Therapists in Montpelier, VA

Photo of J Bass, Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LCAS, NCC
J Bass
Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LCAS, NCC
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
I’m a therapist who creates a space grounded in empathy, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. My integrative approach is tailored to your unique needs, experiences, and identity. I draw from tools like CBT, Nurture Play Structure, Motivational Interviewing, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and psychoeducation to help you explore your story, embrace your strengths, and work toward goals that feel authentic, empowering, and meaningful. Together, we build a collaborative path toward growth, insight, and lasting positive change.
I’m a therapist who creates a space grounded in empathy, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. My integrative approach is tailored to your unique needs, experiences, and identity. I draw from tools like CBT, Nurture Play Structure, Motivational Interviewing, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and psychoeducation to help you explore your story, embrace your strengths, and work toward goals that feel authentic, empowering, and meaningful. Together, we build a collaborative path toward growth, insight, and lasting positive change.
(919) 298-8795 View (919) 298-8795
Photo of Kimberly Toepfer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW, LCSW
Kimberly Toepfer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW, LCSW
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
I work with adults in MD, NV, VA, and VT and specialize in supporting those who have experienced developmental/complex trauma, ritual, sadistic, and/or organized abuse, and those who have dissociative identities or are systems. I also love providing therapy to other providers. My clients are my greatest teachers, but my approach to therapy is collaborative and pulls from clinical hypnosis, Ego State Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Deep Brain Reorienting, and more. This work is based in consent and communication - interventions won't happen without your okay first!
I work with adults in MD, NV, VA, and VT and specialize in supporting those who have experienced developmental/complex trauma, ritual, sadistic, and/or organized abuse, and those who have dissociative identities or are systems. I also love providing therapy to other providers. My clients are my greatest teachers, but my approach to therapy is collaborative and pulls from clinical hypnosis, Ego State Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Deep Brain Reorienting, and more. This work is based in consent and communication - interventions won't happen without your okay first!
(443) 373-0909 View (443) 373-0909
Photo of Megan Mcnemar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Megan Mcnemar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
My name is Megan (she/her). I am a licensed clinical social worker providing safe, accessible, private practice teletherapy. I believe it is important to create a safe, accepting, and compassionate space for all clients to discover and process their challenges. It is an honor to be a part of this journey with you. I have been working with children, adolescents, families, and individuals of all ages for the past 6 years I am familiar with working in a variety of settings and programs including teletherapy, social intervention programs, day treatment facilities, and private therapy centers.
My name is Megan (she/her). I am a licensed clinical social worker providing safe, accessible, private practice teletherapy. I believe it is important to create a safe, accepting, and compassionate space for all clients to discover and process their challenges. It is an honor to be a part of this journey with you. I have been working with children, adolescents, families, and individuals of all ages for the past 6 years I am familiar with working in a variety of settings and programs including teletherapy, social intervention programs, day treatment facilities, and private therapy centers.
(703) 249-6230 View (703) 249-6230

