Therapists in Richmond, VA

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Photo of Laura E. Foster, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Laura E. Foster
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Online Only
You may be feeling stuck, disconnected, or unsettled by life transitions, anxiety, trauma, or unresolved emotional experiences. Even when things appear stable on the outside, there may be a sense of dissatisfaction, confusion, or longing for deeper meaning. You want relief, but also, clarity, self understanding, and a stronger connection to what matters to you. I provide a place of solace where all faiths and spiritual perspectives are welcome, offering space to reflect, and explore your inner world in a way that feels authentic and lasting.
You may be feeling stuck, disconnected, or unsettled by life transitions, anxiety, trauma, or unresolved emotional experiences. Even when things appear stable on the outside, there may be a sense of dissatisfaction, confusion, or longing for deeper meaning. You want relief, but also, clarity, self understanding, and a stronger connection to what matters to you. I provide a place of solace where all faiths and spiritual perspectives are welcome, offering space to reflect, and explore your inner world in a way that feels authentic and lasting.
(434) 771-3887 View (434) 771-3887
Photo of Abby Mento, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Abby Mento
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My clients are people who once felt vibrant, connected, capable and free. Life has thrown them a curveball, and they now struggle with inner turmoil and self-doubt. They want to move forward, but they feel stuck in the trauma of the past and exhausted from reliving it. They may also be pregnant or postpartum, trying to nurture new life while carrying their own unspeakable pain. Despite appearing successful, inwardly they struggle with anxiety, self-criticism, and debilitating patterns that keep them from living a deeply fulfilling life. If this resonates with you, know that you are not alone and there is a path forward.
My clients are people who once felt vibrant, connected, capable and free. Life has thrown them a curveball, and they now struggle with inner turmoil and self-doubt. They want to move forward, but they feel stuck in the trauma of the past and exhausted from reliving it. They may also be pregnant or postpartum, trying to nurture new life while carrying their own unspeakable pain. Despite appearing successful, inwardly they struggle with anxiety, self-criticism, and debilitating patterns that keep them from living a deeply fulfilling life. If this resonates with you, know that you are not alone and there is a path forward.
(804) 538-3472 View (804) 538-3472
Photo of Elsbeth McCormick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Elsbeth McCormick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23226
Not accepting new clients
Whether you've been in therapy for years or this is the first time you've begun to consider it, everyone has a unique story and life experiences that they are bringing into the room. Many of my clients start therapy because they want to break patterns that they have noticed are no longer working for them. For others, there is childhood pain or trauma that never quite got resolved. Some may be struggling in general with mental health concerns like anxiety or a fluctuating mood. The great thing about therapy is that it is completely about you and what you feel needs attention at this point in your life.
Whether you've been in therapy for years or this is the first time you've begun to consider it, everyone has a unique story and life experiences that they are bringing into the room. Many of my clients start therapy because they want to break patterns that they have noticed are no longer working for them. For others, there is childhood pain or trauma that never quite got resolved. Some may be struggling in general with mental health concerns like anxiety or a fluctuating mood. The great thing about therapy is that it is completely about you and what you feel needs attention at this point in your life.
(804) 552-6051 View (804) 552-6051
Photo of Dr. Rafaella Sale, Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Dr. Rafaella Sale
Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Richmond, VA 23223
Parents are doing the best that they can, and they may also be searching for new ways to deal with their kids' behavior to make it less exhausting. I work with parents and the other important adults in a child's life to reduce conflict and improve the functioning of children and teens. My goal is to teach you what I know so our time together can be short and effective.
Parents are doing the best that they can, and they may also be searching for new ways to deal with their kids' behavior to make it less exhausting. I work with parents and the other important adults in a child's life to reduce conflict and improve the functioning of children and teens. My goal is to teach you what I know so our time together can be short and effective.
(804) 913-2680 View (804) 913-2680
Photo of Meera Doshi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Meera Doshi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Richmond, VA 23222
Passionate about mental health, Meera creates a supportive space where clients feel seen and heard. She draws on empathy and collaboration to guide individuals through life’s challenges and personal growth, helping them build resilience, insight, and confidence—all while fostering a warm, nonjudgmental environment. When she’s not counseling, Meera enjoys reading, cooking, hiking with her dogs, rock climbing, and trivia nights with friends.
Passionate about mental health, Meera creates a supportive space where clients feel seen and heard. She draws on empathy and collaboration to guide individuals through life’s challenges and personal growth, helping them build resilience, insight, and confidence—all while fostering a warm, nonjudgmental environment. When she’s not counseling, Meera enjoys reading, cooking, hiking with her dogs, rock climbing, and trivia nights with friends.
