Therapists in Bellingham, WA

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Photo of DeeDee Orlando, Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate , LMHCA
DeeDee Orlando
Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate , LMHCA
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
It takes courage to ask for support. Coming this far is a victory in and of itself. You’re in touch with yourself enough to know that you need something to change, although you may not be certain yet of what that change should look like. Perhaps you need a shift in perspective during a difficult time. Or maybe you need to learn to cope with challenging emotions. Perhaps it is your child who needs help and you need help learning how to help them. Whatever your need, you deserve an empathetic and dedicated guide to join you on your journey. You don't have to do this alone.
It takes courage to ask for support. Coming this far is a victory in and of itself. You’re in touch with yourself enough to know that you need something to change, although you may not be certain yet of what that change should look like. Perhaps you need a shift in perspective during a difficult time. Or maybe you need to learn to cope with challenging emotions. Perhaps it is your child who needs help and you need help learning how to help them. Whatever your need, you deserve an empathetic and dedicated guide to join you on your journey. You don't have to do this alone.
(360) 516-1600 View (360) 516-1600
Photo of Katie Goger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW, CMHS, PMH-C
Katie Goger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW, CMHS, PMH-C
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
I support adults and children experiencing perinatal or postpartum mood challenges, developmental differences, neurodivergence, ADHD, anxiety, and depression. My work centers on helping overwhelmed parents feel understood, grounded, and confident as they create a healthier path forward. I have a passion for supporting kids with big feelings and quick reactions, as well as families navigating perfectionism, people-pleasing, high sensitivity, and caregiver burnout. I bring deep expertise in evidence-based, compassionate interventions that help families build lasting emotional resilience.
I support adults and children experiencing perinatal or postpartum mood challenges, developmental differences, neurodivergence, ADHD, anxiety, and depression. My work centers on helping overwhelmed parents feel understood, grounded, and confident as they create a healthier path forward. I have a passion for supporting kids with big feelings and quick reactions, as well as families navigating perfectionism, people-pleasing, high sensitivity, and caregiver burnout. I bring deep expertise in evidence-based, compassionate interventions that help families build lasting emotional resilience.
(360) 437-6208 View (360) 437-6208
Photo of Camille Schaarschmidt, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Camille Schaarschmidt
Counselor, MS, LMHC
4 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98229
You’re doing your best to hold it all together, but anxiety has you overthinking everything and stuck in fight-or-flight mode. I help clients feel more grounded, reconnect with themselves, and work through anxiety,. Therapy with me is laid-back, supportive, and focused on what actually helps you feel better.
You’re doing your best to hold it all together, but anxiety has you overthinking everything and stuck in fight-or-flight mode. I help clients feel more grounded, reconnect with themselves, and work through anxiety,. Therapy with me is laid-back, supportive, and focused on what actually helps you feel better.
(360) 295-4462 View (360) 295-4462
Photo of Patrick Geracie - Trinity Counseling, Counselor, MDiv, MA, LMHC
Trinity Counseling
Counselor, MDiv, MA, LMHC
Online Only
I believe that the most effective way to promote real change is to help people receive and apply a deeper understanding of the grace of God to their lives. This approach works toward alleviating psychological and physical stressors while guiding people into maturity and understanding of the ways and wisdom of Jesus Christ. I also provide ecounseling through secure video conferencing at my website.
I believe that the most effective way to promote real change is to help people receive and apply a deeper understanding of the grace of God to their lives. This approach works toward alleviating psychological and physical stressors while guiding people into maturity and understanding of the ways and wisdom of Jesus Christ. I also provide ecounseling through secure video conferencing at my website.
(360) 973-7628 View (360) 973-7628
Photo of Deborah J Crandall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Deborah J Crandall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Bellingham, WA 98226
I believe you have the strength within you to create the life you want, and sometimes, all it takes is a little guidance and support to help you get there. Whether you’re feeling stuck in a job, relationship, or life situation, or navigating challenges like anxiety or depression, I’m here to help you gain clarity and confidence in moving forward. You don’t have to do it alone and it would be my honor to join you in creating some space to explore your thoughts, goals, and options.