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Jamie Plesko, Licensed Professional Counselor, JD, MA, LPC
Jamie Plesko
Licensed Professional Counselor, JD, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Welcome. If you're feeling overwhelmed, stuck, burned out, or simply seeking meaningful change, you're not alone—and you don’t have to navigate it by yourself. With over 12 years of clinical and case management experience, I help individuals move through anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and identity with clarity and purpose. My clients often come to me during moments of crisis or change, looking for insight, grounding, and sustainable paths forward. My approach is person-centered, collaborative, and informed by a diverse professional background.
Welcome. If you're feeling overwhelmed, stuck, burned out, or simply seeking meaningful change, you're not alone—and you don’t have to navigate it by yourself. With over 12 years of clinical and case management experience, I help individuals move through anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and identity with clarity and purpose. My clients often come to me during moments of crisis or change, looking for insight, grounding, and sustainable paths forward. My approach is person-centered, collaborative, and informed by a diverse professional background.
(804) 656-5074 View (804) 656-5074
Photo of Karen Haley Cersley, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MBA, MA, FMCHC
Karen Haley Cersley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MBA, MA, FMCHC
2 Endorsed
Kents Store, VA 23084
Waitlist for new clients
Are you looking for more fulfillment in life, more happiness, and more tools for self-discovery, relationship-building, and problem-solving? Through our collaboration, we will identify and set specific goals and then work together to make meaningful changes. Through a positive psychology approach, we will partner together to help you maintain physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health & well-being. If you are willing to invest yourself in the process, I'll walk beside you on your journey to reach your goals, dreams, & find purpose while you learn more effectively how to deal with situations in your life. How can I serve you?
Are you looking for more fulfillment in life, more happiness, and more tools for self-discovery, relationship-building, and problem-solving? Through our collaboration, we will identify and set specific goals and then work together to make meaningful changes. Through a positive psychology approach, we will partner together to help you maintain physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health & well-being. If you are willing to invest yourself in the process, I'll walk beside you on your journey to reach your goals, dreams, & find purpose while you learn more effectively how to deal with situations in your life. How can I serve you?
(434) 473-7243 View (434) 473-7243
Photo of Raena Gradford, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work
Raena Gradford
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23294
Welcome! I’m Raena, a dedicated therapist with a deep commitment to supporting individuals through their unique journeys of healing and growth. My practice is rooted in a trauma-informed approach, recognizing that every person's experience is shaped by their past and present. My methods are tailored to meet your individual needs, incorporating evidence-based practices and a compassionate approach. I utilize many different modalities including Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), DBT, EMDR and Strength Based Therapy. I am experienced in treating anxiety, depression, and complex trauma.
Welcome! I’m Raena, a dedicated therapist with a deep commitment to supporting individuals through their unique journeys of healing and growth. My practice is rooted in a trauma-informed approach, recognizing that every person's experience is shaped by their past and present. My methods are tailored to meet your individual needs, incorporating evidence-based practices and a compassionate approach. I utilize many different modalities including Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), DBT, EMDR and Strength Based Therapy. I am experienced in treating anxiety, depression, and complex trauma.
(804) 361-6829 View (804) 361-6829
Photo of Ki'asha Shantel Sanders, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LCSW, LGSW
Ki'asha Shantel Sanders
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LCSW, LGSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a licensed social worker in Maryland and Washington, D.C. I have made a difference in people's lives by helping them cope with their mental health problems. I received my bachelor's degree from Howard University and continued my education at Fordham University to obtain my master's degree. I have experience in a wide range of roles in the mental health field, including program management, participating in school-based programs, and adult education for those with learning disabilities.
I am a licensed social worker in Maryland and Washington, D.C. I have made a difference in people's lives by helping them cope with their mental health problems. I received my bachelor's degree from Howard University and continued my education at Fordham University to obtain my master's degree. I have experience in a wide range of roles in the mental health field, including program management, participating in school-based programs, and adult education for those with learning disabilities.
(301) 368-8736 View (301) 368-8736
Photo of Mark A Saunders Sr, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT-S, LPC-S
Mark A Saunders Sr
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT-S, LPC-S
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23060
I enjoy working with couples or those who want to improve their relationships in life. I have years of experience with couples seeking counseling because of conflict and crisis or those who would like to re-ignite the passion and intimacy in their relationship that they once had. I have worked with couples from diverse populations including African American, Latinos, Caucasian, Asian, and Middle-Eastern. I also work with individuals who are struggling with life changes such as divorce, employment changes, parenting, caring for family members, and death of a loved one.
I enjoy working with couples or those who want to improve their relationships in life. I have years of experience with couples seeking counseling because of conflict and crisis or those who would like to re-ignite the passion and intimacy in their relationship that they once had. I have worked with couples from diverse populations including African American, Latinos, Caucasian, Asian, and Middle-Eastern. I also work with individuals who are struggling with life changes such as divorce, employment changes, parenting, caring for family members, and death of a loved one.
(804) 887-3062 View (804) 887-3062
