Therapists in Herndon, VA

Photo of Robin Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCSW-C
Robin Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCSW-C
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome! I am accepting new clients. Like many people, you may be experiencing circumstances that are hard to handle on your own. You are the expert of your life, and the goal of Autumn Beginnings Counseling Services is to work alongside you to help you to navigate positive change.
Welcome! I am accepting new clients. Like many people, you may be experiencing circumstances that are hard to handle on your own. You are the expert of your life, and the goal of Autumn Beginnings Counseling Services is to work alongside you to help you to navigate positive change.
(703) 951-4925 View (703) 951-4925
Photo of LeAnne Delgado, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
LeAnne Delgado
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I am a compassionate, solution-focused therapist who primarily supports women over 20 as they navigate challenges like anxiety, depression, trauma, self-doubt, and boundary-setting. My collaborative approach empowers clients to build the tools necessary for meaningful change, cultivating a balanced and fulfilling life. I also offer Christian support to those seeking faith-integrated care.
I am a compassionate, solution-focused therapist who primarily supports women over 20 as they navigate challenges like anxiety, depression, trauma, self-doubt, and boundary-setting. My collaborative approach empowers clients to build the tools necessary for meaningful change, cultivating a balanced and fulfilling life. I also offer Christian support to those seeking faith-integrated care.
(571) 489-5538 View (571) 489-5538
Photo of Jeanpaulo A Gonzalez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Jeanpaulo A Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
5 Endorsed
Herndon, VA 20170
Are you seeking a better quality of life? Perhaps you are feeling stressed, overwhelmed by the demands of everyday life, or having trouble controlling your thoughts and emotions. Maybe, you are ready to change this trajectory and move forward in a new direction. Greetings! My name is Jeanpaulo A. Gonzalez, and I am a bilingual Licensed Clinical Social Worker who specializes in working with adolescents and adults from all walks of life.
Are you seeking a better quality of life? Perhaps you are feeling stressed, overwhelmed by the demands of everyday life, or having trouble controlling your thoughts and emotions. Maybe, you are ready to change this trajectory and move forward in a new direction. Greetings! My name is Jeanpaulo A. Gonzalez, and I am a bilingual Licensed Clinical Social Worker who specializes in working with adolescents and adults from all walks of life.
(540) 640-6771 View (540) 640-6771
Photo of Louis V Schwebius, Pastoral Counselor, MDiv, CHT, GC-C, FAAGC, GDC-CSp
Louis V Schwebius
Pastoral Counselor, MDiv, CHT, GC-C, FAAGC, GDC-CSp
Herndon, VA 20170
Are you wanting to move away from negative patterns which block one from becoming a more complete & loving human being? Are you looking for grief support or emotional clarity? As an interfaith pastoral/grief counselor and hypnotherapist, I can help you to discover/reaffirm a more positive sense of self. I am certified by the American Institute of Healthcare Professionals and the National Association of Transpersonal Hypnotherapists to address issues such as self-esteem, relief of anxiety, healing of trauma, stress management, the mind-body-spirit connection, breath awareness/control, meditation techniques, & fears/phobias.
Are you wanting to move away from negative patterns which block one from becoming a more complete & loving human being? Are you looking for grief support or emotional clarity? As an interfaith pastoral/grief counselor and hypnotherapist, I can help you to discover/reaffirm a more positive sense of self. I am certified by the American Institute of Healthcare Professionals and the National Association of Transpersonal Hypnotherapists to address issues such as self-esteem, relief of anxiety, healing of trauma, stress management, the mind-body-spirit connection, breath awareness/control, meditation techniques, & fears/phobias.
(571) 339-5494 View (571) 339-5494
Photo of Peter David Goldberg, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EFT-Cer, DCEP
Peter David Goldberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EFT-Cer, DCEP
1 Endorsed
Herndon, VA 20170
Marriage, relationships, PTSD, Trauma, anxiety, stress, depression. Creating an environment in which people safely express their feelings, learn to manage the stressors in their relationships and to meet their goals is an essential focus of my practice. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 10 years experience in providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples and families. I have had specialized training and experience in the treatment of couples, trauma, PTSD, depression, and anxiety. I have also focused on helping individuals and couples whose relationships have suffered from intense conflicts, stressors and emotions. I am fluent in Spanish and a working knowledge of French.
Marriage, relationships, PTSD, Trauma, anxiety, stress, depression. Creating an environment in which people safely express their feelings, learn to manage the stressors in their relationships and to meet their goals is an essential focus of my practice. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 10 years experience in providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples and families. I have had specialized training and experience in the treatment of couples, trauma, PTSD, depression, and anxiety. I have also focused on helping individuals and couples whose relationships have suffered from intense conflicts, stressors and emotions. I am fluent in Spanish and a working knowledge of French.
(703) 348-0926 View (703) 348-0926
Photo of Maria F Londono, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Maria F Londono
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Over the last 10+ years I have focused my practice on working with individuals struggling with mental health disorders including mood disorders, anxiety, PTSD, and trauma, and have established practice with the LGBT population.
