Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA

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Photo of Sarah Kooiman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Sarah Kooiman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23452  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Just about everyone will experience difficulty at some point in their lives, whether that means grief, relationship conflict, mental health concerns, struggles with identity and purpose, or the question of worthiness and success. It can be difficult to know how to maneuver through the challenges that life can throw our way, and at times it's hard to know where to turn. My goal is to help create an opportunity to explore the workings of your mind, and to help guide you to self-discovery, knowledge, and peace.
Just about everyone will experience difficulty at some point in their lives, whether that means grief, relationship conflict, mental health concerns, struggles with identity and purpose, or the question of worthiness and success. It can be difficult to know how to maneuver through the challenges that life can throw our way, and at times it's hard to know where to turn. My goal is to help create an opportunity to explore the workings of your mind, and to help guide you to self-discovery, knowledge, and peace.
(757) 330-8737 View (757) 330-8737
Photo of Angela Reed, Marriage & Family Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Angela Reed
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
My name is Angela Reed, MAMFT, LMFT. I believe the best approach to therapy leading to permanent change is a holistic and integrated lens to include biological psychological, physiological, and spiritual needs. I work with teens and adults specializing in anxiety, depression, grief counseling, marital counseling, and trauma. I am a clinical member of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). Angela works with adults struggling with anxiety, depression, marital problems, and trauma.
My name is Angela Reed, MAMFT, LMFT. I believe the best approach to therapy leading to permanent change is a holistic and integrated lens to include biological psychological, physiological, and spiritual needs. I work with teens and adults specializing in anxiety, depression, grief counseling, marital counseling, and trauma. I am a clinical member of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). Angela works with adults struggling with anxiety, depression, marital problems, and trauma.
(757) 780-1794 View (757) 780-1794
Photo of Dr. Barbara F Shabazz, Psychologist in Virginia Beach, VA
Dr. Barbara F Shabazz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464  (Online Only)
Welcome VA residents! Here, you’ll find personalized mental health care, from a licensed clinical psychologist, to help you navigate life’s waves from wherever you are in the world. My name is Dr. Barbara F. Shabazz. You can call me Dr.B. I have over 25 years of experience facilitating change in the lives of clients and students. My role is to journey alongside you - supporting, validating, and encouraging agency - as you ‘work out the waves’. I can’t want it for you, more than you do. But, if you’re ready to make the commitment, to professional care, I’ll stand with you. Let’s do the work!
Welcome VA residents! Here, you’ll find personalized mental health care, from a licensed clinical psychologist, to help you navigate life’s waves from wherever you are in the world. My name is Dr. Barbara F. Shabazz. You can call me Dr.B. I have over 25 years of experience facilitating change in the lives of clients and students. My role is to journey alongside you - supporting, validating, and encouraging agency - as you ‘work out the waves’. I can’t want it for you, more than you do. But, if you’re ready to make the commitment, to professional care, I’ll stand with you. Let’s do the work!
(757) 637-1814 View (757) 637-1814
Photo of Laura Sprinkle Aeschliman, Resident in Counseling in Virginia Beach, VA
Laura Sprinkle Aeschliman
Resident in Counseling, MA, RIC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Do you notice feeling emotionally disconnected to others or to yourself? Do you find that you struggle to create or maintain healthy relationships? Do you get triggered to feel the need to defend yourself or withdraw and isolate? Do you tend to view yourself in a negative light? There are many people that feel overwhelmed by life's experiences. We tend to live out our unhealed past in our present. This is why it can be difficult to see ourselves in a positive light or build and maintain healthy relationships.
Do you notice feeling emotionally disconnected to others or to yourself? Do you find that you struggle to create or maintain healthy relationships? Do you get triggered to feel the need to defend yourself or withdraw and isolate? Do you tend to view yourself in a negative light? There are many people that feel overwhelmed by life's experiences. We tend to live out our unhealed past in our present. This is why it can be difficult to see ourselves in a positive light or build and maintain healthy relationships.
(757) 996-5197 View (757) 996-5197
Photo of Back To Basics Counseling Services , Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Back To Basics Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CSAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23455
Waitlist for new clients
If you made it here you have probably read through a lot of other bios. It’s really hard to figure out if you connect with someone in a matter of 250 words. Read on for my style of counseling and maybe you will feel comfortable with giving therapy a try or returning to therapy. I can’t guarantee that you and I will connect, and if we don’t, I will work with you to find someone you are willing to try. I am very casual in style of communication, as well as appearance. I maintain a safe therapeutic environment for all individuals and encourage folks to come as you are to sessions, as I will be my genuine self.
