Photo of The Ludden Group, P.C., Psychologist in Royse City, TX
The Ludden Group, P.C.
Psychologist, EdD, Psy, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Royse City, TX 75189
I have more than twenty five years experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and geriatrics in individual, marital, family, and groups in the field of counseling health services. My experience includes consulting in inpatient psychiatric and hospitals, medical/surgical hospitals, nursing homes, pain management clinics, and private practice. I also specialize in career testing and counseling for high school students, college students, and in career transition for adults. I have served as a psychologist and director of a Christian counseling center for eight years and as a psychologist and manager for the employee assistance program for Methodist Hospitals of Dallas.
I have more than twenty five years experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and geriatrics in individual, marital, family, and groups in the field of counseling health services. My experience includes consulting in inpatient psychiatric and hospitals, medical/surgical hospitals, nursing homes, pain management clinics, and private practice. I also specialize in career testing and counseling for high school students, college students, and in career transition for adults. I have served as a psychologist and director of a Christian counseling center for eight years and as a psychologist and manager for the employee assistance program for Methodist Hospitals of Dallas.
(972) 646-2801 View (972) 646-2801

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Amanda Cortez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Royse City, TX
Amanda Cortez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lavon, TX 75166
As a social worker, I enjoy helping others cope with whatever challenges they face. From my social work experience, I found that counseling provides a way for me to assist people to work through difficult life situations and then grow as a result. Through counseling we will work together to discover your unique strengths. Building on those strengths, we will find solutions and strategies to help you navigate life's challenges. I earned my Bachelor of Social Work at St. Louis University and Master of Social Work from the University of Houston.
As a social worker, I enjoy helping others cope with whatever challenges they face. From my social work experience, I found that counseling provides a way for me to assist people to work through difficult life situations and then grow as a result. Through counseling we will work together to discover your unique strengths. Building on those strengths, we will find solutions and strategies to help you navigate life's challenges. I earned my Bachelor of Social Work at St. Louis University and Master of Social Work from the University of Houston.
(469) 844-4241 View (469) 844-4241