I believe you have the strength within you to create the life you want, and sometimes, all it takes is a little guidance and support to help you get there. Whether you’re feeling stuck in a job, relationship, or life situation, or navigating challenges like anxiety or depression, I’m here to help you gain clarity and confidence in moving forward. You don’t have to do it alone and it would be my honor to join you in creating some space to explore your thoughts, goals, and options.
(360) 200-6224 View (360) 200-6224
Photo of Shaun M. Sowell, Counselor, PhD, LMHCA
Shaun M. Sowell
Counselor, PhD, LMHCA
Bellingham, WA 98225
I am taking new clients and I am so happy you are here! Putting yourself first and reaching out for support can be hard, and change can take a huge leap of faith. You don’t have to navigate life challenges alone, and I would love to support you on your journey. Whether you need intensive services or short-term treatment, together we can create a plan that best fits your needs. My approach to therapy is to meet you where you are, and to recognize that you are the expert of your life. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is the most important aspect of therapy, and I strive to create a sense of safety that also fosters growth.
I am taking new clients and I am so happy you are here! Putting yourself first and reaching out for support can be hard, and change can take a huge leap of faith. You don’t have to navigate life challenges alone, and I would love to support you on your journey. Whether you need intensive services or short-term treatment, together we can create a plan that best fits your needs. My approach to therapy is to meet you where you are, and to recognize that you are the expert of your life. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is the most important aspect of therapy, and I strive to create a sense of safety that also fosters growth.
(360) 230-8494 View (360) 230-8494
Photo of Victoria Haddaway, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Victoria Haddaway
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
My goal is to meet you where you are with curiosity, honesty, and compassion. I listen closely, offer challenges when helpful, and support you in reconnecting with yourself and those around you. Whether you’re navigating personal struggles, relationship issues, or simply seeking a greater sense of clarity and purpose, our work together is a space where you can feel safe, valued, and authentically you. I help adults and couples rebuild connection, uncover purpose, and foster a deeper sense of intimacy with themselves and with each other.
My goal is to meet you where you are with curiosity, honesty, and compassion. I listen closely, offer challenges when helpful, and support you in reconnecting with yourself and those around you. Whether you’re navigating personal struggles, relationship issues, or simply seeking a greater sense of clarity and purpose, our work together is a space where you can feel safe, valued, and authentically you. I help adults and couples rebuild connection, uncover purpose, and foster a deeper sense of intimacy with themselves and with each other.
(360) 284-2188 View (360) 284-2188
Photo of Autumn Baughn, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Autumn Baughn
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Bellingham, WA 98225
I am currently accepting relational clients only partners, families, and non-traditional relationship structures. I specialize in working with queer and trans couples and relationships, including polyamorous and consensually non-monogamous partnerships. I offer an affirming, nonjudgmental space to explore communication patterns, attachment wounds, identity, intimacy, and repair. I am kink- and sex-worker-affirming. My work is collaborative and grounded in the understanding that relationships are complex, vulnerable, and deeply human, drawing primarily from and Emotionally Focused Therapy and Internal Family Systems (IFS).
I am currently accepting relational clients only partners, families, and non-traditional relationship structures. I specialize in working with queer and trans couples and relationships, including polyamorous and consensually non-monogamous partnerships. I offer an affirming, nonjudgmental space to explore communication patterns, attachment wounds, identity, intimacy, and repair. I am kink- and sex-worker-affirming. My work is collaborative and grounded in the understanding that relationships are complex, vulnerable, and deeply human, drawing primarily from and Emotionally Focused Therapy and Internal Family Systems (IFS).
