Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists in Fredericksburg, VA

Photo of Katherine Fountain, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fredericksburg, VA
Katherine Fountain
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
Kate includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and narrative therapy techniques to assist clients in healing and creating positive change in their lives.
Kate Fountain is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who brings over 5 years of experience working with families. Kate enjoys working with adults, children, and families experiencing a variety of issues. She completed her Master of Arts (MA) in Professional Counseling at Liberty University.
Kate includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and narrative therapy techniques to assist clients in healing and creating positive change in their lives.
Kate Fountain is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who brings over 5 years of experience working with families. Kate enjoys working with adults, children, and families experiencing a variety of issues. She completed her Master of Arts (MA) in Professional Counseling at Liberty University.
(540) 600-4598 View (540) 600-4598
Photo of Lisa Gibbs, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fredericksburg, VA
Lisa Gibbs
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22401  (Online Only)
She utilizes multiple treatment approaches including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), reality therapy, family/marital, mindfulness, and Christian counseling.
Lisa Gibbs is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 8 years of experience in mental health. Her passion in this field is to help women who are mentally struggling to find themselves and get to a place of self-identity and peace, and to assist couples going through challenges in their marriage to reconnect and experience relationship fulfillment. Lisa specializes in anxiety, depression, relationship issues, coping skills, parenting, spirituality, stress, and life transitions.
She utilizes multiple treatment approaches including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), reality therapy, family/marital, mindfulness, and Christian counseling.
Lisa Gibbs is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 8 years of experience in mental health. Her passion in this field is to help women who are mentally struggling to find themselves and get to a place of self-identity and peace, and to assist couples going through challenges in their marriage to reconnect and experience relationship fulfillment. Lisa specializes in anxiety, depression, relationship issues, coping skills, parenting, spirituality, stress, and life transitions.
(540) 306-4458 View (540) 306-4458
Photo of Larry J Colby, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fredericksburg, VA
Larry J Colby
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22408  (Online Only)
I use a combination of EMDR, DBT, CBT, Sand Tray, Play Therapy, Storytelling, and relationship strategies to help you maximize your life.
Stress can come into our lives at the most unexpected and inconvenient times. We may try to deny the effects of stress in our lives until it becomes overbearing. When this happens, we tend to have developed behaviors that become more damaging than they are helpful – these are maladaptive behaviors. It can be hard to pick up the pieces and begin rebuilding our lives. Our thoughts and actions can get in our way. We can get stuck with our unhelpful actions and need help learning how to replace these behaviors.
I use a combination of EMDR, DBT, CBT, Sand Tray, Play Therapy, Storytelling, and relationship strategies to help you maximize your life.
Stress can come into our lives at the most unexpected and inconvenient times. We may try to deny the effects of stress in our lives until it becomes overbearing. When this happens, we tend to have developed behaviors that become more damaging than they are helpful – these are maladaptive behaviors. It can be hard to pick up the pieces and begin rebuilding our lives. Our thoughts and actions can get in our way. We can get stuck with our unhelpful actions and need help learning how to replace these behaviors.
(540) 329-3476 View (540) 329-3476
Photo of Kurt W Droste, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fredericksburg, VA
Kurt W Droste
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
I utilize various methods to help my clients become their best self, including EMDR, CBT, individual and couple’s counseling - I operate from the standpoint that the point of going to therapy is to STOP going to therapy.
I believe that the most important thing to begin with is listening, to truly begin striving to understand you and see how I can best be of help. I will strive to provide a safe, calm and accepting environment where we can explore those things that may be holding you back from being the person you want to be. I believe deeply that you are the ultimate expert on yourself and the focus of our therapeutic relationship will always be all about you and how we can begin moving towards “your best self.”
I utilize various methods to help my clients become their best self, including EMDR, CBT, individual and couple’s counseling - I operate from the standpoint that the point of going to therapy is to STOP going to therapy.
