Therapists in Boca Raton, FL

Photo of Christina Tsonas Doro, Psychologist in Boca Raton, FL
Christina Tsonas Doro
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33486  (Online Only)
Dr. Christina Tsonas Doro has over a decade of experience as a licensed psychologist working with individuals across the adult lifespan who are experiencing anxiety and depression. Utilizing a client-centered approach, she views therapy as a collaborative and individualized process in order to understand each individual’s unique life circumstances and goals for change. Given that people often seek therapy due to feeling stuck in patterns that move them away from the life that they want, she works with patients to increase awareness of these patterns and apply new coping skills to navigate the present day and build a valued life.
Dr. Christina Tsonas Doro has over a decade of experience as a licensed psychologist working with individuals across the adult lifespan who are experiencing anxiety and depression. Utilizing a client-centered approach, she views therapy as a collaborative and individualized process in order to understand each individual’s unique life circumstances and goals for change. Given that people often seek therapy due to feeling stuck in patterns that move them away from the life that they want, she works with patients to increase awareness of these patterns and apply new coping skills to navigate the present day and build a valued life.
(754) 254-6751 View (754) 254-6751
Photo of Lawrence J Levy, Psychologist in Boca Raton, FL
Lawrence J Levy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33432  (Online Only)
Life is not always easy. Sometimes you need to find someone who really can listen to you and hear what is going on. Choosing the right Psychologist is not always easy, either. I can offer you a combination of heart, empathy, and understanding to help you find your own solutions to the problems which face you. My Psychologist office in Boca Raton is accessible from North Broward, Delray Beach and Boynton Beach. Call for an appointment. At this time, because of COVID, I only seeing patients online through teletherapy. That means I can work with you no matter where in Florida you are currently living.
Life is not always easy. Sometimes you need to find someone who really can listen to you and hear what is going on. Choosing the right Psychologist is not always easy, either. I can offer you a combination of heart, empathy, and understanding to help you find your own solutions to the problems which face you. My Psychologist office in Boca Raton is accessible from North Broward, Delray Beach and Boynton Beach. Call for an appointment. At this time, because of COVID, I only seeing patients online through teletherapy. That means I can work with you no matter where in Florida you are currently living.
(561) 739-2242 View (561) 739-2242
Photo of Joann Gorn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Joann Gorn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAP
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33431
I believe change comes only through hard work on the part of both client and therapist. I am a therapist that is willing to provide you with the best quality of care possible, in a safe, comfortable, and confidential setting. I provide a strong but supportive approach to all my clients.
I believe change comes only through hard work on the part of both client and therapist. I am a therapist that is willing to provide you with the best quality of care possible, in a safe, comfortable, and confidential setting. I provide a strong but supportive approach to all my clients.
(561) 463-3950 View (561) 463-3950
Photo of Rachel Araujo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Rachel Araujo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33433
I'm proud to offer my clients Dialectical Behavioral (DBT) therapy, a scientific approach to transformative skills and principles. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, personality disorder symptoms, chronic stress or loneliness it is helpful to have a compassionate therapist in your corner. This is where I enter the picture. I work with you to heal painful emotions, solve problems strategically, strengthen your connections and create a meaningful life. Whatever your struggles may be, let’s face them together.
I'm proud to offer my clients Dialectical Behavioral (DBT) therapy, a scientific approach to transformative skills and principles. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, personality disorder symptoms, chronic stress or loneliness it is helpful to have a compassionate therapist in your corner. This is where I enter the picture. I work with you to heal painful emotions, solve problems strategically, strengthen your connections and create a meaningful life. Whatever your struggles may be, let’s face them together.
(954) 231-1755 View (954) 231-1755
Photo of Courtney Parker Cooper, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Courtney Parker Cooper
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33432
Courtney Cooper is a Licensed Mental Health Therapist with over 30 years’ experience as a mental health counselor, corporate trainer, sales executive and life coach. She has assisted hundreds of individuals in gaining and implementing the skills necessary to achieve their personal and professional goals. Courtney is a graduate of Capella University where she received a Master’s in Mental Health Counseling and she is presently conducting therapy through her online mental health practice. Courtney seeks to empower her clients with positive communication skills, parenting skills, and conflict resolution skills.
Courtney Cooper is a Licensed Mental Health Therapist with over 30 years’ experience as a mental health counselor, corporate trainer, sales executive and life coach. She has assisted hundreds of individuals in gaining and implementing the skills necessary to achieve their personal and professional goals. Courtney is a graduate of Capella University where she received a Master’s in Mental Health Counseling and she is presently conducting therapy through her online mental health practice. Courtney seeks to empower her clients with positive communication skills, parenting skills, and conflict resolution skills.