Over the last 10+ years I have focused my practice on working with individuals struggling with mental health disorders including mood disorders, anxiety, PTSD, and trauma, and have established practice with the LGBT population.
(703) 297-4450 View (703) 297-4450
Photo of Deborah Evans, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Deborah Evans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
Believing firmly in Cochran and Cochran's (2015) assertion that the therapeutic relationship between counselor and client is a potent force for change, I dedicate myself to guiding individuals through life's transitions with resilience and compassion. My specialized approach empowers clients to navigate challenging periods, fostering greater well-being through personalized support and collaboration. Together, we embark on a journey of self-discovery, ensuring no challenge is insurmountable.
Believing firmly in Cochran and Cochran's (2015) assertion that the therapeutic relationship between counselor and client is a potent force for change, I dedicate myself to guiding individuals through life's transitions with resilience and compassion. My specialized approach empowers clients to navigate challenging periods, fostering greater well-being through personalized support and collaboration. Together, we embark on a journey of self-discovery, ensuring no challenge is insurmountable.
(757) 280-3360 View (757) 280-3360
Photo of Ashley Hallheimer, Psychologist, PsyD, MSc
Ashley Hallheimer
Psychologist, PsyD, MSc
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over ten years of experience providing therapeutic services to children, adolescents, and adults. During my time in the mental health field, I have worked in a variety of settings such as emergency services, residential treatment, LGBTQIA+ behavioral health clinic, community mental health, university-counseling center, and private practice. I focus therapy to promote positive wellbeing and resiliency. My overall objective is to help individuals to become their own therapist, so that they feel empowered to move through life with dignity, grace, and compassion.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over ten years of experience providing therapeutic services to children, adolescents, and adults. During my time in the mental health field, I have worked in a variety of settings such as emergency services, residential treatment, LGBTQIA+ behavioral health clinic, community mental health, university-counseling center, and private practice. I focus therapy to promote positive wellbeing and resiliency. My overall objective is to help individuals to become their own therapist, so that they feel empowered to move through life with dignity, grace, and compassion.
(571) 380-7927 View (571) 380-7927
Photo of Jennifer Entwistle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jennifer Entwistle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Herndon, VA 20171
Waitlist for new clients
You want to appear competent and put-together, but are struggling internally. You’re someone who likes tackling challenges and exciting projects, but gets tripped up by mundane things. It leaves you feeling frustrated and ashamed of yourself. You look around and it seems like everyone else is effortlessly balancing all of their responsibilities. Like there must be something wrong with you, or you weren’t paying attention when they handed out the life instruction manual. But you’re ready to make a change - you’re ready to feel in control and content with yourself and the life you’ve created. I want to help you get there.
You want to appear competent and put-together, but are struggling internally. You’re someone who likes tackling challenges and exciting projects, but gets tripped up by mundane things. It leaves you feeling frustrated and ashamed of yourself. You look around and it seems like everyone else is effortlessly balancing all of their responsibilities. Like there must be something wrong with you, or you weren’t paying attention when they handed out the life instruction manual. But you’re ready to make a change - you’re ready to feel in control and content with yourself and the life you’ve created. I want to help you get there.
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Photo of Alexi Hilton - Alexi Hilton, Psychologist, PsyD
Alexi Hilton
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Herndon, VA 20170
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults. In my training I worked with children with developmental disabilities and serious mental illness. I later worked in the Arlington County Public Schools working with both elementary and high school students providing individual and family therapy. I have spent the last 15 years in private practice. I primarily work from a cognitive-behavioral model and specialize in working with individuals with anxiety, depression, OCD and autism spectrum disorders (Asperger's).
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults. In my training I worked with children with developmental disabilities and serious mental illness. I later worked in the Arlington County Public Schools working with both elementary and high school students providing individual and family therapy. I have spent the last 15 years in private practice. I primarily work from a cognitive-behavioral model and specialize in working with individuals with anxiety, depression, OCD and autism spectrum disorders (Asperger's).
(703) 348-7036 View (703) 348-7036
Photo of Gabriela Marquez Canale, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Gabriela Marquez Canale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Herndon, VA 20170
Why am I acting this way? Why am I like this? Can I feel better? I understand how painful and disconcerting feeling like this can be. And yet, I believe you deserve to truly know, accept, appreciate and love all of you. I will guide and support you in your therapeutic journey, and you will learn the skills to understand your past, face your present with more confidence, and ultimately look forward to enjoying your future. Self-discovery and healing are essential to leading a fulfilled life and they are a long-term investment in you and your loved ones.