Online Therapists

Photo of Jessica Erickson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Royse City, TX
Jessica Erickson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76179
There are struggles in life we all have and having the courage to seek help when we need it is not only brave but it can be life changing.
Hello, I look forward to meeting with you. We are not meant to be perfect; we are meant to be whole. My goal is to help you create the life experience that makes you happy. I will provide a safe, supportive, confidential, and nonjudgmental environment for you. I offer therapy that is empowering, collaborative, and client-centered to adolescents, individuals, couples, and families. My areas of experience include couple/marriage counseling, coaching and mentoring, relationship issues, grief/loss, depression, anxiety, stress, and domestic violence. I am passionate about helping clients find their best selves
There are struggles in life we all have and having the courage to seek help when we need it is not only brave but it can be life changing.
Hello, I look forward to meeting with you. We are not meant to be perfect; we are meant to be whole. My goal is to help you create the life experience that makes you happy. I will provide a safe, supportive, confidential, and nonjudgmental environment for you. I offer therapy that is empowering, collaborative, and client-centered to adolescents, individuals, couples, and families. My areas of experience include couple/marriage counseling, coaching and mentoring, relationship issues, grief/loss, depression, anxiety, stress, and domestic violence. I am passionate about helping clients find their best selves
(682) 223-4607 View (682) 223-4607
Photo of Leslie M Faris, Psychologist in Royse City, TX
Leslie M Faris
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76244
In everyone’s life there comes a time when struggles seem overwhelming. During times like these, it takes a strong person to ask for help. If you are reading this, chances are you are at that point, and I commend you for that inner strength that is looking for resolution. I’d like to help you find that resolution. As a licensed clinical psychologist, I have extensive training and experience in helping children, adolescents and adults with a variety of issues. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety and stress, depression and mood disorders, and health-related issues
In everyone’s life there comes a time when struggles seem overwhelming. During times like these, it takes a strong person to ask for help. If you are reading this, chances are you are at that point, and I commend you for that inner strength that is looking for resolution. I’d like to help you find that resolution. As a licensed clinical psychologist, I have extensive training and experience in helping children, adolescents and adults with a variety of issues. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety and stress, depression and mood disorders, and health-related issues
(682) 334-8932 View (682) 334-8932
Photo of Donielle Jenkins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Royse City, TX
Donielle Jenkins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Frisco, TX 75034
Counseling is one avenue where you can create healthier relationships, a greater capacity for intimacy, and breathe in the enjoyment of life.
Video Teletherapy + In Person and Weekend Appointments available to meet your needs! There are times in our lives when it's helpful to speak with someone objective and who will listen with an empathetic ear. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with eighteen years of diverse clinical experience. My practice is in Frisco and consists of individual, adolescent, couples, and group therapy. I provide a safe and confidential place to explore my clients strengths and support them in gaining a more positive life experience. Life changes can be stressful for all of us, however you don't have to move through it alone.
Counseling is one avenue where you can create healthier relationships, a greater capacity for intimacy, and breathe in the enjoyment of life.
Video Teletherapy + In Person and Weekend Appointments available to meet your needs! There are times in our lives when it's helpful to speak with someone objective and who will listen with an empathetic ear. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with eighteen years of diverse clinical experience. My practice is in Frisco and consists of individual, adolescent, couples, and group therapy. I provide a safe and confidential place to explore my clients strengths and support them in gaining a more positive life experience. Life changes can be stressful for all of us, however you don't have to move through it alone.
(214) 444-6083 View (214) 444-6083
Photo of Counseling Center of North Texas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Royse City, TX
Counseling Center of North Texas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Wylie, TX 75098
***Now offering telehealth services*** Counseling Center of North Texas has multiple therapists with the education, experience, and desire to help you or a loved one with whatever obstacles you may face including conflict with family, relationships, school, and/or work, depression, anxiety, ADHD and other mental health disorders, grief/trauma, stressful life events, adoptions, domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, and self-harm/other unhealthy coping skills. Christian counseling is available. We see children 3 and up, adolescents, adults, and seniors for individual, marital, family, and group counseling.
***Now offering telehealth services*** Counseling Center of North Texas has multiple therapists with the education, experience, and desire to help you or a loved one with whatever obstacles you may face including conflict with family, relationships, school, and/or work, depression, anxiety, ADHD and other mental health disorders, grief/trauma, stressful life events, adoptions, domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, and self-harm/other unhealthy coping skills. Christian counseling is available. We see children 3 and up, adolescents, adults, and seniors for individual, marital, family, and group counseling.
(469) 275-4107 View (469) 275-4107
Photo of Lokahi Life Center, PLLC, Psychologist in Royse City, TX
Lokahi Life Center, PLLC
Psychologist, PsyD, RN, MS(N)
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75230
We tailor specialized psychological therapies and/ or assessments to meet your goals as quickly as possible. Our strength is in the holistic care and broad range of expertise we provide to our patients. Our practitioners provide supportive and evidence-based in-office therapy, advanced assessment strategies, and teletherapy for teens and adults. Lokahi Life Center, PLLC is a nursing consultation and clinical psychology center focused on optimizing physical and mental health through current research-based methods. We believe everyone has the potential to achieve happiness and success.
We tailor specialized psychological therapies and/ or assessments to meet your goals as quickly as possible. Our strength is in the holistic care and broad range of expertise we provide to our patients. Our practitioners provide supportive and evidence-based in-office therapy, advanced assessment strategies, and teletherapy for teens and adults. Lokahi Life Center, PLLC is a nursing consultation and clinical psychology center focused on optimizing physical and mental health through current research-based methods. We believe everyone has the potential to achieve happiness and success.
(972) 793-0247 View (972) 793-0247
Photo of Jennifer Nicole Lange, Marriage & Family Therapist in Royse City, TX
Jennifer Nicole Lange
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Southlake, TX 76092  (Online Only)
Making the decision to start counseling is often difficult, and I would be honored to work with you in re-designing a lifestyle where you can experience more positivity, strength, and growth. Each therapeutic relationship is different, and I truly appreciate working with people who are authentic, sincere, open to sharing and receiving insights, and are able to trust the process as one of healing, enlightenment, and empowerment. Life can be challenging, but I believe we all want happier and healthier relationships, and the best place to start is on the relationship we have with ourselves. We will work together so that you can thrive.