(360) 499-0195 View (360) 499-0195
Photo of Renna B Fir, Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate , MA, LMHCA, R-DMT
Renna B Fir
Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate , MA, LMHCA, R-DMT
Bellingham, WA 98229
Do you struggle with overwhelming emotions that disrupt your daily life? Perhaps you're an adult feeling numb, overwhelmed, or isolated while navigating anxiety, trauma, gender exploration, or healing from societal oppression. You might be a child dealing with big feelings from early stressful experiences, having trouble at school or home. Or maybe you're a parent wanting to help but unsure how to support your child through emotional storms, school shutdowns, or separation anxiety. If you're seeking healing through approaches that honor your body's wisdom rather than just talking about problems, we might be a good fit.
Do you struggle with overwhelming emotions that disrupt your daily life? Perhaps you're an adult feeling numb, overwhelmed, or isolated while navigating anxiety, trauma, gender exploration, or healing from societal oppression. You might be a child dealing with big feelings from early stressful experiences, having trouble at school or home. Or maybe you're a parent wanting to help but unsure how to support your child through emotional storms, school shutdowns, or separation anxiety. If you're seeking healing through approaches that honor your body's wisdom rather than just talking about problems, we might be a good fit.
(360) 502-2506 View (360) 502-2506
Photo of Liz Warren, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Liz Warren
Counselor, MA, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
I am a licensed mental health counselor in Washington State, and I offer in person and telehealth. My decision to become a therapist began with my curiosity of and a deep respect for the diversity of human experience and influences that have shaped and continue to shape who we are today. Although we come into the world alone, we are wired for connection and early on we develop a sense of self from what we observe in others and our relation to them. Our work together is a team effort to identify what may be getting in the way of authenticity, contentment, and peace. You have taken the first and brave step of seeking a therapist.
I am a licensed mental health counselor in Washington State, and I offer in person and telehealth. My decision to become a therapist began with my curiosity of and a deep respect for the diversity of human experience and influences that have shaped and continue to shape who we are today. Although we come into the world alone, we are wired for connection and early on we develop a sense of self from what we observe in others and our relation to them. Our work together is a team effort to identify what may be getting in the way of authenticity, contentment, and peace. You have taken the first and brave step of seeking a therapist.
(360) 515-3653 View (360) 515-3653
Photo of Jamie M May, Psychologist, PsyD
Jamie M May
Psychologist, PsyD
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
I believe that each of us has the capacity to become knowledgeable about what feels workable in day-to-day living and to uncover what personal values we would like to strive for in our life. I am drawn to working with folks who want to discover more about themselves (both strengths and areas of growth), their identity, their relationships, their role in the world, and how to lead a fulfilling, meaningful life. I value the opportunity to think together with clients about how therapy could be most helpful for them. I am well-suited to work with people who are looking for meaningful and measurable change in their life.
I believe that each of us has the capacity to become knowledgeable about what feels workable in day-to-day living and to uncover what personal values we would like to strive for in our life. I am drawn to working with folks who want to discover more about themselves (both strengths and areas of growth), their identity, their relationships, their role in the world, and how to lead a fulfilling, meaningful life. I value the opportunity to think together with clients about how therapy could be most helpful for them. I am well-suited to work with people who are looking for meaningful and measurable change in their life.
(360) 233-8285 View (360) 233-8285
Mary Anne Lloyd
Psychologist, PhD
Online Only
Therapy is creative, gives us focus, loosens the grip of our problems, spins us around, and lifts us up. I have practiced psychology for about 30 years and presently work in Bellingham WA and Vancouver, BC. It's a privilege to work in both countries and have the same engaging relationships in both practices. I work eclectically, using methods that personally benefit whoever has come for therapy. Usually there is some aspect of Cognitive Behavioral therapy, because it is so helpful.
Therapy is creative, gives us focus, loosens the grip of our problems, spins us around, and lifts us up. I have practiced psychology for about 30 years and presently work in Bellingham WA and Vancouver, BC. It's a privilege to work in both countries and have the same engaging relationships in both practices. I work eclectically, using methods that personally benefit whoever has come for therapy. Usually there is some aspect of Cognitive Behavioral therapy, because it is so helpful.