I believe that the most important thing to begin with is listening, to truly begin striving to understand you and see how I can best be of help. I will strive to provide a safe, calm and accepting environment where we can explore those things that may be holding you back from being the person you want to be. I believe deeply that you are the ultimate expert on yourself and the focus of our therapeutic relationship will always be all about you and how we can begin moving towards “your best self.”
(540) 779-1361 View (540) 779-1361
Photo of Gabriele Neumaier-Farnsworth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fredericksburg, VA
Gabriele Neumaier-Farnsworth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22405  (Online Only)
She is certified in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Hypnotherapy.
Gabriele Farnsworth is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of Virginia. Her office is located in Fredericksburg, not far from Mary Washington University. She provides psychotherapy for individuals, couples, and families.
She is certified in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Hypnotherapy.
Gabriele Farnsworth is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of Virginia. Her office is located in Fredericksburg, not far from Mary Washington University. She provides psychotherapy for individuals, couples, and families.
(540) 226-5586 View (540) 226-5586
Photo of Papillio Therapy PLLC , Licensed Professional Counselor in Fredericksburg, VA
Papillio Therapy PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, HS-BCP, CGP, C-DBT
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22407  (Online Only)
This is done by using a combination of solution focused therapy, patient centered therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, in combination with others.
Life transitions of any kind, while they can bring joy, can also bring a sense of anxiety, loss, fear, depression, and many unknown feelings. My goal is to help my patients understand these feelings, cope with them in a healthy manner and transition to their next stage in a healthy way - just like a butterfly.
This is done by using a combination of solution focused therapy, patient centered therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, in combination with others.
Life transitions of any kind, while they can bring joy, can also bring a sense of anxiety, loss, fear, depression, and many unknown feelings. My goal is to help my patients understand these feelings, cope with them in a healthy manner and transition to their next stage in a healthy way - just like a butterfly.
(540) 726-6412 View (540) 726-6412
Photo of Joe Thomas Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fredericksburg, VA
Joe Thomas Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22405
Joe provides Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: solution focused treatment designed to provide understanding, support, functional insight,effective strategies and healthy approaches in a process of recovery empowering the individual to better support their own mental and emotional well being moving beyond the time of crisis and challenge.
Joe is 1992 Graduate of Virginia Commonwealth University with a Master's in Social Work and has been licensed in Virginia as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) since 1996. Joe has over two decades of experience as a therapist providing Individual, Couple, Family and Group Therapy.
Joe provides Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: solution focused treatment designed to provide understanding, support, functional insight,effective strategies and healthy approaches in a process of recovery empowering the individual to better support their own mental and emotional well being moving beyond the time of crisis and challenge.
Joe is 1992 Graduate of Virginia Commonwealth University with a Master's in Social Work and has been licensed in Virginia as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) since 1996. Joe has over two decades of experience as a therapist providing Individual, Couple, Family and Group Therapy.
(540) 579-2417 View (540) 579-2417
Photo of Lisa Fleming, LPC, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fredericksburg, VA
Lisa Fleming, LPC, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
I draw from a variety of therapeutic approaches including Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution Focused therapy, Reality Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
My goal is to provide a warm and accepting environment for individuals to explore feelings and life experiences that may allow for personal reflection and growth. We all may experience a feeling of being "stuck" at some point in our lives and may be unsure of how to move forward. I believe the path forward is discovered through personal reflection and self-exploration. I enjoy working with adolescents and adults utilizing a strength based approach. I work with individuals that may be experiencing mood disorder/depression, anxiety, adjustment to life changes, grief/loss, and a variety of other presenting issues.
I draw from a variety of therapeutic approaches including Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution Focused therapy, Reality Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
My goal is to provide a warm and accepting environment for individuals to explore feelings and life experiences that may allow for personal reflection and growth. We all may experience a feeling of being "stuck" at some point in our lives and may be unsure of how to move forward. I believe the path forward is discovered through personal reflection and self-exploration. I enjoy working with adolescents and adults utilizing a strength based approach. I work with individuals that may be experiencing mood disorder/depression, anxiety, adjustment to life changes, grief/loss, and a variety of other presenting issues.