Making the decision to start counseling is often difficult, and I would be honored to work with you in re-designing a lifestyle where you can experience more positivity, strength, and growth. Each therapeutic relationship is different, and I truly appreciate working with people who are authentic, sincere, open to sharing and receiving insights, and are able to trust the process as one of healing, enlightenment, and empowerment. Life can be challenging, but I believe we all want happier and healthier relationships, and the best place to start is on the relationship we have with ourselves. We will work together so that you can thrive.
(682) 255-3459 View (682) 255-3459
Photo of Jennifer Durham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Royse City, TX
Jennifer Durham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Paris, TX 75460
When life feels frustrating and out of control it can be helpful to talk with someone who understands what you are going through. I offer an environment of acceptance and commitment to healing. I work with individuals, children, teens,couples, and families. Your treatment would be specific to your needs and goals. My approach to counseling is primarily cognitive behavioral therapy, holistic, and trauma focused. I would like to offer you an opportunity for treatments that change problematic thought and behavior patterns, while building on your particular strengths. I would be honored to walk with you through this time in your life.
When life feels frustrating and out of control it can be helpful to talk with someone who understands what you are going through. I offer an environment of acceptance and commitment to healing. I work with individuals, children, teens,couples, and families. Your treatment would be specific to your needs and goals. My approach to counseling is primarily cognitive behavioral therapy, holistic, and trauma focused. I would like to offer you an opportunity for treatments that change problematic thought and behavior patterns, while building on your particular strengths. I would be honored to walk with you through this time in your life.
(903) 401-8189 View (903) 401-8189
Photo of Robert (Gus) Gustafson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Royse City, TX
Robert (Gus) Gustafson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, TX 76017
I look forward to meeting with you and helping to make life enjoyable again.
I have a straight-forward, solution-based focus on making progress quickly. I am known for helping parents reduce conflicts with their sons, in particular, and have an emphasis on making parenting boys much more enjoyable and effective. I also have extensive experience in helping couples become more understandable to one another, and in providing them with relationship skills which enable both individuals to have their needs met.
I look forward to meeting with you and helping to make life enjoyable again.
I have a straight-forward, solution-based focus on making progress quickly. I am known for helping parents reduce conflicts with their sons, in particular, and have an emphasis on making parenting boys much more enjoyable and effective. I also have extensive experience in helping couples become more understandable to one another, and in providing them with relationship skills which enable both individuals to have their needs met.
(817) 567-2344 View (817) 567-2344
Photo of Haley Stromberg, Marriage & Family Therapist in Royse City, TX
Haley Stromberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MMFT
Verified Verified
Arlington, TX 76011
Haley is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist specializing in marital and family relationship counseling and trauma therapy. Haley takes a holistic approach to mental health addressing the needs of the individual by considering the societal, relational, biological, spiritual, and emotional factors in a person's life. Haley approaches therapy with a collaborative stance, considering the client the expert on their life and situations and offers her expertise on relational dynamics, trauma and the brain, attachment wounds, and self-parenting to help her clients navigate their past hurts, current relationships, anxiety, and more.
Haley is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist specializing in marital and family relationship counseling and trauma therapy. Haley takes a holistic approach to mental health addressing the needs of the individual by considering the societal, relational, biological, spiritual, and emotional factors in a person's life. Haley approaches therapy with a collaborative stance, considering the client the expert on their life and situations and offers her expertise on relational dynamics, trauma and the brain, attachment wounds, and self-parenting to help her clients navigate their past hurts, current relationships, anxiety, and more.
(325) 378-0439 View (325) 378-0439
Photo of Natosha K. Monroe, Licensed Professional Counselor in Royse City, TX
Natosha K. Monroe
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76102
This can be a challenging time and space to be living in. There is so much more you can control in your life experience than what society leads you to believe. I'd be honored to offer you a place of support, a genuinely connected relationship, and my expertise (in nerdy stuff like neuroscience and the cognitive process) to help defeat whatever is standing between you & the life you deserve. My goal is to bring hope and solution to negative things my clients are experiencing through their own personal empowerment.
This can be a challenging time and space to be living in. There is so much more you can control in your life experience than what society leads you to believe. I'd be honored to offer you a place of support, a genuinely connected relationship, and my expertise (in nerdy stuff like neuroscience and the cognitive process) to help defeat whatever is standing between you & the life you deserve. My goal is to bring hope and solution to negative things my clients are experiencing through their own personal empowerment.
(817) 678-7585 View (817) 678-7585
Photo of Valor Therapy, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Royse City, TX
Valor Therapy, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC, LCDC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Wills Point, TX 75169  (Online Only)
I recognize that the first step to a better life is often the most difficult.
My name is Roberto "Robert" Guerrero, I am a bilingual Licensed Professional Counselor, Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor in Texas, and CCTP, National Certified Counselor (NCC) and BC-TMH provider. I have over nine years of experience in the field of mental health and chemical dependency, and currently operate a private counseling practice exclusively online near Dallas, Texas. I primarily work with young adults and adults who are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, grief, career issues, relationship and marriage problems, and other life challenges. I also offer consulting services for business professionals.
I recognize that the first step to a better life is often the most difficult.
My name is Roberto "Robert" Guerrero, I am a bilingual Licensed Professional Counselor, Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor in Texas, and CCTP, National Certified Counselor (NCC) and BC-TMH provider. I have over nine years of experience in the field of mental health and chemical dependency, and currently operate a private counseling practice exclusively online near Dallas, Texas. I primarily work with young adults and adults who are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, grief, career issues, relationship and marriage problems, and other life challenges. I also offer consulting services for business professionals.
(214) 833-8162 View (214) 833-8162
Photo of Laura L. Sparkman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Royse City, TX
Laura L. Sparkman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75206
Just as a diabetic requires insulin and a person with vision impairment needs glasses, sometimes we benefit from emotional support to boost optimal brain health and function. Counseling is a safe, collaborative opportunity for you to take personal, self-care time assessing, processing and redefining your life. Learn to build skills to improve communication, social relationships, goal setting, decision making, time management, organization, work / life balance, self-esteem and any other issues preventing you from being the most authentic, successful, fulfilled version of yourself. Sparkman Counseling & Educational Consulting, PLLC offers counseling, coaching and consulting services.