(360) 799-5249 View (360) 799-5249
Photo of Emily Katsanis, Counselor, LMHC
Emily Katsanis
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in teens and adults work through anxiety, depression, and major life transitions. I believe that the key to success in therapy is providing genuine, unconditional positive regard for clients and authentically listening to and caring about their lived experiences. My approach to therapy is one that is tailored to the individual and their unique life experiences. As of 2024, I am also trained in EMDR.
I specialize in teens and adults work through anxiety, depression, and major life transitions. I believe that the key to success in therapy is providing genuine, unconditional positive regard for clients and authentically listening to and caring about their lived experiences. My approach to therapy is one that is tailored to the individual and their unique life experiences. As of 2024, I am also trained in EMDR.
(360) 453-7945 View (360) 453-7945
Photo of Sheila Goodwin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sheila Goodwin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Bellingham, WA 98225
Most conflict involves relationship: a relationship with ourselves, our parents, our children, our lovers, our bosses, our co-workers. This is the one area where education fails us. We inhabit an adult body with a child's knowledge of how to interact with the world and ourselves and that is where a therapist's knowledge can be beneficial. "Your task is not to seek for love, but merely to seek and find all the barriers within yourself that you have built against it" (Rumi). I can help a client find and diminish those barriers.
Most conflict involves relationship: a relationship with ourselves, our parents, our children, our lovers, our bosses, our co-workers. This is the one area where education fails us. We inhabit an adult body with a child's knowledge of how to interact with the world and ourselves and that is where a therapist's knowledge can be beneficial. "Your task is not to seek for love, but merely to seek and find all the barriers within yourself that you have built against it" (Rumi). I can help a client find and diminish those barriers.
(360) 961-4146 View (360) 961-4146
Photo of Lee Osteen, Counselor, MA, MSW, LMHC
Lee Osteen
Counselor, MA, MSW, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
Waitlist for new clients
Email is the best way to contact. I work with those in the LGBTQIA+, polyamorous, kink, and neurodivergent communities, offering support that helps clients feel fully seen and empowered in their growth, while honoring their strengths. At this time, I am accepting clients in couples, polycules, or non-traditional relationship structures who are seeking deeper connection, clearer communication, and healthier ways of relating. I also only accepting new clients who are interested in using EMDR as part of their healing and personal growth.
Email is the best way to contact. I work with those in the LGBTQIA+, polyamorous, kink, and neurodivergent communities, offering support that helps clients feel fully seen and empowered in their growth, while honoring their strengths. At this time, I am accepting clients in couples, polycules, or non-traditional relationship structures who are seeking deeper connection, clearer communication, and healthier ways of relating. I also only accepting new clients who are interested in using EMDR as part of their healing and personal growth.
(360) 523-7905 View (360) 523-7905
Photo of Veronica Garaycoa - Veronica Garaycoa Holistic Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Veronica Garaycoa Holistic Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Our subconscious mind holds the memories and perceptions of every experience from childhood to adulthood. As we continue our journey, the unresolved past continues to affect our bodies negatively and influence our thoughts, behaviors, and everyday life on an unconscious level. We may not understand why we feel or react as we do to certain situations or why the same patterns show up every time and unexplained symptoms and circumstances keep repeating themselves. Often this prevents us from moving forward with our lives, achieving clarity and authenticity.
Our subconscious mind holds the memories and perceptions of every experience from childhood to adulthood. As we continue our journey, the unresolved past continues to affect our bodies negatively and influence our thoughts, behaviors, and everyday life on an unconscious level. We may not understand why we feel or react as we do to certain situations or why the same patterns show up every time and unexplained symptoms and circumstances keep repeating themselves. Often this prevents us from moving forward with our lives, achieving clarity and authenticity.
