energy together with each client to help create a healthier balance.
(773) 839-0168 View (773) 839-0168
Photo of Adrien Guadagnino, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Adrien Guadagnino
Pre-Licensed Professional, Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60641
As an art therapist in training, I provide a non-judgmental and creative place to connect to your innate wholeness and humanity. You are deserving of support and encouragement as you navigate the many challenges and interferences with your sense of belonging within a society that often tells you otherwise. My passion is providing support that helps you realign with the truths and wisdom already within yourself.
As an art therapist in training, I provide a non-judgmental and creative place to connect to your innate wholeness and humanity. You are deserving of support and encouragement as you navigate the many challenges and interferences with your sense of belonging within a society that often tells you otherwise. My passion is providing support that helps you realign with the truths and wisdom already within yourself.
(773) 546-9671 View (773) 546-9671
Photo of Danielle Kepler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Danielle Kepler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60605
The search for a therapist may be exciting, but also a bit intimidating. I can appreciate how you may be feeling. Don't let this stop you from making life changes. Working as a therapist in many different settings has made me realize that the key to effective therapy is your comfort. When you feel comfortable with your therapist, you gain the ability to make meaningful life changes. I will do my best to create a safe and comfortable therapeutic environment, one in which we will work together to achieve your goals.
The search for a therapist may be exciting, but also a bit intimidating. I can appreciate how you may be feeling. Don't let this stop you from making life changes. Working as a therapist in many different settings has made me realize that the key to effective therapy is your comfort. When you feel comfortable with your therapist, you gain the ability to make meaningful life changes. I will do my best to create a safe and comfortable therapeutic environment, one in which we will work together to achieve your goals.
(312) 257-3657 View (312) 257-3657
Photo of Hillary Burr, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Hillary Burr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60614
Not accepting new clients
Thanks for visiting! Life can be messy and imperfect; my goal is to collaborate with you on embracing life’s chaos while reaching your full potential. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I'm trained to support individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, relationships, trauma, and grief/loss within the societal and cultural context. I take a person centered approach and focus on creating a safe environment. I want to empower you to thrive in a space filled with empathy, authenticity and compassion. Hopefully, through our work together you will heal while gaining the skills and confidence to take on life’s imperfections.
Thanks for visiting! Life can be messy and imperfect; my goal is to collaborate with you on embracing life’s chaos while reaching your full potential. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I'm trained to support individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, relationships, trauma, and grief/loss within the societal and cultural context. I take a person centered approach and focus on creating a safe environment. I want to empower you to thrive in a space filled with empathy, authenticity and compassion. Hopefully, through our work together you will heal while gaining the skills and confidence to take on life’s imperfections.
(773) 923-2621 View (773) 923-2621
Photo of Dominique Walker, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Chicago, IL
Dominique Walker
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
When it comes to problems we face, it can be difficult to see past ourselves and because of this, we may internalize this as we are the problem. In reality problems are something that are separate from who we are as individuals and there are often interpersonal relationships and external factors that play a major role in what may bring one to therapy. I help to provide clients with the strength and skills to work collaboratively to move towards change and progress. By calling attention to problematic stories and bringing healthy stories to light, this reframes how we think of issues & restores control of your own narrative.
When it comes to problems we face, it can be difficult to see past ourselves and because of this, we may internalize this as we are the problem. In reality problems are something that are separate from who we are as individuals and there are often interpersonal relationships and external factors that play a major role in what may bring one to therapy. I help to provide clients with the strength and skills to work collaboratively to move towards change and progress. By calling attention to problematic stories and bringing healthy stories to light, this reframes how we think of issues & restores control of your own narrative.
(312) 697-3878 x8 View (312) 697-3878 x8
Photo of Samantha Gasaway, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Samantha Gasaway
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60614
Accepting new clients! Reaching out to a therapist can feel vulnerable and overwhelming–I’ve been there too. I remember the fear and self-doubt involved in asking for help, but most importantly, I remember the therapists who helped me through. I’d love to do the same for you.
Accepting new clients! Reaching out to a therapist can feel vulnerable and overwhelming–I’ve been there too. I remember the fear and self-doubt involved in asking for help, but most importantly, I remember the therapists who helped me through. I’d love to do the same for you.
(872) 278-5714 View (872) 278-5714
Photo of Edward Alderson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Edward Alderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60625
Feeling stuck, frustrated, stressed, or in search of meaning? These emotions are universal, but they can hinder us from reaching our goals and living authentically. If you identify with the LGBTQ community, as a gay identifying therapist, I understand you might experience an added layer of stress. I understand the impact of these feelings and believe in hope for a better tomorrow. I specialize in helping clients with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, relational issues, and men's mental health issues.