(954) 420-6851 View (954) 420-6851
Photo of Mark Alper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Mark Alper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33431
Choosing a therapist can seem like a daunting task. I believe the most important element of my job is to create a safe, nonjudgemental environment that helps you to explore feelings, history and conflicts. If I accomplish this task, you will be able to achieve a new level of understanding and resolution. It has been my good fortune to experience the personal growth of my clients throughout my many years of practice. I hope to engage in this type of relationship with you.
Choosing a therapist can seem like a daunting task. I believe the most important element of my job is to create a safe, nonjudgemental environment that helps you to explore feelings, history and conflicts. If I accomplish this task, you will be able to achieve a new level of understanding and resolution. It has been my good fortune to experience the personal growth of my clients throughout my many years of practice. I hope to engage in this type of relationship with you.
(561) 861-3254 View (561) 861-3254
Photo of Amy Milin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Amy Milin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, QS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33432
Do you feel depressed or anxious? Having trouble in a personal or professional relationship? Have you been feeling stuck or as if you’re repeating the same mistakes? Feeling dread, resentment and emptiness? You may feel you have lost your way and could be unsure of what comes next. You have options, even though they may not always be clear. Therapy can help. As a clinician, I pull from a variety of therapeutic styles including Experiential, Narrative, Acceptance and Commitment, Family Systems, Motivational Interviewing, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Do you feel depressed or anxious? Having trouble in a personal or professional relationship? Have you been feeling stuck or as if you’re repeating the same mistakes? Feeling dread, resentment and emptiness? You may feel you have lost your way and could be unsure of what comes next. You have options, even though they may not always be clear. Therapy can help. As a clinician, I pull from a variety of therapeutic styles including Experiential, Narrative, Acceptance and Commitment, Family Systems, Motivational Interviewing, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
(561) 464-5338 View (561) 464-5338
Photo of Jillian McGuire, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Jillian McGuire
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33496  (Online Only)
I am an experienced and compassionate therapist with 10 plus years experience conducting individual and relationship therapy. I work compassionately with clients, providing a safe environment to process past and/or current life circumstances in an effort to find healing and increase fulfillment in daily life. Specialize in issues related to anxiety, depression, and fertility and family planning. Trained in CBT, educated at NYU and University of Pennsylvania. Licensed in FL and NY states.
I am an experienced and compassionate therapist with 10 plus years experience conducting individual and relationship therapy. I work compassionately with clients, providing a safe environment to process past and/or current life circumstances in an effort to find healing and increase fulfillment in daily life. Specialize in issues related to anxiety, depression, and fertility and family planning. Trained in CBT, educated at NYU and University of Pennsylvania. Licensed in FL and NY states.
(561) 220-8498 View (561) 220-8498
Photo of Michael Evans, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Michael Evans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ASAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33434
As a licensed psychotherapist, my greatest strength is the rapport that I build with my clients. I utilize a compassionate and client-centered approach to helping my clients create their personalized understanding of wellness while helping them to feel heard and understood. I am skilled in treating a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, addiction, family conflict, self-esteem, and trauma. I have extensive training in treating mental health disorders, substance abuse, problematic sexual behavior, early adulthood struggles, and family dynamics.
As a licensed psychotherapist, my greatest strength is the rapport that I build with my clients. I utilize a compassionate and client-centered approach to helping my clients create their personalized understanding of wellness while helping them to feel heard and understood. I am skilled in treating a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, addiction, family conflict, self-esteem, and trauma. I have extensive training in treating mental health disorders, substance abuse, problematic sexual behavior, early adulthood struggles, and family dynamics.
(561) 203-9354 View (561) 203-9354
Photo of Diana Marcela Wile-Sellars, Marriage & Family Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Diana Marcela Wile-Sellars
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33433
As a dedicated couple and family therapist, I'm deeply passionate about helping couples, individuals and families navigtate the complexities of their relationships and personal challenges. I whole heartedly believe in the transformative power of therapy and am committed to providing a safe, supportive enviornment where every individual can feel heard, valued, acknowledged and understood. I possess a wealth of both personal and professional knowledge in tackling a diverse array of obstacles that arise along our life's journey.
As a dedicated couple and family therapist, I'm deeply passionate about helping couples, individuals and families navigtate the complexities of their relationships and personal challenges. I whole heartedly believe in the transformative power of therapy and am committed to providing a safe, supportive enviornment where every individual can feel heard, valued, acknowledged and understood. I possess a wealth of both personal and professional knowledge in tackling a diverse array of obstacles that arise along our life's journey.