(804) 570-1582 View (804) 570-1582
Photo of Jaida Fehrman, Resident in Counseling, RIC
Jaida Fehrman
Resident in Counseling, RIC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Jaida Fehrman is a Resident in Counseling and National Certified Counselor who specializes in supporting individuals healing from trauma. She also works with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, life transitions, and relationship challenges. With experience in both community mental health and academic settings, she brings a well-rounded perspective to her practice. Jaida earned her Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from South Dakota State University. Jaida believes everyone has innate strengths to draw upon and that counseling can help clients reconnect with what matters most.
Jaida Fehrman is a Resident in Counseling and National Certified Counselor who specializes in supporting individuals healing from trauma. She also works with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, life transitions, and relationship challenges. With experience in both community mental health and academic settings, she brings a well-rounded perspective to her practice. Jaida earned her Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from South Dakota State University. Jaida believes everyone has innate strengths to draw upon and that counseling can help clients reconnect with what matters most.
(804) 571-4027 View (804) 571-4027
Photo of Katie Bingaman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Katie Bingaman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Whatever you're walking through, I'm here to be a guide and mirror along that journey. I offer a warm and accepting environment to folks of all backgrounds, circumstances, and identities. Using a combination of talk therapy and more formal, technique-heavy interventions, I help my clients connect with their inner wisdom and achieve powerful shifts in perspective and behavior. Together we will explore the relationship between past and present, deconstruct self-defeating patterns, and tune into your own inner roadmap for wellbeing.
Whatever you're walking through, I'm here to be a guide and mirror along that journey. I offer a warm and accepting environment to folks of all backgrounds, circumstances, and identities. Using a combination of talk therapy and more formal, technique-heavy interventions, I help my clients connect with their inner wisdom and achieve powerful shifts in perspective and behavior. Together we will explore the relationship between past and present, deconstruct self-defeating patterns, and tune into your own inner roadmap for wellbeing.
(804) 805-4903 View (804) 805-4903
Photo of Terra Jones-Steele, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Terra Jones-Steele
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Richmond, VA 23237
Hi, I’m Terra, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia with 8 years of experience supporting adolescents and adults. I help clients navigate anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and relationship challenges, guiding them on their path to healing and growth. I earned my undergraduate degree in Psychology from Talladega College and my graduate degree from Faulkner University. I look forward to meeting you and working together to help you achieve your goals.
Hi, I’m Terra, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia with 8 years of experience supporting adolescents and adults. I help clients navigate anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and relationship challenges, guiding them on their path to healing and growth. I earned my undergraduate degree in Psychology from Talladega College and my graduate degree from Faulkner University. I look forward to meeting you and working together to help you achieve your goals.
(540) 616-3096 View (540) 616-3096
Photo of Ashley Foresman, Psychologist, PsyD
Ashley Foresman
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23233
Making the decision to seek out therapy is courageous and at times, anxiety-provoking. Dr. Foresman works to provide a supportive, non-judgmental and understanding environment, building a positive rapport and sense of trust. She will work to guide you in allowing yourself to be open and vulnerable in an effort to explore your concerns at a deeper level. Together you will work together to better understand the underlying issues creating disruption in your daily functioning and initiate lasting change. Dr. Foresman works to help individuals gain a better understanding of themselves, what motivates their actions and interactions.
Making the decision to seek out therapy is courageous and at times, anxiety-provoking. Dr. Foresman works to provide a supportive, non-judgmental and understanding environment, building a positive rapport and sense of trust. She will work to guide you in allowing yourself to be open and vulnerable in an effort to explore your concerns at a deeper level. Together you will work together to better understand the underlying issues creating disruption in your daily functioning and initiate lasting change. Dr. Foresman works to help individuals gain a better understanding of themselves, what motivates their actions and interactions.
(804) 375-5148 View (804) 375-5148
Photo of Anna Borrelli, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Anna Borrelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Whether you're going through a difficult life transition, trying to improve your relationships, or seeking personal growth, I am here to guide and support you every step of the way. In sessions, I pull from a variety of tools and techniques to help you get to the heart of what is going on and to find effective strategies to feel better so that you can move forward with lasting change. My approach to therapy is collaborative and individualized to your needs, values, and identity. I work with you in order to help you recognize your strengths and overcome the challenges that you feel you need to address.
Whether you're going through a difficult life transition, trying to improve your relationships, or seeking personal growth, I am here to guide and support you every step of the way. In sessions, I pull from a variety of tools and techniques to help you get to the heart of what is going on and to find effective strategies to feel better so that you can move forward with lasting change. My approach to therapy is collaborative and individualized to your needs, values, and identity. I work with you in order to help you recognize your strengths and overcome the challenges that you feel you need to address.