(360) 997-2723 View (360) 997-2723
Photo of Pamela Fuller, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Pamela Fuller
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
Every parent dreams of raising their children in ways that enable them to not only survive, but to thrive. As life unfolds, parents may encounter personal difficulties, or problems related to their children, that compromise their ability to provide consistent, responsive care. They may then be susceptible to feelings of overwhelm, discouragement, and/or guilt. I accompany families, individual adults, and couples with kindness, warmth, and compassion. With a gentle but steady eye on strengths and resources, I respectfully join with them in the belief that "We are in this together, and together, we will find our way through."
Every parent dreams of raising their children in ways that enable them to not only survive, but to thrive. As life unfolds, parents may encounter personal difficulties, or problems related to their children, that compromise their ability to provide consistent, responsive care. They may then be susceptible to feelings of overwhelm, discouragement, and/or guilt. I accompany families, individual adults, and couples with kindness, warmth, and compassion. With a gentle but steady eye on strengths and resources, I respectfully join with them in the belief that "We are in this together, and together, we will find our way through."
(360) 328-7651 View (360) 328-7651
Photo of Sophia Taylor, Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Sophia Taylor
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that mental and emotional health is vital to one’s overall well-being. In my role as a therapist, I work to come alongside you and build a strong therapeutic relationship where you feel supported and can begin to create desired changes. From the start of our work together, I aim to foster an environment of warmth, non-judgment, curiosity, and collaboration. I work with individuals age 13 and up. My approach to counseling is broadly psychodynamic; meaning I am curious about the unconscious drives that influence our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and stories.
I believe that mental and emotional health is vital to one’s overall well-being. In my role as a therapist, I work to come alongside you and build a strong therapeutic relationship where you feel supported and can begin to create desired changes. From the start of our work together, I aim to foster an environment of warmth, non-judgment, curiosity, and collaboration. I work with individuals age 13 and up. My approach to counseling is broadly psychodynamic; meaning I am curious about the unconscious drives that influence our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and stories.
(360) 860-5579 View (360) 860-5579
Photo of Holly Zwolinski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LICSW
Holly Zwolinski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LICSW
6 Endorsed
Online Only
I believe that fostering an open and collaborative therapeutic relationship with clients is key to getting the most out of therapy. Together we are able to focus on gaining insight into interpersonal relationships and identifying the patterns that affect them. I specialize in working with adults who are experiencing various struggles related to trauma, stress, and life adjustments. I often target issues related to shame with people. I've learned that shame and fear often drive most of our struggles. I also enjoy working with folks who are in recovery from addiction. I have been in recovery since 2018.
I believe that fostering an open and collaborative therapeutic relationship with clients is key to getting the most out of therapy. Together we are able to focus on gaining insight into interpersonal relationships and identifying the patterns that affect them. I specialize in working with adults who are experiencing various struggles related to trauma, stress, and life adjustments. I often target issues related to shame with people. I've learned that shame and fear often drive most of our struggles. I also enjoy working with folks who are in recovery from addiction. I have been in recovery since 2018.
(360) 299-5623 View (360) 299-5623
Photo of Christine Robinson, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Christine Robinson
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Bellingham, WA 98226
Attention young women: Do you feel anxious? Do you feel like you’re working so hard to feel better and not getting anywhere? Do you wake up thinking, there has to be a better way? Do you feel frustrated that you keep struggling with the same things over and over? Do you want to live your life without fear and shame? Do you want to feel like your whole, true self? Are you ready to get to the bottom of your struggles, and make real changes? CLICK on my website to find out more about my story!
Attention young women: Do you feel anxious? Do you feel like you’re working so hard to feel better and not getting anywhere? Do you wake up thinking, there has to be a better way? Do you feel frustrated that you keep struggling with the same things over and over? Do you want to live your life without fear and shame? Do you want to feel like your whole, true self? Are you ready to get to the bottom of your struggles, and make real changes? CLICK on my website to find out more about my story!
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bellingham, WA

800+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Bellingham, WA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
84% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
73% Stress
72% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Premera Blue Cross
68% Aetna
68% Regence

How Therapists in Bellingham, WA see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
18% Male
6% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bellingham?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.