If you made it here you have probably read through a lot of other bios. It’s really hard to figure out if you connect with someone in a matter of 250 words. Read on for my style of counseling and maybe you will feel comfortable with giving therapy a try or returning to therapy. I can’t guarantee that you and I will connect, and if we don’t, I will work with you to find someone you are willing to try. I am very casual in style of communication, as well as appearance. I maintain a safe therapeutic environment for all individuals and encourage folks to come as you are to sessions, as I will be my genuine self.
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Photo of Matthew Sandford, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Matthew Sandford
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
My name is Matt Sandford and I have been practicing as a Licensed Professional Counselor for 14 years now, with 16 years of total experience. I believe that creating a safe space enables people to explore and process the stuff on their minds and in their hearts, which can lead to healthiness, strength, and growth. I have a variety of experiences, but I specialize in stress and anxiety, relationship challenges, marriage, self-worth challenges, and spiritual challenges.
My name is Matt Sandford and I have been practicing as a Licensed Professional Counselor for 14 years now, with 16 years of total experience. I believe that creating a safe space enables people to explore and process the stuff on their minds and in their hearts, which can lead to healthiness, strength, and growth. I have a variety of experiences, but I specialize in stress and anxiety, relationship challenges, marriage, self-worth challenges, and spiritual challenges.
(757) 384-1403 View (757) 384-1403
Photo of Jeanette Gaines, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Jeanette Gaines
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23455
I specialize in depression, anxiety, and PTSD (trauma).
I specialize in depression, anxiety, and PTSD (trauma).
(757) 854-6871 View (757) 854-6871
Photo of Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy at Lake View, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy at Lake View
Licensed Professional Counselor, LSATP, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
Ketamine operates on the brain’s N-methyl-d-aspartate (NDMA) receptors, which can help to rapidly restore neuropathways and bring neurotransmitters to areas of the brain impacted by severe depression. Ketamine treatment also clears excess cortisol and “resets” the brain. Patients report increased clarity in thinking, creativeness, and calm. While ketamine is not a cure, it is a treatment option that can help to accelerate the healing process while relieving distressing symptoms. Subanesthetic doses of Ketamine can be a powerful tool in a comprehensive care plan for treatment of mood disorders, anxiety, pain, and PTSD.
Ketamine operates on the brain’s N-methyl-d-aspartate (NDMA) receptors, which can help to rapidly restore neuropathways and bring neurotransmitters to areas of the brain impacted by severe depression. Ketamine treatment also clears excess cortisol and “resets” the brain. Patients report increased clarity in thinking, creativeness, and calm. While ketamine is not a cure, it is a treatment option that can help to accelerate the healing process while relieving distressing symptoms. Subanesthetic doses of Ketamine can be a powerful tool in a comprehensive care plan for treatment of mood disorders, anxiety, pain, and PTSD.
(757) 350-8504 View (757) 350-8504
Photo of Ashley Frantz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Virginia Beach, VA
Ashley Frantz
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD, MA, MS
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23454  (Online Only)
I work with adults and children as young as six years old. I work primarily with anxiety, depression, trauma, and military issues however I have worked with various issues. I use variety of treatment methods including DBT, CBT, art therapy, and animal therapy to best serve the client and help them treating the source of the issue not just the symptoms. I try to help the client resolve whatever their underlying difficulties are to enhance all aspects of their life.
I work with adults and children as young as six years old. I work primarily with anxiety, depression, trauma, and military issues however I have worked with various issues. I use variety of treatment methods including DBT, CBT, art therapy, and animal therapy to best serve the client and help them treating the source of the issue not just the symptoms. I try to help the client resolve whatever their underlying difficulties are to enhance all aspects of their life.
(757) 942-4234 View (757) 942-4234
Photo of Heather Cosimo, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Heather Cosimo
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC, CCMHC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464  (Online Only)
Are you noticing the desire to make changes? You may be struggling with anxious thoughts, self doubt, worries or stress. Transitions such as moving, having a baby, dealing with relationships or the loss/desire of one are all things that happen and can be overwhelming. Are you looking to gain a deeper awareness, develop healthy coping skills, or manage what may feel like is out of control? Maybe it's simply time to process what's going on, find or renew that sense of inner strength and confidence.
