Therapists in Snohomish County, WA

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Photo of Jena Minami, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Jena Minami
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
Life's challenges are a natural part of our journey, and I’m here to offer a welcoming and supportive space for adults looking to understand and embrace their inner selves. I recognize that each person's struggles are deeply connected to their unique experiences and relationships. My mission is to empower you to face your thoughts and emotions with confidence, fostering growth and building resilience along the way. I deeply value the role that cultural, spiritual, sexual, and gender identities play in shaping your therapeutic experience.
Life's challenges are a natural part of our journey, and I’m here to offer a welcoming and supportive space for adults looking to understand and embrace their inner selves. I recognize that each person's struggles are deeply connected to their unique experiences and relationships. My mission is to empower you to face your thoughts and emotions with confidence, fostering growth and building resilience along the way. I deeply value the role that cultural, spiritual, sexual, and gender identities play in shaping your therapeutic experience.
(425) 600-7671 View (425) 600-7671
Photo of Michael Mehlman - Sadler-Bridges Wellness Group, Counselor, LMHCA
Sadler-Bridges Wellness Group
Counselor, LMHCA
Edmonds, WA 98020
Hello! My name is Michael Mehlman and am a person-centered therapist that loves working with children, teenagers, and adults. I work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, suicidal thoughts, difficulty with relationships, trauma, and struggles with life transitions. I believe each client has their own inner strengths to address their problems, and am here to highlight those while we learn to heal whatever is causing us pain.
Hello! My name is Michael Mehlman and am a person-centered therapist that loves working with children, teenagers, and adults. I work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, suicidal thoughts, difficulty with relationships, trauma, and struggles with life transitions. I believe each client has their own inner strengths to address their problems, and am here to highlight those while we learn to heal whatever is causing us pain.
(425) 276-6748 View (425) 276-6748
Photo of Dr. Celeste McClannahan, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, CST, CFRC
Dr. Celeste McClannahan
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, CST, CFRC
5 Endorsed
Stanwood, WA 98292
Are you feeling stuck in your relationship and not sure how to break the negative patterns? Are your attempts at getting closer to your partner only pushing them farther away? Let us work together to break negative patterns and find new ways to communicate that bring you closer together and reconnect in a healthy way with each other. You may be stuck now but you do not have to stay there forever. It is possible to get out of this place and we will work together so you do not feel alone in this struggle anymore. I can help couples and individuals work on marriage counseling, sex therapy, parenting concerns, and anxiety & depression.
Are you feeling stuck in your relationship and not sure how to break the negative patterns? Are your attempts at getting closer to your partner only pushing them farther away? Let us work together to break negative patterns and find new ways to communicate that bring you closer together and reconnect in a healthy way with each other. You may be stuck now but you do not have to stay there forever. It is possible to get out of this place and we will work together so you do not feel alone in this struggle anymore. I can help couples and individuals work on marriage counseling, sex therapy, parenting concerns, and anxiety & depression.
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Photo of James Gallegos, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
James Gallegos
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Arlington, WA 98223
You’re here because you’re looking for help for you and your partner or for yourself. Perhaps you are struggling with trust and communication issues and find yourselves getting routinely stuck when trying to talk about difficult topics such as working through the aftermath of an affair, parenting, finances or sexual issues. If so, I can help you rebuild trust and reestablish the foundations of respect and friendship in your relationship. I have extensive training and experience in helping couples and individuals not only deal with these difficulties but to also promote longer-term positive effects such as healing and personal growth
You’re here because you’re looking for help for you and your partner or for yourself. Perhaps you are struggling with trust and communication issues and find yourselves getting routinely stuck when trying to talk about difficult topics such as working through the aftermath of an affair, parenting, finances or sexual issues. If so, I can help you rebuild trust and reestablish the foundations of respect and friendship in your relationship. I have extensive training and experience in helping couples and individuals not only deal with these difficulties but to also promote longer-term positive effects such as healing and personal growth
(360) 926-9611 View (360) 926-9611
Photo of Christian Carbajal, Pre-Licensed Professional
Christian Carbajal
Pre-Licensed Professional
Mill Creek, WA 98012
I work with adults, adolescents, children ages 6 and up, families, couples, and relationships. Supporting them as they navigate life transitions, trauma, identity, queer identity, migration and status, family hierarchy, grief, racism, relationship with religion, and many other experiences. My goal is to help you and your loved ones find strength, foster deeper connections, and empower you to navigate your mental health and life goals with confidence and support.