Just as a diabetic requires insulin and a person with vision impairment needs glasses, sometimes we benefit from emotional support to boost optimal brain health and function. Counseling is a safe, collaborative opportunity for you to take personal, self-care time assessing, processing and redefining your life. Learn to build skills to improve communication, social relationships, goal setting, decision making, time management, organization, work / life balance, self-esteem and any other issues preventing you from being the most authentic, successful, fulfilled version of yourself. Sparkman Counseling & Educational Consulting, PLLC offers counseling, coaching and consulting services.
(469) 414-3424 View (469) 414-3424
Photo of Karen Brooks in Royse City, TX
Karen Brooks
MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76179
I am an encourager and possibility thinker and have come to understand that sometimes when you feel stuck you need a little insight and coaching from an objective source to help you get unstuck.
I have more than 20 years of experience working in various settings, including working with adults, children, adolescents, persons with disabilities and hospice patients. My style is direct and empowering, customizing treatment to meet individual needs and utilizing a strength approach. I like to have a focus in therapy and bring it to an end when we’ve achieved your goals. You can become confident in your ability to manage stress. While developing effective coping skills and improving your relationships. Working toward empowering you, to embrace your life.
I am an encourager and possibility thinker and have come to understand that sometimes when you feel stuck you need a little insight and coaching from an objective source to help you get unstuck.
I have more than 20 years of experience working in various settings, including working with adults, children, adolescents, persons with disabilities and hospice patients. My style is direct and empowering, customizing treatment to meet individual needs and utilizing a strength approach. I like to have a focus in therapy and bring it to an end when we’ve achieved your goals. You can become confident in your ability to manage stress. While developing effective coping skills and improving your relationships. Working toward empowering you, to embrace your life.
(817) 697-0181 View (817) 697-0181
Photo of Andrea Perry, Licensed Professional Counselor in Royse City, TX
Andrea Perry
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Paris, TX 75460
Therapy with me will be a safe, non-judgmental space for you to talk through life situations and problems.
Thank you for your interest in my psychological services. My educational background includes a Masters degree in Professional Counseling, and a Doctorate (PhD) in Counselor Education and Supervision. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Paris, Texas with 10 years of experience practicing. I work with clients who are dealing with a wide range of concerns including Grief, Crisis Intervention, Trauma & Serious Illness, PTSD, Depression, Anxiety/Panic, Schizophrenia, OCD, Bipolar Disorder, Personality Disorders, family of origin concerns & exploration, & many other psychological & behavioral challenges.
Therapy with me will be a safe, non-judgmental space for you to talk through life situations and problems.
Thank you for your interest in my psychological services. My educational background includes a Masters degree in Professional Counseling, and a Doctorate (PhD) in Counselor Education and Supervision. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Paris, Texas with 10 years of experience practicing. I work with clients who are dealing with a wide range of concerns including Grief, Crisis Intervention, Trauma & Serious Illness, PTSD, Depression, Anxiety/Panic, Schizophrenia, OCD, Bipolar Disorder, Personality Disorders, family of origin concerns & exploration, & many other psychological & behavioral challenges.
(430) 209-3335 View (430) 209-3335
Photo of Cherie Spellman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Royse City, TX
Cherie Spellman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Grapevine, TX 76051
We can move forward to a fully enlivened life.
Get unstuck, heal from trauma, and find relief from physical pain and tension. I provide individualized therapy to every unique person, helping you to find new ways to grow, change, and connect to yourself and others. I help clients with physical and emotional trauma, anxiety, depression, sport injury and sport performance, PTSD, stuck patterns of behavior, unwanted emotional reactions, and performance and creativity enhancement. Client's response to the body/brain approach is awe in noticing things they never have and making new connections that are felt in a way that they can actually take action on.
We can move forward to a fully enlivened life.
Get unstuck, heal from trauma, and find relief from physical pain and tension. I provide individualized therapy to every unique person, helping you to find new ways to grow, change, and connect to yourself and others. I help clients with physical and emotional trauma, anxiety, depression, sport injury and sport performance, PTSD, stuck patterns of behavior, unwanted emotional reactions, and performance and creativity enhancement. Client's response to the body/brain approach is awe in noticing things they never have and making new connections that are felt in a way that they can actually take action on.
(682) 228-3790 View (682) 228-3790
Photo of Flower Mound Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Royse City, TX
Flower Mound Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LMFT-S, LPC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75028
Are you struggling with a specific problem in your life? Has your life suddenly become chaotic? Have you been searching for something to fill your life with joy again, only to discover you don't know what you are looking for? I want to help you find the answers you have been looking for and hope for a better tomorrow.
Are you struggling with a specific problem in your life? Has your life suddenly become chaotic? Have you been searching for something to fill your life with joy again, only to discover you don't know what you are looking for? I want to help you find the answers you have been looking for and hope for a better tomorrow.
(972) 899-1848 View (972) 899-1848
Photo of Michele Smiley Greer, Pre-Licensed Professional in Royse City, TX
Michele Smiley Greer
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD, LPC-S, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denton, TX 76210
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a systems trained therapist, Dr. Greer's goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, she will assist you in unearthing long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. Dr. Greer's counseling utilizes interactive, experiential , and cognitive behavioral techniques. Dr. Greer believes therapy is collaboration between the client and therapist.
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a systems trained therapist, Dr. Greer's goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, she will assist you in unearthing long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. Dr. Greer's counseling utilizes interactive, experiential , and cognitive behavioral techniques. Dr. Greer believes therapy is collaboration between the client and therapist.
(972) 460-9342 View (972) 460-9342
Photo of LaShondra Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Royse City, TX
LaShondra Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mount Vernon, TX 75457  (Online Only)
I enjoy the process of helping my clients, besides my vocation, it is my passion and I have been in the social work field for more than a decade. Through online therapy I have had the opportunity to help people both near and far from me. It's time that the fact of going to therapy stopped being stigmatized, so one of my goals is that the client feels comfortable during the process. Telling how we feel does not make us weak, on the contrary, it is the first and most important step to feel better, that is why at One Alkaline Life we have always focused on offering you the best to accompany you in your learning process.
I enjoy the process of helping my clients, besides my vocation, it is my passion and I have been in the social work field for more than a decade. Through online therapy I have had the opportunity to help people both near and far from me. It's time that the fact of going to therapy stopped being stigmatized, so one of my goals is that the client feels comfortable during the process. Telling how we feel does not make us weak, on the contrary, it is the first and most important step to feel better, that is why at One Alkaline Life we have always focused on offering you the best to accompany you in your learning process.
(903) 282-3435 View (903) 282-3435