(540) 266-1371 View (540) 266-1371
Photo of Tanya Mills, Pre-Licensed Professional in Fredericksburg, VA
Tanya Mills
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
Tanya specializes in working with children, teens, and adults who are experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, and attention deficit disorder. She seeks to work with her clients from a strength-based perspective while taking into consideration their identities, lived experiences, lifestyles, and psychosocial context. Tanya incorporates various modalities which include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Mindfulness, and Solution-Focused techniques.
Tanya specializes in working with children, teens, and adults who are experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, and attention deficit disorder. She seeks to work with her clients from a strength-based perspective while taking into consideration their identities, lived experiences, lifestyles, and psychosocial context. Tanya incorporates various modalities which include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Mindfulness, and Solution-Focused techniques.
(540) 701-4499 View (540) 701-4499
Photo of Victoria Tripp, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fredericksburg, VA
Victoria Tripp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, OSW-C
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
Waitlist for new clients
My approach uses SFBT and CBT through the lens of attachment and family system relationships.
Individuals suffering from cancer and chronic illnesses are often overwhelmed with numerous challenges, including family system dynamics, and the tumult of intense and fluctuating emotions of fear, anxiety, depression, anger and anticipatory grief. These challenges can bring up existential questions regarding the meaning of life and personal faith. My experience as a therapist havs inspired my counseling style as one where there is space for client’s to process these important questions without judgment.
My approach uses SFBT and CBT through the lens of attachment and family system relationships.
Individuals suffering from cancer and chronic illnesses are often overwhelmed with numerous challenges, including family system dynamics, and the tumult of intense and fluctuating emotions of fear, anxiety, depression, anger and anticipatory grief. These challenges can bring up existential questions regarding the meaning of life and personal faith. My experience as a therapist havs inspired my counseling style as one where there is space for client’s to process these important questions without judgment.
(540) 274-0289 View (540) 274-0289
Photo of Inspired Life Psychological Services, Pre-Licensed Professional in Fredericksburg, VA
Inspired Life Psychological Services
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22406  (Online Only)
Integrative therapies are CBT, DBT, IFS (parts work), EMDR, and SFT.
Welcome! Reaching out for help is not always easy. Like you, many people have experienced anxiety, depression, life stress, relationship issues, and trauma. Some have tried to heal on their own and struggled. Others have tried talk therapy and felt disheartened by it. Many clients show up here when they have lost hope in their healing journey. To minimize this, a unique and evidence-based approach that allows the brain and body to heal is provided here. Healing your body and brain is crucial to feeling better. Some clients have seen a positive change in their mood, thoughts, and behaviors in 2-3 sessions. Sound interesting? It is.
Integrative therapies are CBT, DBT, IFS (parts work), EMDR, and SFT.
Welcome! Reaching out for help is not always easy. Like you, many people have experienced anxiety, depression, life stress, relationship issues, and trauma. Some have tried to heal on their own and struggled. Others have tried talk therapy and felt disheartened by it. Many clients show up here when they have lost hope in their healing journey. To minimize this, a unique and evidence-based approach that allows the brain and body to heal is provided here. Healing your body and brain is crucial to feeling better. Some clients have seen a positive change in their mood, thoughts, and behaviors in 2-3 sessions. Sound interesting? It is.
(540) 779-1250 View (540) 779-1250
Photo of Margo Sunday, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fredericksburg, VA
Margo Sunday
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22405  (Online Only)
I use a cognitive behavioral framework; identifying how your thinking patterns are hindering your joy in life, I use an interpersonal approach, exploring your relationships with others and with yourself.
I have experience helping people with life's challenges through all the stages of life. I specialize in helping people cope with addiction and getting into and moving forward in recovery, coping with grief and loss, anxiety and depression.
I use a cognitive behavioral framework; identifying how your thinking patterns are hindering your joy in life, I use an interpersonal approach, exploring your relationships with others and with yourself.
I have experience helping people with life's challenges through all the stages of life. I specialize in helping people cope with addiction and getting into and moving forward in recovery, coping with grief and loss, anxiety and depression.
