Therapists in Jackson Ward, Richmond, VA

Photo of Laurencia C. duSantos, Psychologist, PsyD, LCP, C-DBT
Laurencia C. duSantos
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP, C-DBT
1 Endorsed
Jackson Ward, Richmond, VA 23219
I am a Doctor of Psychology specializing in Clinical Psychology. I provide therapy as well as psychological, neuropsychological, educational, disability, and court-related evaluations: criminal cases, immigration, child abuse/neglect, adoption, and divorce or custody. I work with individuals of all ages and diagnose a wide range of conditions, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, autism, intellectual disabilities, learning disorders, emotional and behavioral challenges, and brain-related injuries. I make recommendations for medication management, school or workplace accommodations, disability claims and more.
I am a Doctor of Psychology specializing in Clinical Psychology. I provide therapy as well as psychological, neuropsychological, educational, disability, and court-related evaluations: criminal cases, immigration, child abuse/neglect, adoption, and divorce or custody. I work with individuals of all ages and diagnose a wide range of conditions, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, autism, intellectual disabilities, learning disorders, emotional and behavioral challenges, and brain-related injuries. I make recommendations for medication management, school or workplace accommodations, disability claims and more.
(703) 348-9174 View (703) 348-9174
Photo of Blair S Caldwell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Blair S Caldwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety and/or depression? Do feel like your life is out of control due to obsessions with food, alcohol or drugs? Do you have unwanted behaviors that you cannot seem to change? I believe that we all have the ability to heal from emotional pain and suffering and that we sometimes need a little help to do so. Through a variety of techniques, I can help you can adjust thought processes, decrease the intensity of emotions, change behaviors, learn new skills and begin to experience a sense of peace and balance in your life.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety and/or depression? Do feel like your life is out of control due to obsessions with food, alcohol or drugs? Do you have unwanted behaviors that you cannot seem to change? I believe that we all have the ability to heal from emotional pain and suffering and that we sometimes need a little help to do so. Through a variety of techniques, I can help you can adjust thought processes, decrease the intensity of emotions, change behaviors, learn new skills and begin to experience a sense of peace and balance in your life.
(804) 681-2317 View (804) 681-2317
Photo of Tammy Simms, Pre-Licensed Professional
Tammy Simms
Pre-Licensed Professional
Serves Area
I’m Tammy Simms, a supervisor in Social Work with over 10 years of experience in the mental health field, working with children as young as age 5 and adults up to age 99. I enjoy assisting individuals in managing life issues, including grief, anxiety, depression, anger, PTSD, and trauma.
I’m Tammy Simms, a supervisor in Social Work with over 10 years of experience in the mental health field, working with children as young as age 5 and adults up to age 99. I enjoy assisting individuals in managing life issues, including grief, anxiety, depression, anger, PTSD, and trauma.
(804) 391-0173 View (804) 391-0173
Photo of Naomi Hunt, Pre-Licensed Professional
Naomi Hunt
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work best with people who feel something no longer fits and are ready to try a new way. Whether the challenge is personal, relational, or professional, what matters most is a sense that something no longer fits, and a readiness to do something different. You don’t need to have it all figured out—just a willingness to explore, reflect, and move forward.
I work best with people who feel something no longer fits and are ready to try a new way. Whether the challenge is personal, relational, or professional, what matters most is a sense that something no longer fits, and a readiness to do something different. You don’t need to have it all figured out—just a willingness to explore, reflect, and move forward.
(804) 607-9948 View (804) 607-9948
Photo of Bethany Larson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Bethany Larson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer a warm, attuned space where all parts of you are welcome. My approach is grounded in Internal Family Systems (IFS), a compassionate and transformative model that helps you connect with your innate wisdom and heal from within. Whether you’re navigating anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, complex trauma, or life transitions, therapy with me is a place to slow down, deepen self-understanding, and build a more grounded, trusting relationship with yourself. Together, we’ll explore your inner world with curiosity, clarity, and care.
I offer a warm, attuned space where all parts of you are welcome. My approach is grounded in Internal Family Systems (IFS), a compassionate and transformative model that helps you connect with your innate wisdom and heal from within. Whether you’re navigating anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, complex trauma, or life transitions, therapy with me is a place to slow down, deepen self-understanding, and build a more grounded, trusting relationship with yourself. Together, we’ll explore your inner world with curiosity, clarity, and care.
(571) 421-2495 View (571) 421-2495
Photo of Monika Isip, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR
Monika Isip
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Welcome! I'm glad that our paths have crossed. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor and Registered Art Therapist with over 18 years of experience. My aim is to help clients navigate confusion, practice new ways of understanding and responding to experiences, meet themselves with compassion, and connect with their inherent vitality. Through my practice, Vitality Counseling and Art Therapy, I often support clients who have encountered change, chronic stress, or trauma. Some report feeling too intensely, while others feel detached. Often, their relationships are impacted. I serve adults of all ages and teens 17+