Are you noticing the desire to make changes? You may be struggling with anxious thoughts, self doubt, worries or stress. Transitions such as moving, having a baby, dealing with relationships or the loss/desire of one are all things that happen and can be overwhelming. Are you looking to gain a deeper awareness, develop healthy coping skills, or manage what may feel like is out of control? Maybe it's simply time to process what's going on, find or renew that sense of inner strength and confidence.
(757) 909-6070 View (757) 909-6070
Photo of Jennifer E. Black, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Jennifer E. Black
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Yoga Instructor (RYT-500) who is invigorated by supporting people seeking guidance and healing to improve their quality of life. My academic and career experience has centered the therapeutic needs of BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ communities, survivors of trauma, as well as persons managing life transitions including relationship distress, grief and loss. I have also worked closely with military service members and their families across all branches and served as a deployed counselor for several years. Additionally, I provide supervision to people seeking clinical social work licensure.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Yoga Instructor (RYT-500) who is invigorated by supporting people seeking guidance and healing to improve their quality of life. My academic and career experience has centered the therapeutic needs of BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ communities, survivors of trauma, as well as persons managing life transitions including relationship distress, grief and loss. I have also worked closely with military service members and their families across all branches and served as a deployed counselor for several years. Additionally, I provide supervision to people seeking clinical social work licensure.
(757) 568-8694 View (757) 568-8694
Photo of Tiffany Zalusky, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Tiffany Zalusky
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Tiffany is a Licensed Professional Counselor, who has been practicing since 2018. She graduated from Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia with a Master's in "¨Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Tiffany believes in a person-centered approach that emphasizes compassion and courage to support you in accomplishing your goals. By using CBT and DBT treatment modalities, she will help you explore your story to gain insight into the emotions, thoughts, and experiences that have brought you to this point in your journey.
Tiffany is a Licensed Professional Counselor, who has been practicing since 2018. She graduated from Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia with a Master's in "¨Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Tiffany believes in a person-centered approach that emphasizes compassion and courage to support you in accomplishing your goals. By using CBT and DBT treatment modalities, she will help you explore your story to gain insight into the emotions, thoughts, and experiences that have brought you to this point in your journey.
(757) 280-1364 View (757) 280-1364
Photo of Erin Mccord, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Erin Mccord
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
I started my career in a private foster care agency, then transitioned to a group practice for 7 years before opening my own practice. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I have specialized training in adoption and play therapy. I view counseling as a partnership between client and counselor. I value the therapeutic relationship as central to supporting clients in developing insight, increasing self-awareness, and processing hurts. I utilize a variety of strategies to assist clients with examining their patterns in thought, feelings, and behaviors, to increase understanding, and make adjustments toward improved functioning.
I started my career in a private foster care agency, then transitioned to a group practice for 7 years before opening my own practice. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I have specialized training in adoption and play therapy. I view counseling as a partnership between client and counselor. I value the therapeutic relationship as central to supporting clients in developing insight, increasing self-awareness, and processing hurts. I utilize a variety of strategies to assist clients with examining their patterns in thought, feelings, and behaviors, to increase understanding, and make adjustments toward improved functioning.
(757) 364-0557 View (757) 364-0557
Photo of Danielle Cummings, Marriage & Family Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Danielle Cummings
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23456  (Online Only)
Maya Angelou once said, "There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you." I believe that each person has a story to tell and I am someone who genuinely wants to know yours. My passion is to deeply connect with each person I come in to contact with and be present with them in that moment. I seek to understand people from all different socio-economic, cultural, racial/ethnic, and spiritual backgrounds. I strive to make an impact on this world for and with the marginalized population. Healing is coming back to ourselves and breaking free from the conditioning and beliefs that limit us. It's a journey of empowerment.
Maya Angelou once said, "There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you." I believe that each person has a story to tell and I am someone who genuinely wants to know yours. My passion is to deeply connect with each person I come in to contact with and be present with them in that moment. I seek to understand people from all different socio-economic, cultural, racial/ethnic, and spiritual backgrounds. I strive to make an impact on this world for and with the marginalized population. Healing is coming back to ourselves and breaking free from the conditioning and beliefs that limit us. It's a journey of empowerment.
