Therapists in Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA

Photo of Bernard Heyward - The MARCS Agency LLC, Resident in Counseling, PsyD, LMHP-R
The MARCS Agency LLC
Resident in Counseling, PsyD, LMHP-R
Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA 23220
Waitlist for new clients
We “Motivate Adolescents and Adults to Reinforce Change for Success” through comprehensive, collaborative, programs and services. We believe all people can learn to become responsible, contributing and self-reliant members of society. We strive to offer individuals from all economic, cultural and social backgrounds access to the resources, support and opportunities that will enable them to overcome barriers and achieve their positive potential in life. Our services are person-centered, with the needs and strengths of the individual and family dictating the types and mix of services provided.
We “Motivate Adolescents and Adults to Reinforce Change for Success” through comprehensive, collaborative, programs and services. We believe all people can learn to become responsible, contributing and self-reliant members of society. We strive to offer individuals from all economic, cultural and social backgrounds access to the resources, support and opportunities that will enable them to overcome barriers and achieve their positive potential in life. Our services are person-centered, with the needs and strengths of the individual and family dictating the types and mix of services provided.
(804) 567-7676 View (804) 567-7676
Photo of Ronald T Lowery - Lowery Coaching & Consulting Services, LLC, QMHP-A, QMHP-C , CCTP
Lowery Coaching & Consulting Services, LLC
Verified Verified
Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA 23232
The mission of Lowery Coaching & Consulting Services, LLC is to cultivate and create a coaching atmosphere that will help individuals identify the desires of their lives without continual contemplation. As your professional life coach, I desire to help you bridge the gap between your reality and the visionary plan you have for your life. I specialize in clinical, spiritual, and holistic life coaching. I am committed to serving diverse populations of adolescents and adults across all genders, races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses. Offering personal, parenting/family, confidence, transitional, and Christian coaching.
The mission of Lowery Coaching & Consulting Services, LLC is to cultivate and create a coaching atmosphere that will help individuals identify the desires of their lives without continual contemplation. As your professional life coach, I desire to help you bridge the gap between your reality and the visionary plan you have for your life. I specialize in clinical, spiritual, and holistic life coaching. I am committed to serving diverse populations of adolescents and adults across all genders, races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses. Offering personal, parenting/family, confidence, transitional, and Christian coaching.
(804) 207-7513 View (804) 207-7513
Photo of Marcia Thompson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marcia Thompson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
I am a clinical social worker licensed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Texas, Arizona, Arkansas and California. I have 37 years of mental health experience working with adults and children. I have worked with clients with a wide range of mental health issues including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting problems and ADHD. I also helped many people who have experienced physical trauma or emotional abuse. I believe in working from a holistic/ empowering approach, tending to the mind, body and spirit of the individual and family.The strategies, and skills that I use most in my work are from.
I am a clinical social worker licensed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Texas, Arizona, Arkansas and California. I have 37 years of mental health experience working with adults and children. I have worked with clients with a wide range of mental health issues including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting problems and ADHD. I also helped many people who have experienced physical trauma or emotional abuse. I believe in working from a holistic/ empowering approach, tending to the mind, body and spirit of the individual and family.The strategies, and skills that I use most in my work are from.
(571) 603-7548 View (571) 603-7548
Photo of Dr. Darlise Baron, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-QS, CAP, CHT, CST
Dr. Darlise Baron
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-QS, CAP, CHT, CST
4 Endorsed
Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA 23232
Greetings! My name is Dr. Darlise Baron, I am the CEO of Baron Counseling Services LLC. I have been in the field of Social Work for over 23 years. I earned my doctorate degree in Sexology, Licensed clinical social worker, Certified Addiction Professional and a certified Hypnotherapist. In addition, I specialize in hypnosis, anger management, substance abuse, domestic violence, parenting, family issues, relationship concerns, grief counseling and struggles with everyday living. I provide services to Children, Adults, Families, Couples, Veterans, First Responders, LGBTQ+, and Celebrities.
Greetings! My name is Dr. Darlise Baron, I am the CEO of Baron Counseling Services LLC. I have been in the field of Social Work for over 23 years. I earned my doctorate degree in Sexology, Licensed clinical social worker, Certified Addiction Professional and a certified Hypnotherapist. In addition, I specialize in hypnosis, anger management, substance abuse, domestic violence, parenting, family issues, relationship concerns, grief counseling and struggles with everyday living. I provide services to Children, Adults, Families, Couples, Veterans, First Responders, LGBTQ+, and Celebrities.
(786) 574-3468 View (786) 574-3468
Photo of Desire Petrin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Desire Petrin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
I work mainly with motivated professionals aged 28-45 (but accept clients 16+) who face the challenges of anxiety symptoms, ADHD symptoms, feeling stuck in their lives, and the lingering impact of family, childhood, or military trauma. Through a comprehensive approach that integrates evidence-based modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma-Focused CBT, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, cognitive reframing, and mindfulness techniques,
I work mainly with motivated professionals aged 28-45 (but accept clients 16+) who face the challenges of anxiety symptoms, ADHD symptoms, feeling stuck in their lives, and the lingering impact of family, childhood, or military trauma. Through a comprehensive approach that integrates evidence-based modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma-Focused CBT, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, cognitive reframing, and mindfulness techniques,
(757) 992-8946 View (757) 992-8946
Photo of Jeremy Rash, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jeremy Rash
Licensed Professional Counselor
Online Only
I am a compassionate, professional, and dedicated Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Virginia. Overall, I have almost 9 years of experience in the mental health field working with various populations in different settings (i.e. community based services such as mental health skills building, partial hospitalization for substance use/mental health, outpatient while in Residency). My main modality/training is in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT); however