Welcome! I'm glad that our paths have crossed. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor and Registered Art Therapist with over 18 years of experience. My aim is to help clients navigate confusion, practice new ways of understanding and responding to experiences, meet themselves with compassion, and connect with their inherent vitality. Through my practice, Vitality Counseling and Art Therapy, I often support clients who have encountered change, chronic stress, or trauma. Some report feeling too intensely, while others feel detached. Often, their relationships are impacted. I serve adults of all ages and teens 17+
(757) 267-4718 View (757) 267-4718
Photo of Sarajayne Vanover, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sarajayne Vanover
Pre-Licensed Professional
Serves Area
I am Sarajayne Vanover, a Supervisee in Social Work with 5 years of experience in case management. I have worked with children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults from diverse backgrounds. I have treated children with behavioral and emotional challenges, trauma histories, and family instability. I enjoy helping clients develop coping skills for depression, anxiety, life transitions, and daily struggles. I understand the impact that positive support can have and seek to help clients meet their goals. I strive to provide validation and support by understanding who my clients are and what they’ve experienced.
I am Sarajayne Vanover, a Supervisee in Social Work with 5 years of experience in case management. I have worked with children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults from diverse backgrounds. I have treated children with behavioral and emotional challenges, trauma histories, and family instability. I enjoy helping clients develop coping skills for depression, anxiety, life transitions, and daily struggles. I understand the impact that positive support can have and seek to help clients meet their goals. I strive to provide validation and support by understanding who my clients are and what they’ve experienced.
(804) 587-7492 View (804) 587-7492
Photo of Dr. Jessica Grove, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Jessica Grove
Psychologist, PsyD
10 Endorsed
Serves Area
Living with a medical condition is exhausting. You’ve probably learned that even getting care can feel like a full-time job - scheduling, advocating, explaining the same story again and again. It all takes a toll. You don't need to manage health-related stress on your own. At Virginia Health and Medical Psychology, we specialize in helping people navigate complex disorders like chronic pain, chronic illness, obesity/weight loss, or cancer. Together, we can find ways to help you prioritize your emotional and physical health, set up routines that are conducive to healing, and have a space to unpack what you're going through.
Living with a medical condition is exhausting. You’ve probably learned that even getting care can feel like a full-time job - scheduling, advocating, explaining the same story again and again. It all takes a toll. You don't need to manage health-related stress on your own. At Virginia Health and Medical Psychology, we specialize in helping people navigate complex disorders like chronic pain, chronic illness, obesity/weight loss, or cancer. Together, we can find ways to help you prioritize your emotional and physical health, set up routines that are conducive to healing, and have a space to unpack what you're going through.
(804) 567-8758 View (804) 567-8758
Photo of Whitley Frazier, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Whitley Frazier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Are you feeling stuck and weighed down by past experiences? Do you often find yourself questioning your worth, replaying painful memories, or struggling to trust others? You might feel like you’re trying to move forward but can’t escape the hold of your past. It’s exhausting feeling like you’re navigating this on your own, longing for peace and connection but unsure where to start. If this feels familiar, I’m here to walk with you on your path to healing and renewed strength.
Are you feeling stuck and weighed down by past experiences? Do you often find yourself questioning your worth, replaying painful memories, or struggling to trust others? You might feel like you’re trying to move forward but can’t escape the hold of your past. It’s exhausting feeling like you’re navigating this on your own, longing for peace and connection but unsure where to start. If this feels familiar, I’m here to walk with you on your path to healing and renewed strength.
(912) 520-3004 View (912) 520-3004
Photo of Tamera Peterson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Tamera Peterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hello, my name is Tamera Peterson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals and families in community-based settings as a counselor and working with individuals living with intellectual and developmental disabilities. I also have experience working with adults, teens, and adolescents who've experienced trauma, relationship issues, anxiety, depression, ADHD, and dual diagnosis. I believe wholeheartedly in the mind, body, and soul connection.
Hello, my name is Tamera Peterson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals and families in community-based settings as a counselor and working with individuals living with intellectual and developmental disabilities. I also have experience working with adults, teens, and adolescents who've experienced trauma, relationship issues, anxiety, depression, ADHD, and dual diagnosis. I believe wholeheartedly in the mind, body, and soul connection.
(804) 979-2212 View (804) 979-2212
Photo of Lauren Tuszynski, Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Lauren Tuszynski
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Serves Area