(954) 388-9082 View (954) 388-9082
Photo of Hilary J Israch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Hilary J Israch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, CIRT, CHT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33432
I strongly believe in the importance of guiding people towards leading a well balanced, fulfilling and creative life. I am an experienced, insightful, culturally sensitive therapist with 29 years of clinical experience. Together with each client or clients I work to build on strengths and achieve life goals in the most creative way. I view difficulties as opportunities to gain more self awareness allowing a more balanced, happier and a more serene self to emerge.As a certified Imago Relationship Therapist I embrace a unique approach to relate to ones partner and transform ones relationship.
I strongly believe in the importance of guiding people towards leading a well balanced, fulfilling and creative life. I am an experienced, insightful, culturally sensitive therapist with 29 years of clinical experience. Together with each client or clients I work to build on strengths and achieve life goals in the most creative way. I view difficulties as opportunities to gain more self awareness allowing a more balanced, happier and a more serene self to emerge.As a certified Imago Relationship Therapist I embrace a unique approach to relate to ones partner and transform ones relationship.
(561) 576-1365 View (561) 576-1365
Photo of Ellen Sherman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Ellen Sherman
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33432  (Online Only)
Mental health issues are important in every aspect of existence and my ideal client is anyone who is motivated to improve their life.
Mental health issues are important in every aspect of existence and my ideal client is anyone who is motivated to improve their life.
(561) 532-1140 View (561) 532-1140
Photo of Laura Bromberg Kreiger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Laura Bromberg Kreiger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33431
My clients are often individuals who want to grow and learn more about themselves. My clients may feel stuck in their lives, or may be going through a life transition. My training in Cognitive Therapy is vital in helping my clients understand their thought processes and how it effects their mood and behaviors. My work experiences including FAU Student Counseling and Psychological Services, The Renfrew Center, Laurel Hill Inn Residential Eating Disorder Program, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Brigham & Women's Faulkner Hospital, and The Women's Therapy Center give me a thorough background in working with many issues.
My clients are often individuals who want to grow and learn more about themselves. My clients may feel stuck in their lives, or may be going through a life transition. My training in Cognitive Therapy is vital in helping my clients understand their thought processes and how it effects their mood and behaviors. My work experiences including FAU Student Counseling and Psychological Services, The Renfrew Center, Laurel Hill Inn Residential Eating Disorder Program, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Brigham & Women's Faulkner Hospital, and The Women's Therapy Center give me a thorough background in working with many issues.
(561) 376-0164 View (561) 376-0164
Photo of Yocheved Gotkin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Yocheved Gotkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PATP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33434
I believe wellness is a balance of nurturing mind, body, and soul as well as breaking through our limiting and negative beliefs. I work with adults with mental health challenges, early childhood/life traumas, and general life stressors. In my experience, we can all shift, change, and grow to become the best version of ourselves, but you must take the first step. I am here to facilitate that change with you. I use a person centered approach, mindfulness/meditation, principles from IFS, CBT, and explore unhealthy attachment and relationships.
I believe wellness is a balance of nurturing mind, body, and soul as well as breaking through our limiting and negative beliefs. I work with adults with mental health challenges, early childhood/life traumas, and general life stressors. In my experience, we can all shift, change, and grow to become the best version of ourselves, but you must take the first step. I am here to facilitate that change with you. I use a person centered approach, mindfulness/meditation, principles from IFS, CBT, and explore unhealthy attachment and relationships.
(754) 205-3596 View (754) 205-3596
Photo of Howard Groveman, LMHC, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Howard Groveman, LMHC
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33433
It is time to free yourself of anxiety, depression, and fear. You can learn the skills to live more freely in the moment and achieve your goals. I am certified in EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing) and am well versed in CBT( Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), DBT (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy), MBSR (Mindfulness Based Stress reduction. I have had success working with individuals and couples on overcoming a variety of challenges, such as trauma, addictions, anxiety, depression, and many other mental health challenges. Let us work together to achieve your goals.
It is time to free yourself of anxiety, depression, and fear. You can learn the skills to live more freely in the moment and achieve your goals. I am certified in EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing) and am well versed in CBT( Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), DBT (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy), MBSR (Mindfulness Based Stress reduction. I have had success working with individuals and couples on overcoming a variety of challenges, such as trauma, addictions, anxiety, depression, and many other mental health challenges. Let us work together to achieve your goals.