I am a compassionate, professional, and dedicated Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Virginia. Overall, I have almost 9 years of experience in the mental health field working with various populations in different settings (i.e. community based services such as mental health skills building, partial hospitalization for substance use/mental health, outpatient while in Residency). My main modality/training is in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT); however
(757) 231-9862 View (757) 231-9862
Photo of Angela Vines, Licensed Professional Counselor
Angela Vines
Licensed Professional Counselor
Online Only
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia. I also hold certifications as a National Certified Counselor and Anger Management Specialist II. I use a therapeutic approach to treat clients experiencing the symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and grief. In addition, I also have experience working with clients experiencing anger management issues, desiring work/life balance, and relationship issues. While inspiring change and solutions; my services work to improve and establish relationships through therapeutic practices.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia. I also hold certifications as a National Certified Counselor and Anger Management Specialist II. I use a therapeutic approach to treat clients experiencing the symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and grief. In addition, I also have experience working with clients experiencing anger management issues, desiring work/life balance, and relationship issues. While inspiring change and solutions; my services work to improve and establish relationships through therapeutic practices.
(571) 427-0541 View (571) 427-0541
Photo of Behnaz Gitipour, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Behnaz Gitipour
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
My great passion is bringing healing to individuals who have been through stressful/traumatic experiences. I help my clients find the right direction in their lives and meet their unique needs.
My great passion is bringing healing to individuals who have been through stressful/traumatic experiences. I help my clients find the right direction in their lives and meet their unique needs.
(571) 609-3229 View (571) 609-3229
Photo of Helen Braxton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Helen Braxton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
I have over 17 years of providing services to adults, children and families. I enjoy helping others find their own resolution to their problems.I have experience providing counseling services to a variety of individuals in various settings within the community. I have studied many modalities to bring healing to those in need. I am a life, long learner inspired by the abundance of opportunities available to broaden and enrich the lives of my clients. I have training in trauma-informed care and I utilize a collaborative and compassionate approach to counseling in an effort to foster hope, healing and resilience.
I have over 17 years of providing services to adults, children and families. I enjoy helping others find their own resolution to their problems.I have experience providing counseling services to a variety of individuals in various settings within the community. I have studied many modalities to bring healing to those in need. I am a life, long learner inspired by the abundance of opportunities available to broaden and enrich the lives of my clients. I have training in trauma-informed care and I utilize a collaborative and compassionate approach to counseling in an effort to foster hope, healing and resilience.
(757) 522-2484 View (757) 522-2484
Photo of Holly Wingate, Licensed Professional Counselor
Holly Wingate
Licensed Professional Counselor
Online Only
Hi, my name is Holly Anne Wingate and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Georgia, Florida, and Virginia who has over 20 years of experience providing assessment and therapy to adults, adolescents, and couples seeking help with anxiety/depression, trauma-related problems, alcohol, and drug addiction, relationship problems, personality disorders, and LGBTQ related issues. I'll be a strong and concerned ally for you and will give all of my attention to the complexity of your situation and, along with you (you really are the expert when it comes to who you are), will develop a plan to tackle the situation and remedy the issues be
Hi, my name is Holly Anne Wingate and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Georgia, Florida, and Virginia who has over 20 years of experience providing assessment and therapy to adults, adolescents, and couples seeking help with anxiety/depression, trauma-related problems, alcohol, and drug addiction, relationship problems, personality disorders, and LGBTQ related issues. I'll be a strong and concerned ally for you and will give all of my attention to the complexity of your situation and, along with you (you really are the expert when it comes to who you are), will develop a plan to tackle the situation and remedy the issues be
(757) 586-4201 View (757) 586-4201
Photo of Karen Pender, Licensed Professional Counselor
Karen Pender
Licensed Professional Counselor
Online Only
Karen Pender creates a safe and respectful space where her clients can share their innermost thoughts, emotions and feelings without judgment or blame. She empowers clients to cope with stress, build resilience, and reclaim their agency and dignity, through the use of evidence-based and culturally appropriate interventions that address the root causes of trauma, and promotes healing and wellness. In her practice Karen provides psychotherapeutic services to clients ages 18 to 85, individual therapy,
Karen Pender creates a safe and respectful space where her clients can share their innermost thoughts, emotions and feelings without judgment or blame. She empowers clients to cope with stress, build resilience, and reclaim their agency and dignity, through the use of evidence-based and culturally appropriate interventions that address the root causes of trauma, and promotes healing and wellness. In her practice Karen provides psychotherapeutic services to clients ages 18 to 85, individual therapy,
(540) 787-2948 View (540) 787-2948
Photo of Cherie Taylor, Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC
Cherie Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC
Online Only
Congratulations on making a commitment to invest in your growth and positive life changes! Therapy isn't always easy, but if you are willing to do the work, I can provide the tools needed to help you be your best self. I have dedicated my professional career to helping people help themselves through life's biggest challenges. I have experience working with teens and adults in obtaining and maintaining every facet of healthy living. I adhere to a strengths-based, CBT approach that is client-centered and solution-focused.
Congratulations on making a commitment to invest in your growth and positive life changes! Therapy isn't always easy, but if you are willing to do the work, I can provide the tools needed to help you be your best self. I have dedicated my professional career to helping people help themselves through life's biggest challenges. I have experience working with teens and adults in obtaining and maintaining every facet of healthy living. I adhere to a strengths-based, CBT approach that is client-centered and solution-focused.
(571) 496-9740 View (571) 496-9740