Worried about your child’s big feelings, focus, or school stress? I work with ages 4–18 using play-based, developmentally appropriate therapy that feels safe and engaging. I help with anxiety, mood swings, bullying/peer stress, attention and executive function, and family or school transitions. Parents are partners: we set clear goals, do brief check-ins, and add simple at-home tools. With consent, I can coordinate with teachers or pediatricians. Families often see early wins, calmer mornings, fewer meltdowns, better communication.
Worried about your child’s big feelings, focus, or school stress? I work with ages 4–18 using play-based, developmentally appropriate therapy that feels safe and engaging. I help with anxiety, mood swings, bullying/peer stress, attention and executive function, and family or school transitions. Parents are partners: we set clear goals, do brief check-ins, and add simple at-home tools. With consent, I can coordinate with teachers or pediatricians. Families often see early wins, calmer mornings, fewer meltdowns, better communication.
(757) 982-8493 View (757) 982-8493
Photo of Alexis Zornitta - Advanced Trauma Recovery & Mental Healthcare, LLC, Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Advanced Trauma Recovery & Mental Healthcare, LLC
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Serves Area
Do you struggle with feeling triggered, relationship problems, flashbacks, nightmares, depression, avoidance, or anxiety? Our Psychologists are here to help you work through past trauma, abuse, critical incidents, adversity, and life threatening events that continue to negatively impact your life.
Do you struggle with feeling triggered, relationship problems, flashbacks, nightmares, depression, avoidance, or anxiety? Our Psychologists are here to help you work through past trauma, abuse, critical incidents, adversity, and life threatening events that continue to negatively impact your life.
(757) 792-8401 View (757) 792-8401
Photo of Bret Rawlings, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Bret Rawlings
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
7 Endorsed
Serves Area
Relationships are my passion and focus. I counsel individuals and couples who are navigating conflict, communication issues, betrayal, infidelity, emotional detachment, depression and anxiety. I believe that all of our histories shape who we become, how we feel, and how we act. My therapy style is about connection, cooperation, and the healing of old wounds and past hurts that affect current behaviors. If you are struggling with anxiety, trauma, relationships, or just don't know how to move forward, I would be honored to help you find your next steps.
Relationships are my passion and focus. I counsel individuals and couples who are navigating conflict, communication issues, betrayal, infidelity, emotional detachment, depression and anxiety. I believe that all of our histories shape who we become, how we feel, and how we act. My therapy style is about connection, cooperation, and the healing of old wounds and past hurts that affect current behaviors. If you are struggling with anxiety, trauma, relationships, or just don't know how to move forward, I would be honored to help you find your next steps.
(757) 906-3979 View (757) 906-3979
Photo of Katherine Meyersohn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RYT 500, Reiki
Katherine Meyersohn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RYT 500, Reiki
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
As the founder of The Healing Arts Center of Richmond, I embrace an innovative, strengths-based, truly holistic approach to therapy & wellness. Drawing on over 20 yrs. of experience & expertise in trauma, grief, & critical incident/crisis work (including religious trauma), I blend traditional & complementary therapies/modalities to treat the whole person - Mind-Body-Spirit. I integrate CBT, EMDR, MARI, GIM, Yoga, Reiki, WFPBN, PLR, to assist & empower clients to develop the essential skills, practices, & resilience to make healthy & lasting changes, to promote healing, & optimal wellness, & to reach their highest aspirations.
As the founder of The Healing Arts Center of Richmond, I embrace an innovative, strengths-based, truly holistic approach to therapy & wellness. Drawing on over 20 yrs. of experience & expertise in trauma, grief, & critical incident/crisis work (including religious trauma), I blend traditional & complementary therapies/modalities to treat the whole person - Mind-Body-Spirit. I integrate CBT, EMDR, MARI, GIM, Yoga, Reiki, WFPBN, PLR, to assist & empower clients to develop the essential skills, practices, & resilience to make healthy & lasting changes, to promote healing, & optimal wellness, & to reach their highest aspirations.
(804) 265-4143 View (804) 265-4143
Photo of Erin Choice, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Erin Choice
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Serves Area
Are you ready to grow, even if you're unsure how to begin? Feeling stuck in anxiety, weighed down by past trauma, or uncertain about their relationships or the future? Craving clarity, connection, or confidence? Tired of survival mode and want to thrive: emotionally, mentally, or spiritually? This is a space where you can be yourself fully, free from judgment. If you are open to exploring new tools and perspectives, want real change, let's work together to reach for it. You've shown your courage by beginning the search!
Are you ready to grow, even if you're unsure how to begin? Feeling stuck in anxiety, weighed down by past trauma, or uncertain about their relationships or the future? Craving clarity, connection, or confidence? Tired of survival mode and want to thrive: emotionally, mentally, or spiritually? This is a space where you can be yourself fully, free from judgment. If you are open to exploring new tools and perspectives, want real change, let's work together to reach for it. You've shown your courage by beginning the search!
(804) 294-4619 View (804) 294-4619
Photo of Darryl Brooks - Viaduct Health LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Viaduct Health LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Mission Statement: To offer accessible, affordable and quality mental health services and addictive behavioral services to individuals and their families. Vision Statement: We envision transparency between clinicians, mental health staff, families and communities to openly engage in the mental health process through therapeutic recovery which promotes generational healing.
