Therapists in Mechanicsville, VA

Photo of Katharine Head, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katharine Head
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a Masters in Social Work from Tulane University. I work with individuals, couples, and families experiencing issues such as depression, anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, and addictions. My hours include weeknights and Sunday afternoons. At the foundation of my work is the belief in the inherent goodness of others and the understanding that people are doing the best that they can with the tools that they have at their disposal. I employ the latest psychotherapeutic techniques that will allow us to build a strategy to create a happier you.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a Masters in Social Work from Tulane University. I work with individuals, couples, and families experiencing issues such as depression, anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, and addictions. My hours include weeknights and Sunday afternoons. At the foundation of my work is the belief in the inherent goodness of others and the understanding that people are doing the best that they can with the tools that they have at their disposal. I employ the latest psychotherapeutic techniques that will allow us to build a strategy to create a happier you.
(804) 361-8713 View (804) 361-8713
Photo of Gwendolyn Thornton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gwendolyn Thornton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Online Only
Gwendolyn (Gwen) Thornton, PhD LCSW is a retired Associate Professor and Chair of the Social Work Department at Virginia State University. For more than 35 years, Dr. Thornton’s remarkable teaching, scholarship, and service involvement has been extensive locally, regionally and internationally. Program and curriculum development for the University and the Department of Social Work is a hallmark of Dr. Thornton’s leadership. She brought to her position an exceptional ability to provide the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to develop and implement programs that are now among the leading academic programs at Virginia State Unive
Gwendolyn (Gwen) Thornton, PhD LCSW is a retired Associate Professor and Chair of the Social Work Department at Virginia State University. For more than 35 years, Dr. Thornton’s remarkable teaching, scholarship, and service involvement has been extensive locally, regionally and internationally. Program and curriculum development for the University and the Department of Social Work is a hallmark of Dr. Thornton’s leadership. She brought to her position an exceptional ability to provide the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to develop and implement programs that are now among the leading academic programs at Virginia State Unive
(804) 391-0917 View (804) 391-0917
Photo of Amy Martin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have been providing quality treatment to children, adolescents and adults for over 22 years. I believe in the change process and that we each have the ability to improve our relationships and experience personal growth. I believe personal growth is facilitated through the relationship with a therapist that provides positive regard and understanding without the fear of judgment. I believe in treating the whole person through awareness, self regulation and focusing on the here and now.
I have been providing quality treatment to children, adolescents and adults for over 22 years. I believe in the change process and that we each have the ability to improve our relationships and experience personal growth. I believe personal growth is facilitated through the relationship with a therapist that provides positive regard and understanding without the fear of judgment. I believe in treating the whole person through awareness, self regulation and focusing on the here and now.
(804) 451-4762 View (804) 451-4762
Photo of Daija Monroe, MA, LPC-R
Daija Monroe
Resident in Counseling, MA, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome to your well-being journey! I'm Daija, your dedicated outpatient therapist with a Bachelor's in Psychology from Virginia State University and a Master's in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Liberty University. With extensive experience assisting diverse clients of all ages, I provide tailored, evidence-based therapies like CBT, DBT, and MBSR to empower you on your path to mental and emotional well-being. Let's work collaboratively to create a secure, non-judgmental space for your personal growth and a brighter future.
Welcome to your well-being journey! I'm Daija, your dedicated outpatient therapist with a Bachelor's in Psychology from Virginia State University and a Master's in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Liberty University. With extensive experience assisting diverse clients of all ages, I provide tailored, evidence-based therapies like CBT, DBT, and MBSR to empower you on your path to mental and emotional well-being. Let's work collaboratively to create a secure, non-judgmental space for your personal growth and a brighter future.
(804) 294-4347 View (804) 294-4347
Lauren Lucas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
Lauren Theresa Lucas, LCSW, is a dedicated therapist in Virginia who helps individuals and families navigate mental health challenges and achieve personal growth. She specializes in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, post-partum concerns, and life transitions, offering tailored care through evidence-based approaches like ACT, CBT, and DBT. Lauren also supports children, adolescents, and diverse populations, including women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and those involved in adoption or foster care.Passionate about empowering clients, Lauren creates a safe, nonjudgmental space to foster resilience and self-confidence.
Lauren Theresa Lucas, LCSW, is a dedicated therapist in Virginia who helps individuals and families navigate mental health challenges and achieve personal growth. She specializes in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, post-partum concerns, and life transitions, offering tailored care through evidence-based approaches like ACT, CBT, and DBT. Lauren also supports children, adolescents, and diverse populations, including women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and those involved in adoption or foster care.Passionate about empowering clients, Lauren creates a safe, nonjudgmental space to foster resilience and self-confidence.