Feeling stuck, frustrated, stressed, or in search of meaning? These emotions are universal, but they can hinder us from reaching our goals and living authentically. If you identify with the LGBTQ community, as a gay identifying therapist, I understand you might experience an added layer of stress. I understand the impact of these feelings and believe in hope for a better tomorrow. I specialize in helping clients with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, relational issues, and men's mental health issues.
(773) 692-0994 View (773) 692-0994
Photo of Kara M White, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Kara M White
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60610
You would be a great fit for working with me if you are looking to explore and understand your difficulty and, with that understanding, make appropriate changes that will help you become who you imagine yourself or your situation. I am passionate to work with issues related to grief, life changes, identity, spiritual crisis, self-awareness, assertiveness, relational conflict, communication, overcoming fears, anxiety, depression, vulnerability, shame/guilt, and other everyday life difficulties. I work with adults and provide pre-marital counseling.
You would be a great fit for working with me if you are looking to explore and understand your difficulty and, with that understanding, make appropriate changes that will help you become who you imagine yourself or your situation. I am passionate to work with issues related to grief, life changes, identity, spiritual crisis, self-awareness, assertiveness, relational conflict, communication, overcoming fears, anxiety, depression, vulnerability, shame/guilt, and other everyday life difficulties. I work with adults and provide pre-marital counseling.
(312) 516-4364 View (312) 516-4364
Photo of Katy O'Hanlon Bruns, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Katy O'Hanlon Bruns
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
I primarily work with clients living with ADHD, anxiety, and navigating various life transitions. We'll spend the first few sessions getting to know one another, and I'll be paying attention to your verbal and nonverbal communication. Together, we will process your feelings and experiences in order to help you gain more insight and develop a plan that helps to address your desired areas of growth.
I primarily work with clients living with ADHD, anxiety, and navigating various life transitions. We'll spend the first few sessions getting to know one another, and I'll be paying attention to your verbal and nonverbal communication. Together, we will process your feelings and experiences in order to help you gain more insight and develop a plan that helps to address your desired areas of growth.
(773) 923-2977 View (773) 923-2977
Photo of Dr. Amanda N Ori, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Dr. Amanda N Ori
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60614
Accepting New Clients! Choosing a therapist is a daunting task and I am aware of how difficult this can be for people. Gaining trust and confidence from my clients is of the utmost importance to me and I believe in making my office an open and relaxing environment. My experiences and training have led me to use an approach that incorporates both the mental and physical aspects of your well-being. I address not only emotional issues, but also sleep, diet, exercise, and substance use. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness/Meditation and other modalities.
Accepting New Clients! Choosing a therapist is a daunting task and I am aware of how difficult this can be for people. Gaining trust and confidence from my clients is of the utmost importance to me and I believe in making my office an open and relaxing environment. My experiences and training have led me to use an approach that incorporates both the mental and physical aspects of your well-being. I address not only emotional issues, but also sleep, diet, exercise, and substance use. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness/Meditation and other modalities.
(312) 586-8978 View (312) 586-8978
Photo of Rob Gellman, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chicago, IL
Rob Gellman, MS, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60643
-Individual, Couple, & Family Therapy. Trained at the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Kansas State University's School of Family Studies, and The University of Chicago School of Medicine, Clinic Founder Rob Gellman has been a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist for 14 years, and was a professor at Adler University from 2008-2011. He is a regularly invited speaker with local mental health agencies and national conferences. A recognized expert on families coping with chronic illness, infidelity, and the training of therapists and physicians, Rob's clinical practice is diverse, helping adults, children, couples and families on the path to wellness. ***Specializing in Anxiety Disorders, Relationship Distress, Infidelity, Sex Therapy, Young Couples, Depression, Chronic Illness, Grief and Loss, Family Conflict, and Lifecycle Transitions.
-Individual, Couple, & Family Therapy. Trained at the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Kansas State University's School of Family Studies, and The University of Chicago School of Medicine, Clinic Founder Rob Gellman has been a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist for 14 years, and was a professor at Adler University from 2008-2011. He is a regularly invited speaker with local mental health agencies and national conferences. A recognized expert on families coping with chronic illness, infidelity, and the training of therapists and physicians, Rob's clinical practice is diverse, helping adults, children, couples and families on the path to wellness. ***Specializing in Anxiety Disorders, Relationship Distress, Infidelity, Sex Therapy, Young Couples, Depression, Chronic Illness, Grief and Loss, Family Conflict, and Lifecycle Transitions.
(872) 206-3435 View (872) 206-3435

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.