I work with adults, adolescents, children ages 6 and up, families, couples, and relationships. Supporting them as they navigate life transitions, trauma, identity, queer identity, migration and status, family hierarchy, grief, racism, relationship with religion, and many other experiences. My goal is to help you and your loved ones find strength, foster deeper connections, and empower you to navigate your mental health and life goals with confidence and support.
(425) 473-1043 View (425) 473-1043
Photo of Benjamin Matthew Young - Ben Young, Mental Health Counseling, Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC, MHP
Ben Young, Mental Health Counseling
Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC, MHP
Online Only
Now accepting clients in WA state. I have worked with youth and families since 2007 - clinically since 2012. A large aspect of my present work is with depression, anxiety, ADHD, trauma-stressors, men's issues, as well as parenting issues. I am working on establishing an office in central to northern Kitsap County - feel free to reach out.
Now accepting clients in WA state. I have worked with youth and families since 2007 - clinically since 2012. A large aspect of my present work is with depression, anxiety, ADHD, trauma-stressors, men's issues, as well as parenting issues. I am working on establishing an office in central to northern Kitsap County - feel free to reach out.
(425) 510-7905 View (425) 510-7905
Photo of Lauren Serl, Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LSWAIC
Lauren Serl
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LSWAIC
Online Only
Looking for a therapist can feel awkward and overwhelming—I get it. You’re already carrying so much, and now you’re scrolling through profiles trying to figure out who actually feels human. Here’s me being real: I’m not here to fix you. You’re not broken. You’re trying to make sense of your life—your relationships, anxiety, trauma, burnout, identity, or maybe all of it at once. That takes courage. Even searching for a therapist takes courage. And if you’ve had a bad therapy experience before—felt unheard, judged, or like you had to fake it—I want to hear about it so we can do things differently.
Looking for a therapist can feel awkward and overwhelming—I get it. You’re already carrying so much, and now you’re scrolling through profiles trying to figure out who actually feels human. Here’s me being real: I’m not here to fix you. You’re not broken. You’re trying to make sense of your life—your relationships, anxiety, trauma, burnout, identity, or maybe all of it at once. That takes courage. Even searching for a therapist takes courage. And if you’ve had a bad therapy experience before—felt unheard, judged, or like you had to fake it—I want to hear about it so we can do things differently.
(425) 382-8129 View (425) 382-8129
Photo of Amber Zalkind-Hawkins, Counselor, LMHCA
Amber Zalkind-Hawkins
Counselor, LMHCA
Mukilteo, WA 98275
I am passionate about creating a welcoming environment where your voice is heard and validated. As a therapist, my goal is to cultivate meaningful conversations and self-discovery. It takes a lot of courage to show up for yourself, and I want to be a guiding lighthouse to help you go where your heart desires with no judgment and create a safe space for you to explore the ups and downs of life. Through our time together, you will find encouragement, understanding, and connection that help you move forward with strength and hope.
I am passionate about creating a welcoming environment where your voice is heard and validated. As a therapist, my goal is to cultivate meaningful conversations and self-discovery. It takes a lot of courage to show up for yourself, and I want to be a guiding lighthouse to help you go where your heart desires with no judgment and create a safe space for you to explore the ups and downs of life. Through our time together, you will find encouragement, understanding, and connection that help you move forward with strength and hope.