Why am I acting this way? Why am I like this? Can I feel better? I understand how painful and disconcerting feeling like this can be. And yet, I believe you deserve to truly know, accept, appreciate and love all of you. I will guide and support you in your therapeutic journey, and you will learn the skills to understand your past, face your present with more confidence, and ultimately look forward to enjoying your future. Self-discovery and healing are essential to leading a fulfilled life and they are a long-term investment in you and your loved ones.
(571) 568-8072 View (571) 568-8072
Photo of Karla Fife, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCBA
Karla Fife
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCBA
3 Endorsed
Herndon, VA 20170
I work with adolescents, adults, and parents of neurodivergent adolescents and adults, providing individual, parent coaching, and family support. While I work with "neurotypical" individuals, my expertise is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other neurodivergent individuals. I do a lot of work with ASD teens and young adults experiencing social difficulties, anxiety and depression, and transitioning to adulthood. I have a strong background in ADHD, social anxiety, and family support around stress and problem solving. In-person groups offered for social isolated and anxious individuals.
I work with adolescents, adults, and parents of neurodivergent adolescents and adults, providing individual, parent coaching, and family support. While I work with "neurotypical" individuals, my expertise is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other neurodivergent individuals. I do a lot of work with ASD teens and young adults experiencing social difficulties, anxiety and depression, and transitioning to adulthood. I have a strong background in ADHD, social anxiety, and family support around stress and problem solving. In-person groups offered for social isolated and anxious individuals.
(703) 596-4209 View (703) 596-4209
Photo of Sara Boothe, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Sara Boothe
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Currently not accepting new clients. Hello! I am glad you have been brought to my profile. I fully understand that therapy is a challenging process, and what makes the biggest difference is finding a therapist that is the best fit for you. If you are someone looking to start the therapy journey that is wanting to: improve their relationship with the self and others, find more solid footing in the world around them, rid themselves of intrusive negative thoughts, build up their self-esteem, and increase emotional awareness/regulation, and more, I would be honored to help you.
Currently not accepting new clients. Hello! I am glad you have been brought to my profile. I fully understand that therapy is a challenging process, and what makes the biggest difference is finding a therapist that is the best fit for you. If you are someone looking to start the therapy journey that is wanting to: improve their relationship with the self and others, find more solid footing in the world around them, rid themselves of intrusive negative thoughts, build up their self-esteem, and increase emotional awareness/regulation, and more, I would be honored to help you.
(703) 952-5314 View (703) 952-5314
Photo of Gabi Taweel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Gabi Taweel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Navigating life as a young adult is a challenge. Often we seek stability among life's chaos, while other times we seek excitement among life's mundanity. I am here to help you identify your needs and desires during both transitional and stagnant periods of your life. I firmly believe the therapeutic relationship provides the groundwork for healing and I prioritize building rapport and mutual trust. Together, we will dive beneath surface issues, discover the underlying reasons for distress, and build strategies to take control of your life.
Navigating life as a young adult is a challenge. Often we seek stability among life's chaos, while other times we seek excitement among life's mundanity. I am here to help you identify your needs and desires during both transitional and stagnant periods of your life. I firmly believe the therapeutic relationship provides the groundwork for healing and I prioritize building rapport and mutual trust. Together, we will dive beneath surface issues, discover the underlying reasons for distress, and build strategies to take control of your life.
(571) 497-5744 View (571) 497-5744
Photo of Charles L Grausz - Charles Grausz Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Charles Grausz Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Looking to help you or your child achieve more and reach your goals? With 22 years of experience,I have the tools to help with motivation, confidence and social difficulties. I maintain a small practice where I can offer my clients the personal attention they deserve. As a school counselor and licensed professional counselor, I have the experience to create lasting connections with people of various ages to bring about positive change.
Looking to help you or your child achieve more and reach your goals? With 22 years of experience,I have the tools to help with motivation, confidence and social difficulties. I maintain a small practice where I can offer my clients the personal attention they deserve. As a school counselor and licensed professional counselor, I have the experience to create lasting connections with people of various ages to bring about positive change.
(571) 389-7889 View (571) 389-7889
Photo of Dawn Perez, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, BCN, NCC, LPC
Dawn Perez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, BCN, NCC, LPC
Herndon, VA 20170
I am the Clinical Director of BiofeedbackWORKS in Virginia, a clinic that offers NEUROFEEDBACK, GENERAL BIOFEEDBACK, and Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART). We specialize in therapies that use positive reinforcement and plasticity of the brain to create better functionality & help regulate the body's parasympathetic nervous system. We offer services to a diverse population, ranging from young children to older adults. Our clients seek our services for mental health issues, traumatic brain injuries, and peak performance goals. At BiofeedbackWORKS we aim to help each client meet their individual goals.