Photo of Rhonda Thomas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Rhonda Thomas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Virginia and LCSWC in Maryland. I received my Master's from Virginia Commonwealth University and have been practicing for over 20 years. My history and background include treating adults with a specialty population of veterans and persons who have experienced trauma. I help adults struggling with stress regarding self-worth challenges, recovery from toxic relationships, navigating the complexities of co-parenting, or healing after a relationship breakup or divorce.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Virginia and LCSWC in Maryland. I received my Master's from Virginia Commonwealth University and have been practicing for over 20 years. My history and background include treating adults with a specialty population of veterans and persons who have experienced trauma. I help adults struggling with stress regarding self-worth challenges, recovery from toxic relationships, navigating the complexities of co-parenting, or healing after a relationship breakup or divorce.
(571) 540-8030 View (571) 540-8030
Photo of Stephen Charles Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stephen Charles Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Richmond, VA 23229
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 17 years of experience in mental health, including research, prevention, psycho-education and direct practice. I work with individuals, couples and families to identify areas of desired growth, process the formation of maladaptive patterns and enact strategies focused on lasting change.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 17 years of experience in mental health, including research, prevention, psycho-education and direct practice. I work with individuals, couples and families to identify areas of desired growth, process the formation of maladaptive patterns and enact strategies focused on lasting change.
(804) 265-4364 View (804) 265-4364
Photo of Dr. Shakeyau Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Dr. Shakeyau Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Many of the girls and young women I work with carry heavy emotional experiences that others may not fully see; childhood trauma, anxiety, depression, school struggles, or family conflict. My focus is on creating a safe, empowering space where girls and young women feel genuinely seen, heard, and supported. With 10 years of experience, I bring both clinical expertise and a warm, authentic approach that helps my clients rebuild trust, strengthen resilience, and rediscover their power.
Many of the girls and young women I work with carry heavy emotional experiences that others may not fully see; childhood trauma, anxiety, depression, school struggles, or family conflict. My focus is on creating a safe, empowering space where girls and young women feel genuinely seen, heard, and supported. With 10 years of experience, I bring both clinical expertise and a warm, authentic approach that helps my clients rebuild trust, strengthen resilience, and rediscover their power.
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Photo of Amber Zarger, Pre-Licensed Professional, LSISW
Amber Zarger
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSISW
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
I utilize a range of approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, strength-based perspective, dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness training, narrative therapy, and play therapy. I also have a passion for art therapy and other creative techniques.
I utilize a range of approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, strength-based perspective, dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness training, narrative therapy, and play therapy. I also have a passion for art therapy and other creative techniques.
(804) 465-9630 View (804) 465-9630
Photo of Maya Person, Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW
Maya Person
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW
Richmond, VA 23230
Looking for support navigating life’s challenges? I’m Maya Person, a Social Work Supervisee in Virginia working toward becoming a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have experience supporting children, teens, adults, families, and couples across diverse settings, including social services, foster care, juvenile detention, residential and school programs, and outpatient therapy. I provide a compassionate, client-centered space to explore your concerns, build coping skills, and work toward meaningful growth and positive change.
Looking for support navigating life’s challenges? I’m Maya Person, a Social Work Supervisee in Virginia working toward becoming a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have experience supporting children, teens, adults, families, and couples across diverse settings, including social services, foster care, juvenile detention, residential and school programs, and outpatient therapy. I provide a compassionate, client-centered space to explore your concerns, build coping skills, and work toward meaningful growth and positive change.
(757) 794-4460 View (757) 794-4460
Photo of Melissa Sandino, Counselor, LMHC, C-DBT
Melissa Sandino
Counselor, LMHC, C-DBT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello! I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with a master's degree from Albizu University. I like to think I have a warm and genuine personality which allows my to approach therapy lead with empathy and openness which fosters an environment of safety, trust, and non-judgement. With education and expertise in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Trauma-Focused CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, and Parenting.
Hello! I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with a master's degree from Albizu University. I like to think I have a warm and genuine personality which allows my to approach therapy lead with empathy and openness which fosters an environment of safety, trust, and non-judgement. With education and expertise in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Trauma-Focused CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, and Parenting.
(786) 244-7290 View (786) 244-7290
Photo of John Mathews, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
John Mathews
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Online Only
Are you anxious, overwhelmed, or just unhappy with the way things are going right now? Perhaps you are just surrounded by toxicity and are looking for ways to manage or get away from it. The good news is that you have already taken the most difficult step towards change by researching how to make that change. Counseling is a place where you can learn more about yourself, learn skills to alleviate depression and anxiety, and build a better life. I would love to help.
Are you anxious, overwhelmed, or just unhappy with the way things are going right now? Perhaps you are just surrounded by toxicity and are looking for ways to manage or get away from it. The good news is that you have already taken the most difficult step towards change by researching how to make that change. Counseling is a place where you can learn more about yourself, learn skills to alleviate depression and anxiety, and build a better life. I would love to help.