(425) 696-9746 View (425) 696-9746
Photo of Tony Kliment, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Tony Kliment
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Edmonds, WA 98020
I help people affected by anxiety and depression related to the difficulties of life, people having difficulties overcoming traumatic life experiences, and people of all ages who need some assistance finding direction as they move through life. I can help you discover and remove barriers that are keeping you from achieving the most in life. I will provide you hands-on tools to better manage stressors and your overall wellbeing. I bring knowledge, insight, and wisdom gained in over twenty years of experience working with children, youth, adults, and families to my current practice at Whispering Winds Wellness, PLLC.
I help people affected by anxiety and depression related to the difficulties of life, people having difficulties overcoming traumatic life experiences, and people of all ages who need some assistance finding direction as they move through life. I can help you discover and remove barriers that are keeping you from achieving the most in life. I will provide you hands-on tools to better manage stressors and your overall wellbeing. I bring knowledge, insight, and wisdom gained in over twenty years of experience working with children, youth, adults, and families to my current practice at Whispering Winds Wellness, PLLC.
(206) 569-6578 View (206) 569-6578
Photo of Naomi Oderberg, Psychologist, PhD
Naomi Oderberg
Psychologist, PhD
Edmonds, WA 98020
Hello and welcome. As a therapist for over 25 years, my goal is to create a safe environment for individuals, couples, children and families. This enables us to delve into important emotional, practical and relational concerns. Learning emotional regulation, coping and problem solving skills are often an important focus. Together we explore present circumstances and ways the past may have created obstacles to moving forward. In therapy we try to understand your personal challenges and use your strengths to work toward creating a life that is meaningful and fulfilling for you and your family.
Hello and welcome. As a therapist for over 25 years, my goal is to create a safe environment for individuals, couples, children and families. This enables us to delve into important emotional, practical and relational concerns. Learning emotional regulation, coping and problem solving skills are often an important focus. Together we explore present circumstances and ways the past may have created obstacles to moving forward. In therapy we try to understand your personal challenges and use your strengths to work toward creating a life that is meaningful and fulfilling for you and your family.
(206) 429-4245 View (206) 429-4245
Photo of William Waters, Psychologist, PsyD, LP
William Waters
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My clients often feel overwhelmed, stuck, or like something’s not quite right. They may be navigating anxiety, ADHD, trauma, identity questions, or major life transitions. Many are high-functioning but internally struggling—wanting to understand themselves better, find relief, and make lasting changes. They’re looking for a space that’s steady, thoughtful, and real—where they can speak freely, feel seen, and get support that actually fits who they are and what they’re going through.
My clients often feel overwhelmed, stuck, or like something’s not quite right. They may be navigating anxiety, ADHD, trauma, identity questions, or major life transitions. Many are high-functioning but internally struggling—wanting to understand themselves better, find relief, and make lasting changes. They’re looking for a space that’s steady, thoughtful, and real—where they can speak freely, feel seen, and get support that actually fits who they are and what they’re going through.
(509) 428-7071 View (509) 428-7071
Photo of Daysha Berenson, Mental Health Counselor License , PhD, MS, LMHC, LPC, BC-TMH
Daysha Berenson
Mental Health Counselor License , PhD, MS, LMHC, LPC, BC-TMH
Online Only
Who were you before the world told you who you should be? My therapeutic practice supports clients committed to reclaiming their authentic selves. Sessions will explore unhelpful stories and beliefs, their influence on our thoughts and actions, and how to work through these life challenges. I offer compassionate listening and emotional support as clients strive for positive changes and build a healthier sense of self. Individuals who are in crisis (suicidal, self-harming, homicidal) or in addiction are not suitable for this intensive work.
Who were you before the world told you who you should be? My therapeutic practice supports clients committed to reclaiming their authentic selves. Sessions will explore unhelpful stories and beliefs, their influence on our thoughts and actions, and how to work through these life challenges. I offer compassionate listening and emotional support as clients strive for positive changes and build a healthier sense of self. Individuals who are in crisis (suicidal, self-harming, homicidal) or in addiction are not suitable for this intensive work.