(866) 488-2298 View (866) 488-2298
Photo of Jennifer Sions, BS,  LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Sions
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BS, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
Jenn Sions is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 2006. Jenn takes an eclectic, person-centered approach to therapy, tailoring methods and theories to what is most appropriate for each individual. She believes the core of therapy is creating a safe, accepting, and nonjudgmental therapeutic relationship. This provides a secure space for her to help clients process current and/or past traumas and other difficulties, build on their strengths and coping skills, and evaluate and change unhealthy beliefs, thoughts, and behavior patterns.
Jenn Sions is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 2006. Jenn takes an eclectic, person-centered approach to therapy, tailoring methods and theories to what is most appropriate for each individual. She believes the core of therapy is creating a safe, accepting, and nonjudgmental therapeutic relationship. This provides a secure space for her to help clients process current and/or past traumas and other difficulties, build on their strengths and coping skills, and evaluate and change unhealthy beliefs, thoughts, and behavior patterns.
(804) 430-6465 View (804) 430-6465
Photo of Hannah Pinkston, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hannah Pinkston
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hannah Pinkston is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the states of Virginia and Texas with years of experience in the mental health field. She has worked with individuals, groups, couples, and families at various life stages and from diverse backgrounds that are seeking sustainable empowerment through habit development, increased self-awareness, and enhanced life perspectives. Hannah studied Sociology with a focus on human rights and global studies at Mount St.
Hannah Pinkston is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the states of Virginia and Texas with years of experience in the mental health field. She has worked with individuals, groups, couples, and families at various life stages and from diverse backgrounds that are seeking sustainable empowerment through habit development, increased self-awareness, and enhanced life perspectives. Hannah studied Sociology with a focus on human rights and global studies at Mount St.
(757) 280-4699 View (757) 280-4699
Photo of Samarra Rogers, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Samarra Rogers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal clients include women and teens struggling to navigate through anxiety during the transitions of their lives. They need the space to freely express their concerns, worries, and fears about their season of life while also having the desire to learn how to navigate through those seasons of life in a less stressful or intimidating manner. Other ideal clients include couples seeking to navigate conflict, who want to develop healthier ways to communicate their needs and wants to one another, and also want to be equipped with the tools to build or rebuild the foundations of their relationship.
My ideal clients include women and teens struggling to navigate through anxiety during the transitions of their lives. They need the space to freely express their concerns, worries, and fears about their season of life while also having the desire to learn how to navigate through those seasons of life in a less stressful or intimidating manner. Other ideal clients include couples seeking to navigate conflict, who want to develop healthier ways to communicate their needs and wants to one another, and also want to be equipped with the tools to build or rebuild the foundations of their relationship.
(804) 207-9952 View (804) 207-9952
Photo of Jessica Clary, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Clary
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you struggling with motivation, mood changes, self-esteem, work and home stress, or relationships? Are you someone who feels like they know why they are the way they are, and is still struggling with how you feel? Maybe you don't know where to start? Do you want to work through those life experiences that are holding you back and the negative self-talk you have for yourself to reach your full potential? I'm happy you're here and ready to put you first for once. I work with individuals from various integrated approaches to support you in finding the change that is best for you and works for you, collaboratively.
Are you struggling with motivation, mood changes, self-esteem, work and home stress, or relationships? Are you someone who feels like they know why they are the way they are, and is still struggling with how you feel? Maybe you don't know where to start? Do you want to work through those life experiences that are holding you back and the negative self-talk you have for yourself to reach your full potential? I'm happy you're here and ready to put you first for once. I work with individuals from various integrated approaches to support you in finding the change that is best for you and works for you, collaboratively.
(804) 373-2695 View (804) 373-2695
Photo of Kaitlyn Nicholson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kaitlyn Nicholson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
Kaitlyn is a Long Island, New York native and recently relocated to the RVA area. Prior to joining the team at Lifestance, Kaitlyn held the position of Director of LICADD’s Open Arms EAP program where she worked to connect clients with appropriate community resources and address a vast array of issues including but not limited to: work-life balance, alcohol & substance use, crisis counseling, stress management, marital/family issues, grief & loss, conflict resolution & parenting skills & support.