(804) 376-1039 View (804) 376-1039
Photo of Kate Fitzpatrick O'Leary, Counselor, MA, LMHC, CPC, LPC
Kate Fitzpatrick O'Leary
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CPC, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I offer soul-centered psychotherapy that integrates modern clinical tools with ancient wisdom traditions. My approach is holistic, working at the intersection of mind, body, and spirit. Clients come to me seeking not just symptom relief, but meaningful transformation—especially during times of spiritual awakening, grief, identity shifts, or emotional overwhelm. I work best with seekers—those who sense there’s more to healing than symptom relief, who feel called to explore the deeper terrain of the psyche, body, and soul with curiosity, courage, and compassion.
I offer soul-centered psychotherapy that integrates modern clinical tools with ancient wisdom traditions. My approach is holistic, working at the intersection of mind, body, and spirit. Clients come to me seeking not just symptom relief, but meaningful transformation—especially during times of spiritual awakening, grief, identity shifts, or emotional overwhelm. I work best with seekers—those who sense there’s more to healing than symptom relief, who feel called to explore the deeper terrain of the psyche, body, and soul with curiosity, courage, and compassion.
(804) 636-5061 View (804) 636-5061
Photo of Christina Triantafillou, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Christina Triantafillou
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Online Only
Do you feel like you’re running yourself ragged trying to make everyone else happy? Like you don’t know who you are outside of others’ expectations? I work with people who are struggling with identity in different ways. Some feel like their identity was lost to abuse or to a bigger personality in the house. Others are recovering from losing who they are because of a traumatic experience that seemed to change them forever. Still others do not feel like their true identity is within the body they were born in.
Do you feel like you’re running yourself ragged trying to make everyone else happy? Like you don’t know who you are outside of others’ expectations? I work with people who are struggling with identity in different ways. Some feel like their identity was lost to abuse or to a bigger personality in the house. Others are recovering from losing who they are because of a traumatic experience that seemed to change them forever. Still others do not feel like their true identity is within the body they were born in.
(757) 379-8816 View (757) 379-8816
Photo of Carlita Coley, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Carlita Coley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
As a licensed professional counselor, I believe everyone deserves a safe space to heal, grow, and thrive—especially when navigating anxiety, depression, and life’s inevitable challenges. My mission is to provide compassionate, culturally affirming care that truly sees you—your story, your background, and your unique journey.
As a licensed professional counselor, I believe everyone deserves a safe space to heal, grow, and thrive—especially when navigating anxiety, depression, and life’s inevitable challenges. My mission is to provide compassionate, culturally affirming care that truly sees you—your story, your background, and your unique journey.
(804) 567-7452 View (804) 567-7452
Photo of Migdalis Nieves, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Migdalis Nieves
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
You may be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected from yourself or others. You might find yourself repeating familiar patterns, struggling to manage emotions, or trying to heal from experiences that continue to impact your present. My goal is to help you make sense of these challenges and guide you toward growth, healing, and meaningful change. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) passionate about helping clients navigate anxiety, trauma, depression, relationship difficulties, attachment challenges, and major life transitions.
You may be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected from yourself or others. You might find yourself repeating familiar patterns, struggling to manage emotions, or trying to heal from experiences that continue to impact your present. My goal is to help you make sense of these challenges and guide you toward growth, healing, and meaningful change. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) passionate about helping clients navigate anxiety, trauma, depression, relationship difficulties, attachment challenges, and major life transitions.
(804) 391-7036 View (804) 391-7036
Photo of Jaeron-Rae R Jae Dukes, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Jaeron-Rae R Jae Dukes
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I have worked with clients with a variety of concerns including anxiety, dissociation, trauma and abuse, PTSD, religious/spiritual trauma, sex work/trafficking and eating issues. I have a special interest in working with LGBTQIA+ clients with specialized training for supporting transgender clients as well as cult recovery/religious deconstruction. My therapy style is warm, interactive and person centered. I believe everyone has the ability to find healing. It takes courage to reach out and ask for support. That courage will serve you well as you work towards feeling better. I'm here to support you in your process of healing.
I have worked with clients with a variety of concerns including anxiety, dissociation, trauma and abuse, PTSD, religious/spiritual trauma, sex work/trafficking and eating issues. I have a special interest in working with LGBTQIA+ clients with specialized training for supporting transgender clients as well as cult recovery/religious deconstruction. My therapy style is warm, interactive and person centered. I believe everyone has the ability to find healing. It takes courage to reach out and ask for support. That courage will serve you well as you work towards feeling better. I'm here to support you in your process of healing.
(804) 494-7922 View (804) 494-7922
Photo of Diane Forse - Diane M Forse, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Diane M Forse, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Richmond, VA 23221
Not accepting new clients
In these challenging times, feeling overwhelmed and uncertain is completely normal. Are you questioning whether your past goals still align with your future? Maybe you’re feeling that the ways you cope with stress no longer work for you, or you’re having emotional reactions that you don’t understand. Life changes, painful losses, and difficult relationships can make you feel adrift, especially when traditional sources of support seem insufficient. If you’re struggling and wondering how to move forward, you don’t have to navigate this alone.