(360) 469-3592 View (360) 469-3592
Photo of Alex Criss, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Alex Criss
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Mukilteo, WA 98275
I primarily work with individual adults, couples, and families, including adult parent–adult child relationships. Through a broad range of life experiences, I have come to understand that connection, both with ourselves and others, is one of the most essential aspects of the human experience. I approach my work with warmth, authenticity, and curiosity, creating a collaborative therapeutic space where humor exists alongside deeper exploration. I believe that every person is inherently full of strengths and possesses the intrinsic resources needed for growth and healing.
I primarily work with individual adults, couples, and families, including adult parent–adult child relationships. Through a broad range of life experiences, I have come to understand that connection, both with ourselves and others, is one of the most essential aspects of the human experience. I approach my work with warmth, authenticity, and curiosity, creating a collaborative therapeutic space where humor exists alongside deeper exploration. I believe that every person is inherently full of strengths and possesses the intrinsic resources needed for growth and healing.
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Photo of Raquel Sadler - Sadler-Bridges Wellness Group, Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC, LMHC, CCST-T
Sadler-Bridges Wellness Group
Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC, LMHC, CCST-T
5 Endorsed
Edmonds, WA 98020
Currently Accepting New Clients! Together we will work to understand the root of what may be holding you back and the patterns that keep you stuck. Using evidence-based approaches such as IFS,CBT, DBT, EMDR, Sand Tray Therapy, and somatic techniques, I support you in making meaningful progress and achieving your goals at a pace that feels safe, manageable, and truly supportive. My goal is to create a compassionate space for growth, healing, and lasting change that honors your journey. It is an honor to walk alongside you as you gain hope, confidence, and a life that feels aligned with who you truly are.
Currently Accepting New Clients! Together we will work to understand the root of what may be holding you back and the patterns that keep you stuck. Using evidence-based approaches such as IFS,CBT, DBT, EMDR, Sand Tray Therapy, and somatic techniques, I support you in making meaningful progress and achieving your goals at a pace that feels safe, manageable, and truly supportive. My goal is to create a compassionate space for growth, healing, and lasting change that honors your journey. It is an honor to walk alongside you as you gain hope, confidence, and a life that feels aligned with who you truly are.
(425) 386-4575 View (425) 386-4575
Photo of Audry Skeem, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Audry Skeem
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I work most often with clients who deal with anxiety, depression, ADHD, autism, trauma, and body image and eating concerns. Whether you're well-versed in therapy or this is your first time getting mental health treatment from a professional, I'm here to support you in achieving the life you want to live. What kind of person do you want to be? How do you want to treat others and the world around you? What is truly most important to you in this life? These are the kinds of questions we will explore together.
I work most often with clients who deal with anxiety, depression, ADHD, autism, trauma, and body image and eating concerns. Whether you're well-versed in therapy or this is your first time getting mental health treatment from a professional, I'm here to support you in achieving the life you want to live. What kind of person do you want to be? How do you want to treat others and the world around you? What is truly most important to you in this life? These are the kinds of questions we will explore together.
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Photo of Mary Picardal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Mary Picardal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Online Only
I offer 100% teletherapy for adults (individuals and couples). The foundation of my practice is based on attachment and guided by research and work by Dr. Sue Johnson and Dr. John Gottman. I am passionate about helping others strengthen and build secure attachments. My work is centered around treating anxiety, depression, women’s issues, self-esteem issues, trauma, grief, and attachment disorders. The treatment modalities I utilize are attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), feminist perspective, the Gottman Method, motivational interviewing, and Trauma Focused-CBT to name a few.
I offer 100% teletherapy for adults (individuals and couples). The foundation of my practice is based on attachment and guided by research and work by Dr. Sue Johnson and Dr. John Gottman. I am passionate about helping others strengthen and build secure attachments. My work is centered around treating anxiety, depression, women’s issues, self-esteem issues, trauma, grief, and attachment disorders. The treatment modalities I utilize are attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), feminist perspective, the Gottman Method, motivational interviewing, and Trauma Focused-CBT to name a few.
