Therapists in Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA

Photo of Shannon McCune, Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Shannon McCune
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
I work alongside couples, families, and individuals. As a therapist, I am someone who can slow things down, help you feel seen and understood, and guide you in finding new ways to experience your emotions, relationships, challenges, and strengths. I feel deeply honored to come to see and learn from each of my clients and their unique strengths, resilience, gifts, and experiences. I seek to provide strengths-based, shorter-term support that empowers you to continue growing in your new trajectory. My approach could be described as empathetic, clarifying, and when appropriate, garnished with humor.
I work alongside couples, families, and individuals. As a therapist, I am someone who can slow things down, help you feel seen and understood, and guide you in finding new ways to experience your emotions, relationships, challenges, and strengths. I feel deeply honored to come to see and learn from each of my clients and their unique strengths, resilience, gifts, and experiences. I seek to provide strengths-based, shorter-term support that empowers you to continue growing in your new trajectory. My approach could be described as empathetic, clarifying, and when appropriate, garnished with humor.
(360) 345-3952 View (360) 345-3952
Photo of Chaia Wylder, Pre-Licensed Professional
Chaia Wylder
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
I believe that everyone has the capacity for self-healing, and that meaningful change begins by bringing awareness to the thoughts, sensations, emotions, and patterns shaping your life. Counseling with me is a collaborative experience that supports you in building a compassionate relationship with all parts of yourself.
I believe that everyone has the capacity for self-healing, and that meaningful change begins by bringing awareness to the thoughts, sensations, emotions, and patterns shaping your life. Counseling with me is a collaborative experience that supports you in building a compassionate relationship with all parts of yourself.
(360) 637-4273 View (360) 637-4273
Photo of Kate Anderson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFTA
Kate Anderson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFTA
1 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
I deeply believe that we don’t have to do this work alone— healing can be both tender and powerful when held in safe relationship. I show up to therapy with a grounded presence and a deep belief in your capacity to heal and grow. I see therapy as a collaborative process—one where we gently explore the patterns, stories, and relationships that shape your experience, with space for both self-compassion and change.
I deeply believe that we don’t have to do this work alone— healing can be both tender and powerful when held in safe relationship. I show up to therapy with a grounded presence and a deep belief in your capacity to heal and grow. I see therapy as a collaborative process—one where we gently explore the patterns, stories, and relationships that shape your experience, with space for both self-compassion and change.
(360) 987-5395 View (360) 987-5395
Photo of Crystal Hawkins, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS
Crystal Hawkins
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS
2 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
Welcome! I’m currently accepting couples and polycules. I specialize in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) and attachment theory, helping folks identify patterns, access underlying emotions, and communicate needs in ways that create connection. EFT is a well-researched approach that helps rebuild trust and strengthen communication. My work focuses on the ways anxiety, trauma, neurodivergence, stress, and identity transitions can show up in communication, intimacy, and attachment. I support folks navigating disconnection, repair after hurt, and identity-related stress, including gender exploration and transition.
Welcome! I’m currently accepting couples and polycules. I specialize in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) and attachment theory, helping folks identify patterns, access underlying emotions, and communicate needs in ways that create connection. EFT is a well-researched approach that helps rebuild trust and strengthen communication. My work focuses on the ways anxiety, trauma, neurodivergence, stress, and identity transitions can show up in communication, intimacy, and attachment. I support folks navigating disconnection, repair after hurt, and identity-related stress, including gender exploration and transition.
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Photo of Chris Turner, Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC
Chris Turner
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC
5 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
Congratulations on taking the first step toward self improvement! I know the thought of seeking counseling and therapy can seem daunting and scary, and I commend your efforts. People seek counseling for many reasons, sometimes feeling "stuck" or "lost" in their lives, and not knowing which way to turn. Sometimes we just don't trust ourselves, or others, and begin thinking, "Is this what my life will always be like?"
Congratulations on taking the first step toward self improvement! I know the thought of seeking counseling and therapy can seem daunting and scary, and I commend your efforts. People seek counseling for many reasons, sometimes feeling "stuck" or "lost" in their lives, and not knowing which way to turn. Sometimes we just don't trust ourselves, or others, and begin thinking, "Is this what my life will always be like?"
(360) 685-8048 View (360) 685-8048
Photo of Autumn Baughn, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Autumn Baughn
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
I love working with couples who care deeply about their relationship but feel stuck in painful or repeating patterns. Together we explore communication, intimacy, desire, sex, attachment needs, and the cycles that leave partners feeling distant or misunderstood. I welcome queer, non-monogamous, and non-traditional relationships. My work is collaborative and grounded in the belief that relationships can heal when both people feel seen, heard, and supported.