Mission Statement: To offer accessible, affordable and quality mental health services and addictive behavioral services to individuals and their families. Vision Statement: We envision transparency between clinicians, mental health staff, families and communities to openly engage in the mental health process through therapeutic recovery which promotes generational healing.
(229) 860-2319 View (229) 860-2319
Photo of Elaina McWilliams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Elaina McWilliams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Serves Area
Are you struggling with shaking old habits, managing your anxiety, channeling strong emotions, or navigating relationship conflicts? We can work together to help you understand why you are feeling stuck and how to move forward. I also specialize in helping people understand and heal from past trauma and other difficult life experiences. My clients tell me that our work has helped them feel more connected, confident, and free to pursue the things they want in life.
Are you struggling with shaking old habits, managing your anxiety, channeling strong emotions, or navigating relationship conflicts? We can work together to help you understand why you are feeling stuck and how to move forward. I also specialize in helping people understand and heal from past trauma and other difficult life experiences. My clients tell me that our work has helped them feel more connected, confident, and free to pursue the things they want in life.
(410) 376-8178 View (410) 376-8178
Photo of Anne Bowerman Foster - Abby Foster, Two Wolves Collaborative, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, MAC, CPSS
Abby Foster, Two Wolves Collaborative
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP, MAC, CPSS
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
What does it mean to live? Living is more than mere existence. It’s about experiencing joy, feeling connected, and finding purpose. It’s about overcoming challenges, embracing growth, and building resilience. Therapy is a catalyst for this transformation. It's a space where you can explore who you are, understand your patterns, and develop tools to overcome obstacles. As a therapist with lived addiction and mental health recovery, I offer a safe, compassionate space where you can begin to heal and reclaim your life with someone who's been there.
What does it mean to live? Living is more than mere existence. It’s about experiencing joy, feeling connected, and finding purpose. It’s about overcoming challenges, embracing growth, and building resilience. Therapy is a catalyst for this transformation. It's a space where you can explore who you are, understand your patterns, and develop tools to overcome obstacles. As a therapist with lived addiction and mental health recovery, I offer a safe, compassionate space where you can begin to heal and reclaim your life with someone who's been there.
(843) 896-2814 View (843) 896-2814
Photo of Christopher Adcock, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Christopher Adcock
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 5 years of experience providing therapeutic interventions to help individuals navigate life’s challenges. My experience spans diverse settings, from the emergency room to retirement communities, working with individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, and caregiving responsibilities for loved ones with Alzheimer’s or dementia. I earned my Master of Social Work (MSW) at Virginia Commonwealth University and trained as a clinician at MCV/VCU Health.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 5 years of experience providing therapeutic interventions to help individuals navigate life’s challenges. My experience spans diverse settings, from the emergency room to retirement communities, working with individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, and caregiving responsibilities for loved ones with Alzheimer’s or dementia. I earned my Master of Social Work (MSW) at Virginia Commonwealth University and trained as a clinician at MCV/VCU Health.
(804) 635-3518 View (804) 635-3518
Photo of Rev. Brooke Lee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, SCPE, MDiv, LCSW
Rev. Brooke Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, SCPE, MDiv, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I believe in integrating mental health and spirituality, whether clients are believers in a higher power or exploring their paths. By incorporating practices like mindfulness and prayer, alongside practical problem-solving skills, I aim to create a holistic and supportive environment for growth. Cultural influences play a significant role in my practice, and I strive to ensure that my work is relevant and respectful to each individual’s background. My goal is to empower clients to achieve a balanced, fulfilling life. Let’s work together to discover your path to thriving!
I believe in integrating mental health and spirituality, whether clients are believers in a higher power or exploring their paths. By incorporating practices like mindfulness and prayer, alongside practical problem-solving skills, I aim to create a holistic and supportive environment for growth. Cultural influences play a significant role in my practice, and I strive to ensure that my work is relevant and respectful to each individual’s background. My goal is to empower clients to achieve a balanced, fulfilling life. Let’s work together to discover your path to thriving!
(804) 207-5403 View (804) 207-5403

See more therapy options for Jackson Ward, Richmond

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Jackson Ward, Richmond, VA

100+

Average cost per session

$137

Therapists in Jackson Ward, Richmond, VA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
71% Coping Skills
68% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
62% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
76% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Jackson Ward, Richmond, VA see their clients

62% Online Only
38% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

87% Female
12% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Jackson Ward, Richmond?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.