(206) 203-3403 View (206) 203-3403
Photo of Dr. Jen Robertson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Dr. Jen Robertson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi, I’m Dr. Jen Robertson (she/her), and I want to thank you for taking this important step toward healing. Beginning therapy can feel overwhelming, and I honor the courage it takes to start this journey. I am currently accepting new clients for telehealth therapy in Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Oklahoma, and Washington, offering a safe and supportive space where healing and growth are possible.
Hi, I’m Dr. Jen Robertson (she/her), and I want to thank you for taking this important step toward healing. Beginning therapy can feel overwhelming, and I honor the courage it takes to start this journey. I am currently accepting new clients for telehealth therapy in Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Oklahoma, and Washington, offering a safe and supportive space where healing and growth are possible.
(360) 382-1481 View (360) 382-1481
Photo of Jessica Mitchell, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Jessica Mitchell
Counselor, MS, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Now have AM availability. Seeking counseling services can be daunting and it can take a lot of courage to reach out for help, so congratulations on making it here! I currently work with individuals ages 16+ experiencing trauma, depression, anxiety, life transitions, relational issues, shame, body issues, self exploration. I work through a multi-cultural, trauma informed, body positive, gender affirming, LGBTQA+ lens. Throughout our work together, I aim to help you identify and celebrate your strengths and encourage insight, willingness, and bravery in exploring places of growth and vulnerability to make meaningful changes.
Now have AM availability. Seeking counseling services can be daunting and it can take a lot of courage to reach out for help, so congratulations on making it here! I currently work with individuals ages 16+ experiencing trauma, depression, anxiety, life transitions, relational issues, shame, body issues, self exploration. I work through a multi-cultural, trauma informed, body positive, gender affirming, LGBTQA+ lens. Throughout our work together, I aim to help you identify and celebrate your strengths and encourage insight, willingness, and bravery in exploring places of growth and vulnerability to make meaningful changes.
(360) 205-1267 View (360) 205-1267
Photo of Addison McCaffray, Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
Addison McCaffray
Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Edmonds, WA 98020
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, worried, or out-of-control? Do you seek joy and empowerment? Are you noticing that your child is experiencing challenges socially and emotionally? I am so glad you have found your way here today. I support children and adults to explore emotions, self-discover, and heal. You will find meaning, recognize unhealthy patterns, and also personal strengths. I believe our life experiences impact our lives and relationships, but they do not have to determine the rest of our lives.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, worried, or out-of-control? Do you seek joy and empowerment? Are you noticing that your child is experiencing challenges socially and emotionally? I am so glad you have found your way here today. I support children and adults to explore emotions, self-discover, and heal. You will find meaning, recognize unhealthy patterns, and also personal strengths. I believe our life experiences impact our lives and relationships, but they do not have to determine the rest of our lives.
(425) 629-0786 View (425) 629-0786
Photo of Celeste Hernandez Pineda, Pre-Licensed Professional, BA, Intern
Celeste Hernandez Pineda
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA, Intern
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My passion lies in supporting people who have experienced childhood trauma, through a holistic and compassionate approach. I emphasize empathy, compassion, and a grounded reality in my work, creating a space where you feel seen and understood.
My passion lies in supporting people who have experienced childhood trauma, through a holistic and compassionate approach. I emphasize empathy, compassion, and a grounded reality in my work, creating a space where you feel seen and understood.
(425) 390-8879 View (425) 390-8879

See more therapy options for Snohomish County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Snohomish County, WA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Snohomish County, WA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
73% Self Esteem
71% Stress
64% Grief

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Premera Blue Cross
77% Aetna
77% Regence

How Therapists in Snohomish County, WA see their clients

51% In Person and Online
49% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Snohomish County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.