I am the Clinical Director of BiofeedbackWORKS in Virginia, a clinic that offers NEUROFEEDBACK, GENERAL BIOFEEDBACK, and Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART). We specialize in therapies that use positive reinforcement and plasticity of the brain to create better functionality & help regulate the body's parasympathetic nervous system. We offer services to a diverse population, ranging from young children to older adults. Our clients seek our services for mental health issues, traumatic brain injuries, and peak performance goals. At BiofeedbackWORKS we aim to help each client meet their individual goals.
(703) 997-7628 View (703) 997-7628
Photo of Patricia Felton, Licensed Professional Counselor
Patricia Felton
Licensed Professional Counselor
Online Only
Who is Patricia? I am a former foster child, who was adopted and did not meet her biological family until 32 years of age. I am a former high school student that was chosen and trained to be in a teenage counseling program called Teenage Acting Communicating Together, T.A.C.T. I am a wife, mom and trauma informed licensed professional counselor…. I understand that life is a journey, and we all have a story. I will meet you where you are, walking alongside to assist with skills to understand your symptoms of depression and anxiety, etc. as well as the origin of these symptoms.
Who is Patricia? I am a former foster child, who was adopted and did not meet her biological family until 32 years of age. I am a former high school student that was chosen and trained to be in a teenage counseling program called Teenage Acting Communicating Together, T.A.C.T. I am a wife, mom and trauma informed licensed professional counselor…. I understand that life is a journey, and we all have a story. I will meet you where you are, walking alongside to assist with skills to understand your symptoms of depression and anxiety, etc. as well as the origin of these symptoms.
(703) 810-3462 View (703) 810-3462
Photo of Ruth E Attebury, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, CSAC
Ruth E Attebury
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, CSAC
1 Endorsed
Herndon, VA 20170
"Does hardship make us stronger?" Not while you're experiencing the problem! How about "What can I do differently next time!" I moved 27 times by the age of 13, so I learned how to meet people. There are better ways to learn social skills! I furnish a direct but gentle approach suited for clients seeking improved functioning in employment, school, relationships and family. Let me help you learn how to make good decisions and experience success. Let's stop the hardship!
"Does hardship make us stronger?" Not while you're experiencing the problem! How about "What can I do differently next time!" I moved 27 times by the age of 13, so I learned how to meet people. There are better ways to learn social skills! I furnish a direct but gentle approach suited for clients seeking improved functioning in employment, school, relationships and family. Let me help you learn how to make good decisions and experience success. Let's stop the hardship!
(703) 215-9566 View (703) 215-9566
Photo of Christine Cosgrave, Psychologist, PsyD
Christine Cosgrave
Psychologist, PsyD
Herndon, VA 20170
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 18 years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults. I have worked with clients in a variety of settings including teaching at graduate and undergraduate levels, hospital settings, and community mental health. I have spent the last 16 years in private practice providing individual therapy, as well psychological evaluations to individuals of all ages. I primarily work from a cognitive-behavioral and integrative model and specialize in working with individuals with anxiety, depression and life transitions.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 18 years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults. I have worked with clients in a variety of settings including teaching at graduate and undergraduate levels, hospital settings, and community mental health. I have spent the last 16 years in private practice providing individual therapy, as well psychological evaluations to individuals of all ages. I primarily work from a cognitive-behavioral and integrative model and specialize in working with individuals with anxiety, depression and life transitions.
(571) 200-3498 View (571) 200-3498
Photo of Martha Fischer, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Martha Fischer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Herndon, VA 20170
Not accepting new clients
Life is filled with crossroads-marriage, divorce, a new baby, an empty nest, a boomerang child. Even the most joyful ones can be challenging and at times we find we could use some support. In my practice I work to help you tap into the strengths that are within you and find your voice - your creativity, courage and compassion - so you can make healthy choices for yourself and your relationships. I enjoy working with individuals, couples and families and consider it a privilege to provide a safe, non-judgmental space to help you rediscover hope and work toward your goals.
Life is filled with crossroads-marriage, divorce, a new baby, an empty nest, a boomerang child. Even the most joyful ones can be challenging and at times we find we could use some support. In my practice I work to help you tap into the strengths that are within you and find your voice - your creativity, courage and compassion - so you can make healthy choices for yourself and your relationships. I enjoy working with individuals, couples and families and consider it a privilege to provide a safe, non-judgmental space to help you rediscover hope and work toward your goals.
(703) 382-1535 View (703) 382-1535

See more therapy options for Herndon

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Herndon, VA

300+

Average cost per session

$155

Therapists in Herndon, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
70% Trauma and PTSD
62% Life Transitions
61% Coping Skills
61% Self Esteem
60% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
77% Cigna and Evernorth
74% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Herndon, VA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Herndon?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.