See more therapy options for Royse City

Life Coaching Therapists

What can I expect from life coaching?

Clients and coaches will typically start by identifying the problem area(s) that the client hopes to address—then, the coach will help the client brainstorm potential solutions and explore concrete techniques to help the client attain their goals. Coaching is typically short-term and focused on finding solutions in the here and now, rather than exploring a client’s past. In addition to strategies aimed at the client’s specific concerns, coaches may encourage general stress management techniques such as meditation.

Can a life coach help treat anxiety?

Because the majority of life coaches are not licensed clinicians, they are not qualified to diagnose or treat anxiety. Anyone struggling with anxiety or another mental health condition should seek help from a licensed mental health practitioner. However, some coaching clients who struggle with subclinical anxiety report that working with their coach on other problems—such as career dissatisfaction or unhealthy habits—has a positive effect on their anxiety.

Can life coaching be done online?

Yes. While life coaching often happens in person, many coaches conduct sessions over the phone or via online platforms such as Zoom or Skype. Because life coaches are not subject to local licensing regulations in the same way that therapists are, they are able to see clients who live in other locations.

How long does life coaching last?

Life coaching tends to be a shorter-term process than therapy, though it does not always unfold over a specific period of time and is instead based on the coach’s or the client’s preferences. Coaching often takes place over three to 12 months but may be shorter or longer if necessary.