(804) 494-4325 View (804) 494-4325
Photo of Kathryn Wilder Schaaf, Psychologist, PhD, LCP, ABPP
Kathryn Wilder Schaaf
Psychologist, PhD, LCP, ABPP
2 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23226
As a Board Certified Clinical Psychologist, I work to develop collaborative, supportive relationships that facilitate the change process. It is an honor to be invited into the lives of people during vulnerable difficult times. I seek to help my clients with what matters most - living in the present, engaging in activities and relationships of value, and minimizing all that distracts. I work with individuals, couples and families and treat a wide range of presenting issues including: Relationship and Family Concerns; Stress and Life Dissatisfaction; Anxiety; Depression;Trauma; Recovery after Neurological Disorders
As a Board Certified Clinical Psychologist, I work to develop collaborative, supportive relationships that facilitate the change process. It is an honor to be invited into the lives of people during vulnerable difficult times. I seek to help my clients with what matters most - living in the present, engaging in activities and relationships of value, and minimizing all that distracts. I work with individuals, couples and families and treat a wide range of presenting issues including: Relationship and Family Concerns; Stress and Life Dissatisfaction; Anxiety; Depression;Trauma; Recovery after Neurological Disorders
(804) 375-5861 View (804) 375-5861
Photo of Derrick Samuel Pegg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Derrick Samuel Pegg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
For me, therapy is about creating a nonjudgemental space where you feel comfortable to express whatever it is that you took time out of your week to talk about. In our sessions, we will work together to identify your goals and develop strategies to achieve them. My goal is to help you discover the tools and insights needed to navigate life with greater ease and confidence. I have extensive experience working with the 2SLGBTQ+ community, neurodivergence, chronic pain, HIV, and other chronic health issues.
For me, therapy is about creating a nonjudgemental space where you feel comfortable to express whatever it is that you took time out of your week to talk about. In our sessions, we will work together to identify your goals and develop strategies to achieve them. My goal is to help you discover the tools and insights needed to navigate life with greater ease and confidence. I have extensive experience working with the 2SLGBTQ+ community, neurodivergence, chronic pain, HIV, and other chronic health issues.
(804) 575-7950 View (804) 575-7950
Photo of Dr. Brenda L Ridgeway, PhD/, LSATP, CCDVC, HS-BCP
Dr. Brenda L Ridgeway
Verified Verified
Online Only
I believe that healing is possible and that all of us have the answers and solutions to troubling personal circumstances in our lives, but sometimes we all need a bit of guidance to find those answers. Recovery is an amazing and sacred journey that leads to self-healing, self-fulfillment, and happiness. I am a Licensed Substance Abuse Treatment Practitioner, Professional Psychologist, Clinically Certified Domestic Violence Counselor, and a Human Serives-Board Certified Practitioner. I use empirically sound evidenced-based interventions to assist with your healing process. Call now for a session and see how wonderful life can be.
I believe that healing is possible and that all of us have the answers and solutions to troubling personal circumstances in our lives, but sometimes we all need a bit of guidance to find those answers. Recovery is an amazing and sacred journey that leads to self-healing, self-fulfillment, and happiness. I am a Licensed Substance Abuse Treatment Practitioner, Professional Psychologist, Clinically Certified Domestic Violence Counselor, and a Human Serives-Board Certified Practitioner. I use empirically sound evidenced-based interventions to assist with your healing process. Call now for a session and see how wonderful life can be.
(540) 274-0635 View (540) 274-0635
Photo of Janine Turner - Janine Turner LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Janine Turner LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
This is a time of great stress and challenge for everyone. You have reached out to begin rebuilding a life a balance and resilience. I am happy to work with you on your journey. In my 35 years of service in working with adults I have come to understand that “one size does not fit all”. You and I will work together to define your own personal goals and develop a path of healing and growth to achieve what is right for your life. I work entirely on-line so that you can access these services in the comfort and privacy of your own home. My hours are from 11:00-3:00 Tues. & Wed. If you are ready to start your journey, please contact me.
This is a time of great stress and challenge for everyone. You have reached out to begin rebuilding a life a balance and resilience. I am happy to work with you on your journey. In my 35 years of service in working with adults I have come to understand that “one size does not fit all”. You and I will work together to define your own personal goals and develop a path of healing and growth to achieve what is right for your life. I work entirely on-line so that you can access these services in the comfort and privacy of your own home. My hours are from 11:00-3:00 Tues. & Wed. If you are ready to start your journey, please contact me.
(804) 373-2313 View (804) 373-2313
Photo of Dr. Byron D. Williams Jr., Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Byron D. Williams Jr.
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Midlothian, VA 23112
I will be focusing on providing testing for neuropsychological evaluations. These types of evaluations are ideal for individuals who would like to be formally tested to see if they meet criteria for certain mental disorder diagnoses. Typical evaluations include testing for mood, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders, in addition to autism, ADHD, and other disorders.
I will be focusing on providing testing for neuropsychological evaluations. These types of evaluations are ideal for individuals who would like to be formally tested to see if they meet criteria for certain mental disorder diagnoses. Typical evaluations include testing for mood, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders, in addition to autism, ADHD, and other disorders.
(804) 404-5403 View (804) 404-5403

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Montpelier, VA

< 10

Therapists in Montpelier, VA who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Drug Abuse
100% Dual Diagnosis
67% Anxiety
67% Addiction
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Dissociative Disorders (DID)

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Montpelier, VA see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

67% Female
33% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Montpelier?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.