(540) 402-9729 View (540) 402-9729
Photo of Renee Martin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fredericksburg, VA
Renee Martin, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22408
Renee uses Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution Focused Therapy techniques in assisting clients.
Renee Martin, LCSW is a licensed clinical social worker/therapist that specializes in individual, family, and couple therapy. She works with clients to build coping strategies, to identify dysfunctional patterns in relationships within one's self and others, to build healthy relationships and to improve self esteem and confidence. Renee also helps clients manage mood disorders, anxiety, and stress.
Renee uses Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution Focused Therapy techniques in assisting clients.
Renee Martin, LCSW is a licensed clinical social worker/therapist that specializes in individual, family, and couple therapy. She works with clients to build coping strategies, to identify dysfunctional patterns in relationships within one's self and others, to build healthy relationships and to improve self esteem and confidence. Renee also helps clients manage mood disorders, anxiety, and stress.
(540) 605-9838 View (540) 605-9838
Photo of Dana Lanham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fredericksburg, VA
Dana Lanham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22406  (Online Only)
I utilize a variety of evidence based treatment modalities including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing, solution focused interventions and mindfulness-based approaches.
I am accepting new clients and currently have weekday availability. I am a licensed clinical social worker in Virginia who specializes in adolescents and adults experiencing a wide range of mental health issues. I have a diverse clinical background with experience treating anxiety, depression, grief/loss, mood disorders, interpersonal/relationship issues, life transitions and trauma.
I utilize a variety of evidence based treatment modalities including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing, solution focused interventions and mindfulness-based approaches.
I am accepting new clients and currently have weekday availability. I am a licensed clinical social worker in Virginia who specializes in adolescents and adults experiencing a wide range of mental health issues. I have a diverse clinical background with experience treating anxiety, depression, grief/loss, mood disorders, interpersonal/relationship issues, life transitions and trauma.
(540) 501-7254 View (540) 501-7254
Photo of Lindsay Nolan, Psychologist in Fredericksburg, VA
Lindsay Nolan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22407
My name is Dr. Lindsay Nolan and I am a clinical psychologist. Primarily, I work with individuals on managing anxiety and depression. I use a combination of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal techniques, as well as humor, in order to help individuals improve their faith in themselves and their own abilities.
My name is Dr. Lindsay Nolan and I am a clinical psychologist. Primarily, I work with individuals on managing anxiety and depression. I use a combination of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal techniques, as well as humor, in order to help individuals improve their faith in themselves and their own abilities.
(540) 502-3196 View (540) 502-3196
Photo of Sarah Kemp, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fredericksburg, VA
Sarah Kemp
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
She uses evidence-based and trauma-informed interventions such as cognitive challenging and restructuring, psychoeducation, normalization, and DBT.
As a licensed professional counselor (LPC), Sarah utilizes her professional experiences, research knowledge, passion for neurobiology and behavioral influences in psychology, and time in academia to imbue her integrative approach to counseling. Sarah attained a Bachelor of Science in Psychology, a Bachelor of Science in Integrative Leadership, then she attained a Master of Arts in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Sarah focuses her research on early intervention for mood and personality disorders as she works toward her doctorate in Psychology.
She uses evidence-based and trauma-informed interventions such as cognitive challenging and restructuring, psychoeducation, normalization, and DBT.
As a licensed professional counselor (LPC), Sarah utilizes her professional experiences, research knowledge, passion for neurobiology and behavioral influences in psychology, and time in academia to imbue her integrative approach to counseling. Sarah attained a Bachelor of Science in Psychology, a Bachelor of Science in Integrative Leadership, then she attained a Master of Arts in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Sarah focuses her research on early intervention for mood and personality disorders as she works toward her doctorate in Psychology.
(540) 405-8567 View (540) 405-8567
Photo of Charlotte Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fredericksburg, VA
Charlotte Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
Her approach to therapy is eclectic and includes cognitive-behavioral, person-centered, and solution-focused therapies.