Online Therapists

Photo of Kerry Lutz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CST
Kerry Lutz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CST
Online Only
I am a telehealth-only therapist licensed in Virginia and Colorado who specializes in individuals and couples struggling with relationships, intimacy, self-esteem, and trauma. I believe that sexuality is a core part of being human and seek to help my clients find joy in physical intimacy, both with themselves and with partners. As I have spent four years working and traveling in Central and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, I approach each client with an open mind and value everyone's diverse array of experiences. April 2025 update: I have a wait-list for couples, but I am accepting new individual clients.
I am a telehealth-only therapist licensed in Virginia and Colorado who specializes in individuals and couples struggling with relationships, intimacy, self-esteem, and trauma. I believe that sexuality is a core part of being human and seek to help my clients find joy in physical intimacy, both with themselves and with partners. As I have spent four years working and traveling in Central and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, I approach each client with an open mind and value everyone's diverse array of experiences. April 2025 update: I have a wait-list for couples, but I am accepting new individual clients.
(720) 613-2644 View (720) 613-2644
Photo of Chris E Carson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Chris E Carson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
5 Endorsed
Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA 23220
Waitlist for new clients
I am a psychotherapist for adult individuals and couples. Do you want stronger, clearer and healthier relationships? My clients consist mainly of open minded, artistic and unconventional persons and couples wanting more intimacy and connection or wanting to explore their innate gifts and talents. I specialize in working with couples using Imago, Gottman, Ester Perel, Emotional Focused, Somatic Techniques, Meditation and using an Internal Family Systems framework. I love working with those who are on the path of seeking growth, wholeness and perspective.
I am a psychotherapist for adult individuals and couples. Do you want stronger, clearer and healthier relationships? My clients consist mainly of open minded, artistic and unconventional persons and couples wanting more intimacy and connection or wanting to explore their innate gifts and talents. I specialize in working with couples using Imago, Gottman, Ester Perel, Emotional Focused, Somatic Techniques, Meditation and using an Internal Family Systems framework. I love working with those who are on the path of seeking growth, wholeness and perspective.
(804) 651-3941 View (804) 651-3941
Photo of Paula Schoenau, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CGP, CCTP
Paula Schoenau
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CGP, CCTP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I provide trauma-informed care to people experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, grief and trauma. I work with clients on developing a treatment plan and establishing achievable goals together - YOU are the expert on yourself, right? I encourage clients to develop a toolbox with coping skills that will help deal with moments of struggle, and increase self-love and self-acceptance.
I provide trauma-informed care to people experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, grief and trauma. I work with clients on developing a treatment plan and establishing achievable goals together - YOU are the expert on yourself, right? I encourage clients to develop a toolbox with coping skills that will help deal with moments of struggle, and increase self-love and self-acceptance.
(804) 361-6852 View (804) 361-6852
Photo of Lydia Ferguson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Lydia Ferguson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Welcome! I'm excited to start this journey with you. Whether you feel stuck personally or in your relationships, we will work together to identify and overcome those barriers. If your path has been marked by small or significant trauma, I will be your empathic guide, offering support and understanding every step of the way.
Welcome! I'm excited to start this journey with you. Whether you feel stuck personally or in your relationships, we will work together to identify and overcome those barriers. If your path has been marked by small or significant trauma, I will be your empathic guide, offering support and understanding every step of the way.
(804) 207-7052 View (804) 207-7052
Photo of Krystal Symeonides, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Krystal Symeonides
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Welcome to outpatient therapy. My name is Dr. Krystal Symeonides, Ph.D. and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Substance Abuse Treatment Practitioner working in Virginia. I have been practicing in the mental health field for 29 years and I enjoy helping clients understand oneself and others, while providing genuine support to assist in growth and change. Therapy is food for the soul.