(754) 212-8460 View (754) 212-8460
Photo of Arielle Kanitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Arielle Kanitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33432
Are intense emotions overwhelming you? Are relationships feeling challenging and unfulfilling? Do feelings of emptiness, loneliness, and purposelessness weigh you down? Coping with stress, anxiety, and depression might seem like an uphill battle. Negative self-talk and self-destructive behaviors might be your constant companions. If you're facing these challenges, I'm here to offer support and help you find your way to a more balanced and fulfilling life.
Are intense emotions overwhelming you? Are relationships feeling challenging and unfulfilling? Do feelings of emptiness, loneliness, and purposelessness weigh you down? Coping with stress, anxiety, and depression might seem like an uphill battle. Negative self-talk and self-destructive behaviors might be your constant companions. If you're facing these challenges, I'm here to offer support and help you find your way to a more balanced and fulfilling life.
(561) 867-3189 View (561) 867-3189
Photo of Molly Ozeri, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boca Raton, FL
Molly Ozeri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33433
Life transitions can sometimes shake our world. From the birth of a baby through the loss of someone close, and all of the “who am I?” marriage/ sex/ divorce quandaries in between, we human beings often need Help. Guidance. Perspective. Molly Ozeri is a medical and clinical therapist with years of experience helping individuals, couples, and children through the intimate and painful moments that make up our lives: the birth or death of a child, fragility of sexual-relational needs, rebuilding couples goals, navigating divorce, living with medical complexities, end of life necessities, and examining body+mind+spirit.
Life transitions can sometimes shake our world. From the birth of a baby through the loss of someone close, and all of the “who am I?” marriage/ sex/ divorce quandaries in between, we human beings often need Help. Guidance. Perspective. Molly Ozeri is a medical and clinical therapist with years of experience helping individuals, couples, and children through the intimate and painful moments that make up our lives: the birth or death of a child, fragility of sexual-relational needs, rebuilding couples goals, navigating divorce, living with medical complexities, end of life necessities, and examining body+mind+spirit.
(954) 420-8685 View (954) 420-8685
Photo of Jessie Levine, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern in Boca Raton, FL
Jessie Levine
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS, RMHCI
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33434  (Online Only)
I am a firm believer in achieving healing through connecting the unconscious to the conscious as well as understanding issues rooted in childhood. I also believe in holistic healing and the mental and physical wellness connection. In addition to my psychodynamic style, I utilize an integrative model in my theoretical approach tailored to each client's needs.
I am a firm believer in achieving healing through connecting the unconscious to the conscious as well as understanding issues rooted in childhood. I also believe in holistic healing and the mental and physical wellness connection. In addition to my psychodynamic style, I utilize an integrative model in my theoretical approach tailored to each client's needs.
(954) 480-3737 View (954) 480-3737
Photo of Carrie Ann Convers, Counselor in Boca Raton, FL
Carrie Ann Convers
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, MEd
Verified Verified
27 Endorsed
Boca Raton, FL 33433
My passion is helping transgender/gender diverse folks and the people that love them throughout their transition journey. I specialize in working with the LGBTQIA+ community and healing trauma. I aim to provide a safe and accepting place for you to share your journey and take the first steps to finding and loving yourself. Together we will explore how to navigate relationships through this time of change and create the fulfilling life you deserve.
My passion is helping transgender/gender diverse folks and the people that love them throughout their transition journey. I specialize in working with the LGBTQIA+ community and healing trauma. I aim to provide a safe and accepting place for you to share your journey and take the first steps to finding and loving yourself. Together we will explore how to navigate relationships through this time of change and create the fulfilling life you deserve.
(754) 701-2836 View (754) 701-2836
Photo of Shirly Gilad in Boca Raton, FL
Shirly Gilad
CCht, FNP, MS, RChom
Verified Verified
Boca Raton, FL 33486
In order to achieve well being we must integrate the health of our mind and our body. As a leading international specialist, with over 25 years of experience, Shirly is a pioneer in her field, using an integrative cutting edge approach to facilitate rapid changes in her clients. Changes that traditionally can take years of intervention, Shirly can accomplish in as few as 3-5 sessions.
In order to achieve well being we must integrate the health of our mind and our body. As a leading international specialist, with over 25 years of experience, Shirly is a pioneer in her field, using an integrative cutting edge approach to facilitate rapid changes in her clients. Changes that traditionally can take years of intervention, Shirly can accomplish in as few as 3-5 sessions.
(561) 286-3798 View (561) 286-3798

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Boca Raton, FL

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Boca Raton, FL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues
73% Coping Skills
67% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
73% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
69% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Boca Raton, FL see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Boca Raton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.