Kaitlyn is a Long Island, New York native and recently relocated to the RVA area. Prior to joining the team at Lifestance, Kaitlyn held the position of Director of LICADD’s Open Arms EAP program where she worked to connect clients with appropriate community resources and address a vast array of issues including but not limited to: work-life balance, alcohol & substance use, crisis counseling, stress management, marital/family issues, grief & loss, conflict resolution & parenting skills & support.
(866) 488-2298 View (866) 488-2298
Photo of Katy Webb, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katy Webb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Katy Webb provides therapy to a wide range of populations including children, teens, adults, the elderly, and families. She provides emotionally-focused marital therapy to help couples work through a range of challenges. She specializes in working with children and adults with special needs (Autism, Intellectual Disability). She is a Certified Parent Trainer and diagnoses Autism. Katy has worked extensively with those experiencing chronic physical/GI illness, cancer, or traumatic injury. Katy Webb received her Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University and has worked in the medical/mental health field for over six years. **Katy provides LCSW supervision.
Katy Webb provides therapy to a wide range of populations including children, teens, adults, the elderly, and families. She provides emotionally-focused marital therapy to help couples work through a range of challenges. She specializes in working with children and adults with special needs (Autism, Intellectual Disability). She is a Certified Parent Trainer and diagnoses Autism. Katy has worked extensively with those experiencing chronic physical/GI illness, cancer, or traumatic injury. Katy Webb received her Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University and has worked in the medical/mental health field for over six years. **Katy provides LCSW supervision.
(804) 298-7806 View (804) 298-7806
Photo of Deborah S. Wood, LPC, RN, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Deborah S. Wood
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, RN, NCC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23111
Not accepting new clients
Whatsoever things are TRUE ... on those things we should concentrate. So, what is true? The truth is that you CAN replace your negative self-image with a positive one, you CAN heal from childhood pain and trauma, you CAN repair and improve relationships, you CAN overcome depression and anxiety, and you CAN write the next chapter of your life differently. The lie is that nothing can change! Life is a journey that can be redirected at any time with the right help, so you are not trapped in your present situation. We can combine your desire and courage with my knowledge, skills, and empathy, to make these truths your new reality.
Whatsoever things are TRUE ... on those things we should concentrate. So, what is true? The truth is that you CAN replace your negative self-image with a positive one, you CAN heal from childhood pain and trauma, you CAN repair and improve relationships, you CAN overcome depression and anxiety, and you CAN write the next chapter of your life differently. The lie is that nothing can change! Life is a journey that can be redirected at any time with the right help, so you are not trapped in your present situation. We can combine your desire and courage with my knowledge, skills, and empathy, to make these truths your new reality.
(804) 277-2162 View (804) 277-2162
Photo of Tamar Dandridge, MA, LPC, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tamar Dandridge
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Life can feel so uncertain at times and it's hard to turn to others when they are trying to get a grip on life too! Your life experiences matter and you don't have to work through the painful layers alone. Therapy is a great tool to work towards creating a life worth living. I will meet you where you are and together we can find the clarity, meaning, and peace you are seeking.
Life can feel so uncertain at times and it's hard to turn to others when they are trying to get a grip on life too! Your life experiences matter and you don't have to work through the painful layers alone. Therapy is a great tool to work towards creating a life worth living. I will meet you where you are and together we can find the clarity, meaning, and peace you are seeking.
(804) 589-5262 View (804) 589-5262
Photo of Jason J Burkhead, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jason J Burkhead
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23111
Hi, I'm Jay. Are you looking to set goals and make a change? Let me help you get to feeling better, help create obtainable goals, identify and understand problems, struggles and difficulties. Let's get you empowered and feeling better. I'm here for you! Let me help you on your journey.
Hi, I'm Jay. Are you looking to set goals and make a change? Let me help you get to feeling better, help create obtainable goals, identify and understand problems, struggles and difficulties. Let's get you empowered and feeling better. I'm here for you! Let me help you on your journey.
(804) 265-4352 View (804) 265-4352
Photo of Andrea Graziano, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andrea Graziano
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23111
My name is Andrea Graziano, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the Commonwealth of Virginia. I work with adults to help ameliorate symptoms of anxiety, depression, and relationship issues using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Person-Centered Therapy. I have found that adults grappling with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues feel empowered when they are able to shed old thoughts and habits. Clients feel better about themselves and develop a more positive outlook as a result of building new skills.
My name is Andrea Graziano, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the Commonwealth of Virginia. I work with adults to help ameliorate symptoms of anxiety, depression, and relationship issues using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Person-Centered Therapy. I have found that adults grappling with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues feel empowered when they are able to shed old thoughts and habits. Clients feel better about themselves and develop a more positive outlook as a result of building new skills.