I love working with couples who care deeply about their relationship but feel stuck in painful or repeating patterns. Together we explore communication, intimacy, desire, sex, attachment needs, and the cycles that leave partners feeling distant or misunderstood. I welcome queer, non-monogamous, and non-traditional relationships. My work is collaborative and grounded in the belief that relationships can heal when both people feel seen, heard, and supported.
(360) 499-0195 View (360) 499-0195
Photo of Kaileh Butler, Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Kaileh Butler
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
Relationships are foundational in our lives. As a relational therapist, I work with both couples and individuals from an attachment-based lens. I utilize my training in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) and The Gottman Method to help couples improve communication, address their underlying negative cycle, and create new ways of connecting with deeper emotional bonds. As a trained Developmental and Relational Trauma Therapist (DARTT), I approach every client with compassion and curiosity as to how their unique relational histories have shaped them and work to help heal core wounds from the past.
Relationships are foundational in our lives. As a relational therapist, I work with both couples and individuals from an attachment-based lens. I utilize my training in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) and The Gottman Method to help couples improve communication, address their underlying negative cycle, and create new ways of connecting with deeper emotional bonds. As a trained Developmental and Relational Trauma Therapist (DARTT), I approach every client with compassion and curiosity as to how their unique relational histories have shaped them and work to help heal core wounds from the past.
(360) 551-4313 View (360) 551-4313
Photo of Melanie Herbst, Pre-Licensed Professional
Melanie Herbst
Pre-Licensed Professional
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
Currently Accepting New Couples Only. Are you ready to create meaningful, lasting change? In our work together, we’ll set goals that align with your vision of a happier, more authentic life, while building practical tools you can use every day. As a Marriage and Family Therapy Student Intern at Accent Counseling, I support individuals navigating anxiety, ADHD, life transitions, intimacy challenges, stress, or neurodiversity, and those seeking deeper personal growth. My approach is collaborative and supportive, helping you thrive both within yourself and in your relationships.
Currently Accepting New Couples Only. Are you ready to create meaningful, lasting change? In our work together, we’ll set goals that align with your vision of a happier, more authentic life, while building practical tools you can use every day. As a Marriage and Family Therapy Student Intern at Accent Counseling, I support individuals navigating anxiety, ADHD, life transitions, intimacy challenges, stress, or neurodiversity, and those seeking deeper personal growth. My approach is collaborative and supportive, helping you thrive both within yourself and in your relationships.
(360) 233-2438 View (360) 233-2438
Photo of Sharon O'Connell, Counselor, MA, CDPII, LMHC
Sharon O'Connell
Counselor, MA, CDPII, LMHC
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
We live in a complicated and challenging society and then, we have ourselves to deal with. Therapy is a good way to understand yourself on a deeper level so you can grow to your full potential and change the things that need to be changed. By doing so, we not only heal ourselves, but we are then a benefit to others in our life and to the world in general. I think I can help with that no matter where you are in the process.
We live in a complicated and challenging society and then, we have ourselves to deal with. Therapy is a good way to understand yourself on a deeper level so you can grow to your full potential and change the things that need to be changed. By doing so, we not only heal ourselves, but we are then a benefit to others in our life and to the world in general. I think I can help with that no matter where you are in the process.
(360) 529-5635 View (360) 529-5635
Photo of Shlomit Smargon, Psychologist, PsyD
Shlomit Smargon
Psychologist, PsyD
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
My ideal clients are children, adolescents, and adults who are seeking clarity and support for challenges related to autism, ADHD, and other neurodevelopmental or mental health concerns. Many are navigating questions about identity, struggling with attention, sensory differences, or social connection, and may have experienced trauma or marginalization. They are often looking for answers—hoping to understand themselves better, find validation for their experiences, and discover strengths that may have been overlooked.
My ideal clients are children, adolescents, and adults who are seeking clarity and support for challenges related to autism, ADHD, and other neurodevelopmental or mental health concerns. Many are navigating questions about identity, struggling with attention, sensory differences, or social connection, and may have experienced trauma or marginalization. They are often looking for answers—hoping to understand themselves better, find validation for their experiences, and discover strengths that may have been overlooked.
(360) 525-2530 View (360) 525-2530
Photo of Emmy Volkar - Already Whole Counseling, Counselor, LMHCA
Already Whole Counseling
Counselor, LMHCA
2 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
You want to be rid of your feelings of shame and low self worth. Maybe you are feeling so done with experiencing panic attacks, social anxiety or depression. Understandably so! You want to live free of barriers that keep you from feeling loved and doing what you dream of.
You want to be rid of your feelings of shame and low self worth. Maybe you are feeling so done with experiencing panic attacks, social anxiety or depression. Understandably so! You want to live free of barriers that keep you from feeling loved and doing what you dream of.