In these challenging times, feeling overwhelmed and uncertain is completely normal. Are you questioning whether your past goals still align with your future? Maybe you’re feeling that the ways you cope with stress no longer work for you, or you’re having emotional reactions that you don’t understand. Life changes, painful losses, and difficult relationships can make you feel adrift, especially when traditional sources of support seem insufficient. If you’re struggling and wondering how to move forward, you don’t have to navigate this alone.
(757) 320-0143 View (757) 320-0143
Photo of Camryn Ridpath, Resident in Counseling, RIC
Camryn Ridpath
Resident in Counseling, RIC
4 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23229
Do you feel overwhelmed, stuck, or like you’re carrying more than you can manage on your own? If life feels heavy right now, you’re not alone. I work with adults navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship challenges, parenting stress, identity exploration, and major life transitions. I am developing clinical areas of focus in supporting LGBTQ+ individuals, parents, and neurodivergent adults. Together, we can create a gentle, affirming space where you feel seen, supported, and empowered to move toward healing at your own pace.
Do you feel overwhelmed, stuck, or like you’re carrying more than you can manage on your own? If life feels heavy right now, you’re not alone. I work with adults navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship challenges, parenting stress, identity exploration, and major life transitions. I am developing clinical areas of focus in supporting LGBTQ+ individuals, parents, and neurodivergent adults. Together, we can create a gentle, affirming space where you feel seen, supported, and empowered to move toward healing at your own pace.
(804) 492-8784 View (804) 492-8784
Photo of Andrew Larsen, MS, LPC-R
Andrew Larsen
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23219
Andrew is a 3rd year resident in counseling specializing in crisis intervention, trauma-related concerns, anxiety, depression, school-related challenges, and LGBTQIA+ concerns. He uses CBT and solution-focused techniques to support resilience and growth. With a background as a school counselor, Andrew understands the pressures students face and offers individualized, compassionate care. He is dedicated to creating a safe, affirming space where clients can explore emotions, build coping skills, and work toward healing and self-discovery.
Andrew is a 3rd year resident in counseling specializing in crisis intervention, trauma-related concerns, anxiety, depression, school-related challenges, and LGBTQIA+ concerns. He uses CBT and solution-focused techniques to support resilience and growth. With a background as a school counselor, Andrew understands the pressures students face and offers individualized, compassionate care. He is dedicated to creating a safe, affirming space where clients can explore emotions, build coping skills, and work toward healing and self-discovery.
(804) 393-3567 View (804) 393-3567
Photo of Sha'von Beale, Social Worker, MSW
Sha'von Beale
Social Worker, MSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I believe that self-care is the best care—because taking care of yourself isn’t a luxury, it’s a necessity. My goal is to create a safe, welcoming space where you can express yourself freely, make mistakes without judgment, and work toward the healing and growth you deserve. In every session, I ensure that your voice is heard and that therapy remains a collaborative process built on trust and understanding. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults, helping clients navigate challenges such as anxiety, depression, trauma, and family conflict.
I believe that self-care is the best care—because taking care of yourself isn’t a luxury, it’s a necessity. My goal is to create a safe, welcoming space where you can express yourself freely, make mistakes without judgment, and work toward the healing and growth you deserve. In every session, I ensure that your voice is heard and that therapy remains a collaborative process built on trust and understanding. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults, helping clients navigate challenges such as anxiety, depression, trauma, and family conflict.
(804) 348-1385 View (804) 348-1385
Photo of Jay Zegan-Lister, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Jay Zegan-Lister
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
7 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23227
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, I’m Jay! I specialize in working with the queer community, trauma, and substance use (you do not need to identify with any of these to see me!). I happily see all kinds of folks working on things like symptoms of depression and anxiety. The most important foundation to any therapy is creating a therapeutic relationship. Our relationship will be the precipice for the healing that occurs. I am an active therapist and value mutual safety, which are critical to ourselves and our relationship. You are your own expert. My goal is to help my community heal and find wholeheartedness and acceptance, exactly as you are.
Hello, I’m Jay! I specialize in working with the queer community, trauma, and substance use (you do not need to identify with any of these to see me!). I happily see all kinds of folks working on things like symptoms of depression and anxiety. The most important foundation to any therapy is creating a therapeutic relationship. Our relationship will be the precipice for the healing that occurs. I am an active therapist and value mutual safety, which are critical to ourselves and our relationship. You are your own expert. My goal is to help my community heal and find wholeheartedness and acceptance, exactly as you are.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Richmond, VA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Richmond, VA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
92% Social Anxiety
92% Health Anxiety
92% Driving Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
78% BlueCross and BlueShield
77% Anthem

How Therapists in Richmond, VA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
15% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Richmond?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.