(757) 384-1961 View (757) 384-1961
Photo of Leland Hayes Consulting, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Leland Hayes Consulting, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464  (Online Only)
Laura has had a career of serving the community in a variety of settings. She has experience in supporting and counseling families experiencing crisis and trauma as a professional firefighter, trauma medical social worker, and as a licensed clinician focusing on trauma.
Laura has had a career of serving the community in a variety of settings. She has experience in supporting and counseling families experiencing crisis and trauma as a professional firefighter, trauma medical social worker, and as a licensed clinician focusing on trauma.
(757) 267-6604 View (757) 267-6604
Photo of Kennise Baker, Pre-Licensed Professional in Virginia Beach, VA
Kennise Baker
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
Hello, I'm Kennise! My objective is to provide support and education on evidence-based techniques that assist individuals in effectively processing and regulating their emotions. Moreover, I strive to empower clients to construct a life they can take pride in. Taking the initiative to seek assistance is an important step towards self-care, though it can be challenging. Remember, you don't have to navigate this journey solo - let's embark on it together!
Hello, I'm Kennise! My objective is to provide support and education on evidence-based techniques that assist individuals in effectively processing and regulating their emotions. Moreover, I strive to empower clients to construct a life they can take pride in. Taking the initiative to seek assistance is an important step towards self-care, though it can be challenging. Remember, you don't have to navigate this journey solo - let's embark on it together!
(757) 347-8784 x1 View (757) 347-8784 x1
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Virginia Beach, VA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(757) 821-6744 View (757) 821-6744
Photo of Danny Holland, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Danny Holland
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LCMHC, BC-TMH, NCC,ACS
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
I am so glad you have taken the time to seek out a therapist to connect with. Your relationship with your therapist is the most important factor. I have worked with individuals and couples for 32 years and would absolutely love the honor of connecting with you. I have worked with couples struggling with infidelity, blending families, and many other issues. Please call me if you'd like to connect and see if we would be a good match to help you move ahead into the next chapters of your life! I am also to meet with you through telehealth (video) or in person.
I am so glad you have taken the time to seek out a therapist to connect with. Your relationship with your therapist is the most important factor. I have worked with individuals and couples for 32 years and would absolutely love the honor of connecting with you. I have worked with couples struggling with infidelity, blending families, and many other issues. Please call me if you'd like to connect and see if we would be a good match to help you move ahead into the next chapters of your life! I am also to meet with you through telehealth (video) or in person.
(757) 517-2972 View (757) 517-2972
Photo of Emily Nayar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Emily Nayar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23455  (Online Only)
Do you ever feel that you're living in the past? Do the thoughts, memories, and dreams keep coming back? Do you always feel that something bad is going to happen? These are some of the affects of trauma. Others can include panic attacks, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. Unfortunately we can't talk (or logic) our way out of our body and brain's response to trauma, and often we leave talk therapy feeling like we're spinning our wheels. There is good news: we can help your brain and body heal from the trauma so that the past can STAY in the past. Healing is possible, and I'm excited to work with you
Do you ever feel that you're living in the past? Do the thoughts, memories, and dreams keep coming back? Do you always feel that something bad is going to happen? These are some of the affects of trauma. Others can include panic attacks, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. Unfortunately we can't talk (or logic) our way out of our body and brain's response to trauma, and often we leave talk therapy feeling like we're spinning our wheels. There is good news: we can help your brain and body heal from the trauma so that the past can STAY in the past. Healing is possible, and I'm excited to work with you
(757) 260-5059 View (757) 260-5059
Photo of Lacy Biddle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Lacy Biddle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
I encourage individuals to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that prevent personal growth through identifying what changes need to be made to successfully journey toward emotional health, happiness, and hope. I utilize a comprehensive approach to therapy devoted to helping individuals restore and resolve deep issues through exploration of life's struggles and challenges.
I encourage individuals to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that prevent personal growth through identifying what changes need to be made to successfully journey toward emotional health, happiness, and hope. I utilize a comprehensive approach to therapy devoted to helping individuals restore and resolve deep issues through exploration of life's struggles and challenges.
(757) 699-4118 View (757) 699-4118

See more therapy options for Virginia Beach

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
73% Stress
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
75% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Virginia Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.