(360) 502-9246 View (360) 502-9246
Photo of Sarah Rich, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LAMFT
Sarah Rich
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LAMFT
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
I have a passion for relationships and provide counseling services aimed at helping individuals, couples, and families heal from trauma and foster peace within their relationships. My approach integrates various theoretical frameworks, including Systems Theory, Intersectionality, and Internal Family Systems. I value a trauma-informed approach and hope to become EMDR certified in the future. I believe in the power of empathy and understanding as foundational to a successful therapeutic relationship and strive to create a successful therapeutic relationship and a safe and supportive space for my clients.
I have a passion for relationships and provide counseling services aimed at helping individuals, couples, and families heal from trauma and foster peace within their relationships. My approach integrates various theoretical frameworks, including Systems Theory, Intersectionality, and Internal Family Systems. I value a trauma-informed approach and hope to become EMDR certified in the future. I believe in the power of empathy and understanding as foundational to a successful therapeutic relationship and strive to create a successful therapeutic relationship and a safe and supportive space for my clients.
(360) 800-1942 View (360) 800-1942
Photo of Jill Ralston, Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate , MS, LMHCA
Jill Ralston
Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate , MS, LMHCA
1 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
Accepting new clients! I believe that while difficulty in life is inevitable, developing self-awareness, self-compassion, and healthy coping skills can temper the intensity of life’s hardships. With this perspective in mind, I aim to create a safe and open space where I will support your unique process. I am open minded and welcome various individuals who might be navigating big emotions, anxiety and past or present traumatic experiences. I am dedicated to being an advocate for you, your distinct experiences, and your goals.
Accepting new clients! I believe that while difficulty in life is inevitable, developing self-awareness, self-compassion, and healthy coping skills can temper the intensity of life’s hardships. With this perspective in mind, I aim to create a safe and open space where I will support your unique process. I am open minded and welcome various individuals who might be navigating big emotions, anxiety and past or present traumatic experiences. I am dedicated to being an advocate for you, your distinct experiences, and your goals.
(360) 800-1494 View (360) 800-1494
Photo of Annah Burgess, Pre-Licensed Professional
Annah Burgess
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
Life can be challenging and we all need support at times. At the center of my work is a focus on compassion, connection, and exploration. I offer an inclusive environment that warmly embraces all people and honors the life experiences that make you who you are. I have a focus in pregnancy, postpartum, trauma, PTSD, life transitions, and neurodivergence. I feel privileged to be transitioning to counseling after years working as a nurse and hope to have an opportunity to work with healthcare workers and caregivers looking for support in caring for themselves.
Life can be challenging and we all need support at times. At the center of my work is a focus on compassion, connection, and exploration. I offer an inclusive environment that warmly embraces all people and honors the life experiences that make you who you are. I have a focus in pregnancy, postpartum, trauma, PTSD, life transitions, and neurodivergence. I feel privileged to be transitioning to counseling after years working as a nurse and hope to have an opportunity to work with healthcare workers and caregivers looking for support in caring for themselves.
(360) 717-3982 View (360) 717-3982
Photo of Jacob G Tonning, Counselor, LMHCA
Jacob G Tonning
Counselor, LMHCA
2 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
In therapy I look forward to getting to know you, your struggles, hopes, passions, and perspectives. I envision my time with you in therapy to be one where it is my job to come alongside you, collaboratively providing curiosity, compassion, humor, interest, and another’s perspective. Together, I believe we can, through compassionate insight, forge opportunities for the sorts of growth and change you may be seeking in your life and relationships.
In therapy I look forward to getting to know you, your struggles, hopes, passions, and perspectives. I envision my time with you in therapy to be one where it is my job to come alongside you, collaboratively providing curiosity, compassion, humor, interest, and another’s perspective. Together, I believe we can, through compassionate insight, forge opportunities for the sorts of growth and change you may be seeking in your life and relationships.
(360) 845-5849 View (360) 845-5849
Photo of Johanna Aguirre, Counselor, LMHCA
Johanna Aguirre
Counselor, LMHCA
5 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
You are a high-functioning individual living in fast-paced times with external expectations that prioritize sustained outward performance, often destabilizing the nervous system and pulling it out of balance, as you navigate the thresholds of life—grief, burnout, spiritual change, or a season of uncertainty. While holding things together on the outside, your inner experience may feel overwhelmed and unsettled. You want inner peace— a safe harbor to exhale, metabolize what you’ve been carrying, and begin reimagining who you are becoming. You’re seeking grounded support that honors both emotional depth and the body’s wisdom.
You are a high-functioning individual living in fast-paced times with external expectations that prioritize sustained outward performance, often destabilizing the nervous system and pulling it out of balance, as you navigate the thresholds of life—grief, burnout, spiritual change, or a season of uncertainty. While holding things together on the outside, your inner experience may feel overwhelmed and unsettled. You want inner peace— a safe harbor to exhale, metabolize what you’ve been carrying, and begin reimagining who you are becoming. You’re seeking grounded support that honors both emotional depth and the body’s wisdom.