(804) 455-9013 View (804) 455-9013
Photo of Carrie M Harris, MS
Carrie M Harris
Resident in Counseling, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23111
I have experience working with adolescents and their families in settings to include residential, correctional, community and outpatient. Most recently, I’ve begun to provide outpatient services to youth and adults with substance use disorders.
I have experience working with adolescents and their families in settings to include residential, correctional, community and outpatient. Most recently, I’ve begun to provide outpatient services to youth and adults with substance use disorders.
(804) 485-2338 View (804) 485-2338
Photo of Alexis L Johnson, CMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Alexis L Johnson
Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
Waitlist for new clients
With a diverse range of experiences and a genuine passion for both her professional and personal interests, Alexis embodies a therapist who is not only well-equipped to support individuals on their mental health journey but also deeply connected to the beauty and diversity of the human experience.
With a diverse range of experiences and a genuine passion for both her professional and personal interests, Alexis embodies a therapist who is not only well-equipped to support individuals on their mental health journey but also deeply connected to the beauty and diversity of the human experience.
(804) 395-7690 View (804) 395-7690
Photo of Emma Gleckel, MEd, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emma Gleckel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hello, I’m Emma! I am a LPC in the state of Virginia. I work primarily with youth ages 3-18, and those in early adulthood. I have experience providing mental health services in outpatient, university, and K-12 school settings. My areas of clinical interest include: emotion regulation, ADHD, social skills, trauma and stressor-related symptoms, identity and self-esteem, and life transitions/adjustment.
Hello, I’m Emma! I am a LPC in the state of Virginia. I work primarily with youth ages 3-18, and those in early adulthood. I have experience providing mental health services in outpatient, university, and K-12 school settings. My areas of clinical interest include: emotion regulation, ADHD, social skills, trauma and stressor-related symptoms, identity and self-esteem, and life transitions/adjustment.
(804) 570-1933 View (804) 570-1933
Photo of Scott D Rohlwing - MP4P - Mental Practice for Performance, MBA, Analyst, Coach
MP4P - Mental Practice for Performance
MBA, Analyst, Coach
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I want to feel better, but anger, depression, anxiety, and distractions are getting in the way. It starts with how and what you think - to some degree it IS all in your head. Everything starts with our thinking and there are ways to develop better mental skills. By fusing Behavior Analysis, Neuroscience, CBT, Emotional Intelligence, and Performance & Positive Psychology I've helped hundreds think better so they can live better. Utilizing science-backed tactics and strategies as well as employing these myself, I'll show you how to enhance your thought process and ultimately live better and happier.
I want to feel better, but anger, depression, anxiety, and distractions are getting in the way. It starts with how and what you think - to some degree it IS all in your head. Everything starts with our thinking and there are ways to develop better mental skills. By fusing Behavior Analysis, Neuroscience, CBT, Emotional Intelligence, and Performance & Positive Psychology I've helped hundreds think better so they can live better. Utilizing science-backed tactics and strategies as well as employing these myself, I'll show you how to enhance your thought process and ultimately live better and happier.
(804) 251-2287 View (804) 251-2287
Photo of Dr. James J Kasten, EdD, LPC-S, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. James J Kasten
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
Are you struggling with feeling disconnected from yourself, others, and/or God? Do you think about how the busyness of life has robbed you of the joy and happiness that you once felt? Do you ever wonder when you will stop being haunted by the painful experiences from your past? Now more than ever, people feel alone, lacking meaningful relationships, overwhelmed by life's demands, and unsure how to prevent past pain from affecting their present. Not investing time in addressing your needs can have a long-term negative impact on your mental and physical health. We believe that there is hope and that people can live a joy-filled life.
Are you struggling with feeling disconnected from yourself, others, and/or God? Do you think about how the busyness of life has robbed you of the joy and happiness that you once felt? Do you ever wonder when you will stop being haunted by the painful experiences from your past? Now more than ever, people feel alone, lacking meaningful relationships, overwhelmed by life's demands, and unsure how to prevent past pain from affecting their present. Not investing time in addressing your needs can have a long-term negative impact on your mental and physical health. We believe that there is hope and that people can live a joy-filled life.
(804) 626-9130 View (804) 626-9130
1

See more therapy options for Mechanicsville

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mechanicsville, VA

100+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Mechanicsville, VA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
60% Relationship Issues
58% Grief
55% Self Esteem
54% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% Aetna
83% Cigna and Evernorth
77% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Mechanicsville, VA see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mechanicsville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.