Welcome to outpatient therapy. My name is Dr. Krystal Symeonides, Ph.D. and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Substance Abuse Treatment Practitioner working in Virginia. I have been practicing in the mental health field for 29 years and I enjoy helping clients understand oneself and others, while providing genuine support to assist in growth and change. Therapy is food for the soul.
(804) 506-3667 View (804) 506-3667
Photo of Natalie Ellen Morison-Uzzle, Counselor, ATR, LPC
Natalie Ellen Morison-Uzzle
Counselor, ATR, LPC
Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA 23226
l utilize a strengths-based approach with lots of healthy challenging so we can get to the meat of the issue ASAP. I help my clients identify any stubborn defenses that are getting in the way of their growth and encourage artmaking to facilitate unconscious processing. I see lots of kids, but would say that I most enjoy work with ADHDers, queer folks, single parents and anyone who is ready to buckle down and do the work for themselves.
l utilize a strengths-based approach with lots of healthy challenging so we can get to the meat of the issue ASAP. I help my clients identify any stubborn defenses that are getting in the way of their growth and encourage artmaking to facilitate unconscious processing. I see lots of kids, but would say that I most enjoy work with ADHDers, queer folks, single parents and anyone who is ready to buckle down and do the work for themselves.
(804) 494-4422 View (804) 494-4422
Photo of Kenneth Kronheim, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Kenneth Kronheim
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Ken Kronheim has been a licensed therapist since 2007. As a retired fire rescue chief, Ken possesses the experience and insight not only to ease physical suffering but help mental health as well. Ken's goal is to not only make you "feel" better but also help you "get" better. My focus Ken has a vast amount of experience with front-line/professional personnel such as first responders, medical field, military, law, educators and their families as well as college aged students. Ken utilizes an eclectic approach to therapy while primarily utilizing CBT, REBT, and solution-focused techniques.
Ken Kronheim has been a licensed therapist since 2007. As a retired fire rescue chief, Ken possesses the experience and insight not only to ease physical suffering but help mental health as well. Ken's goal is to not only make you "feel" better but also help you "get" better. My focus Ken has a vast amount of experience with front-line/professional personnel such as first responders, medical field, military, law, educators and their families as well as college aged students. Ken utilizes an eclectic approach to therapy while primarily utilizing CBT, REBT, and solution-focused techniques.
(571) 240-4827 View (571) 240-4827
Photo of Rachael Kaufman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , RPT
Rachael Kaufman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , RPT
Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA 23235
Waitlist for new clients
If you're struggling to understand your child's emotions or feeling weighed down by your own, you're not alone. Parents, children, and adults facing anxiety, overwhelm, big transitions, or relationship challenges often feel stuck, isolated, or uncertain. They seek clarity and support to navigate life's difficulties. Whether you're seeking therapy for your child or a path forward for yourself, the goal is the same: to gain insight, foster growth and connection, and find calm and balance. Together, we’ll explore your challenges with care and discover the tools that can help you create healing and balance in your life.
If you're struggling to understand your child's emotions or feeling weighed down by your own, you're not alone. Parents, children, and adults facing anxiety, overwhelm, big transitions, or relationship challenges often feel stuck, isolated, or uncertain. They seek clarity and support to navigate life's difficulties. Whether you're seeking therapy for your child or a path forward for yourself, the goal is the same: to gain insight, foster growth and connection, and find calm and balance. Together, we’ll explore your challenges with care and discover the tools that can help you create healing and balance in your life.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA

10+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
92% Anxiety
83% Stress
75% Grief
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Life Transitions
50% ADHD

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
100% Anthem

How Therapists in Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond, VA see their clients

75% Online Only
25% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chamberlayne Industrial Center, Richmond?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.