(360) 800-3714 View (360) 800-3714
Photo of Mack Whaley, Pre-Licensed Professional
Mack Whaley
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
Therapy is a space for profound growth, transformative learning, and meaningfully challenging yourself. Together, we will build a therapeutic relationship grounded in care, empathy, and respect. I’m passionate working with young adults, queer and trans individuals, gender-curious folks, those practicing ethical non-monogamy or polyamory, and anyone curious about understanding themselves more deeply. It is important to me to practice therapy from a decolonized, anti-racist, and intersectional approach, I am committed to honoring the complexity of your identity and experience.
Therapy is a space for profound growth, transformative learning, and meaningfully challenging yourself. Together, we will build a therapeutic relationship grounded in care, empathy, and respect. I’m passionate working with young adults, queer and trans individuals, gender-curious folks, those practicing ethical non-monogamy or polyamory, and anyone curious about understanding themselves more deeply. It is important to me to practice therapy from a decolonized, anti-racist, and intersectional approach, I am committed to honoring the complexity of your identity and experience.
(360) 795-7136 View (360) 795-7136
Photo of Lee Douglas Nadeau, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LPC, MHC
Lee Douglas Nadeau
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LPC, MHC
2 Endorsed
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
Emotional wounding, loss, trauma, and relational ruptures can leave us feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, and stuck in patterns that no longer serve us. Over time, it may feel difficult to access joy, safety, or authentic connection. Somatic psychotherapy offers a compassionate, but direct space to explore what hurts, what’s emerging, and what’s possible (body/mind/spirit) — so that healing can ripple through your relationship with self and others. This work can be especially supportive for those who’ve felt unseen or unmet in more traditional therapy settings and are seeking something deeper, more embodied, and holistic.
Emotional wounding, loss, trauma, and relational ruptures can leave us feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, and stuck in patterns that no longer serve us. Over time, it may feel difficult to access joy, safety, or authentic connection. Somatic psychotherapy offers a compassionate, but direct space to explore what hurts, what’s emerging, and what’s possible (body/mind/spirit) — so that healing can ripple through your relationship with self and others. This work can be especially supportive for those who’ve felt unseen or unmet in more traditional therapy settings and are seeking something deeper, more embodied, and holistic.
(360) 226-8091 View (360) 226-8091
Photo of Michael D Powers, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Michael D Powers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98225
It is my privilege to have been working with couples, families, and individuals for 30 years. My work emphasizes helping my clients find more authentic meaning and purpose in their lives, fully developing their potential, and assisting them in establishing lasting solutions. I have extensive experience treating common couple's and family issues such as communication, parenting, conflict-resolution, and stagnancy, as well as infidelity, addictions, and domestic violence. My clinical expertise in individual psychotherapy extends to depression, anxiety, anger management, addictions, self-discovery, and overall life direction.
It is my privilege to have been working with couples, families, and individuals for 30 years. My work emphasizes helping my clients find more authentic meaning and purpose in their lives, fully developing their potential, and assisting them in establishing lasting solutions. I have extensive experience treating common couple's and family issues such as communication, parenting, conflict-resolution, and stagnancy, as well as infidelity, addictions, and domestic violence. My clinical expertise in individual psychotherapy extends to depression, anxiety, anger management, addictions, self-discovery, and overall life direction.
(360) 813-6578 View (360) 813-6578
Photo of Erin Leedom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSWAIC
Erin Leedom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSWAIC
Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA 98226
Waitlist for new clients
Whether you (or your child) are grieving the loss of a person, a marriage or partnership, a job, pet or a dream unfulfilled, I’m here to partner with you through that process. Together, we'll examine what needs adjusting so that you don't feel as overwhelmed or exhausted. If you are experiencing grief, my goal is to help you and/or your child work the reality of your loss into your daily lives in a healthy, meaningful way. My client's find me warm, compassionate and playful and often say that I carry hope for them until they can carry it themselves.
Whether you (or your child) are grieving the loss of a person, a marriage or partnership, a job, pet or a dream unfulfilled, I’m here to partner with you through that process. Together, we'll examine what needs adjusting so that you don't feel as overwhelmed or exhausted. If you are experiencing grief, my goal is to help you and/or your child work the reality of your loss into your daily lives in a healthy, meaningful way. My client's find me warm, compassionate and playful and often say that I carry hope for them until they can carry it themselves.
(360) 837-5719 View (360) 837-5719

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA

40+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
81% Depression
77% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
64% Stress
57% Grief

Average years in practice

5 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Premera Blue Cross
73% Aetna
70% Regence

How Therapists in Lettered Streets, Bellingham, WA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
20% Non-Binary
5% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lettered Streets, Bellingham?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.