Charlotte Williams is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 7 years of professional experience. Also, she has years of life experiences that have helped her to become the person that she is. Some of her life experiences include working in childcare, a psychiatric hospital, and community mental health. She loves working with diverse individuals' diverse problems and learning new things. Progress is not made in a straight line. There are bumps and curves in the road. It is how we cope with the bumps and curves in the road that cause us problems.
Her approach to therapy is eclectic and includes cognitive-behavioral, person-centered, and solution-focused therapies.
Charlotte Williams is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 7 years of professional experience. Also, she has years of life experiences that have helped her to become the person that she is. Some of her life experiences include working in childcare, a psychiatric hospital, and community mental health. She loves working with diverse individuals' diverse problems and learning new things. Progress is not made in a straight line. There are bumps and curves in the road. It is how we cope with the bumps and curves in the road that cause us problems.
(540) 870-0195 View (540) 870-0195
Photo of Tiara Upshur, Resident in Counseling in Fredericksburg, VA
Tiara Upshur
Resident in Counseling, MEd, R-LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22407
Through Play, Art, and Music therapy, Trauma Focused-CBT, EMI, Mindfulness Therapy, and Psychoeducation we will explore the effects of trauma, anxiety, depression, adjustments, suicidal ideations/attempts, and military transitions.
As the parent of a struggling child or adolescent, you often find yourself wondering what you can do to help them feel better. I believe it is important to understand “What is happening to me” versus “What is wrong with me.” I have had the pleasure of working with clients ages 3 to 55 years old and their families. I am familiar with Court-ordered clients, children in the foster care system, victims of sexual abuse and domestic violence, as well as active duty service members, veterans, and their families.
Through Play, Art, and Music therapy, Trauma Focused-CBT, EMI, Mindfulness Therapy, and Psychoeducation we will explore the effects of trauma, anxiety, depression, adjustments, suicidal ideations/attempts, and military transitions.
As the parent of a struggling child or adolescent, you often find yourself wondering what you can do to help them feel better. I believe it is important to understand “What is happening to me” versus “What is wrong with me.” I have had the pleasure of working with clients ages 3 to 55 years old and their families. I am familiar with Court-ordered clients, children in the foster care system, victims of sexual abuse and domestic violence, as well as active duty service members, veterans, and their families.
(540) 452-9298 View (540) 452-9298
Photo of Chelsea Garcia, Resident in Counseling in Fredericksburg, VA
Chelsea Garcia
Resident in Counseling, MS, LPC-R
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22402
I believe the counseling relationship should be traveled along side by side through the various stages of your mental health journey. I believe fully in human potential and allowing each person to have an autonomous role in therapy. I provide an empathic safe place built on non-judgmental and client-centered approach. Here is where we can explore your feelings together and process through the various challenges that may arise. I focus on client-centered approach while also utilizing treatment techniques including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Solution-Focused Therapy.
I believe the counseling relationship should be traveled along side by side through the various stages of your mental health journey. I believe fully in human potential and allowing each person to have an autonomous role in therapy. I provide an empathic safe place built on non-judgmental and client-centered approach. Here is where we can explore your feelings together and process through the various challenges that may arise. I focus on client-centered approach while also utilizing treatment techniques including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Solution-Focused Therapy.
(540) 845-6940 x1 View (540) 845-6940 x1
Revelations Counseling & Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22401  (Online Only)
We are a psychological health and wellness practice providing licensed counseling and coaching for individuals to enhance person-centered quality of life. Revelations is dedicated to strengthening the health of family systems and optimizing the performance of organizations through systems theory, solutions-focused interventions, and cognitive-behavioral practices. Whether our services are applied at the individual, family or corporate level, we pursue the discovery of unique abilities and strengths that empower people to achieve a higher purpose and greater things.
We are a psychological health and wellness practice providing licensed counseling and coaching for individuals to enhance person-centered quality of life. Revelations is dedicated to strengthening the health of family systems and optimizing the performance of organizations through systems theory, solutions-focused interventions, and cognitive-behavioral practices. Whether our services are applied at the individual, family or corporate level, we pursue the discovery of unique abilities and strengths that empower people to achieve a higher purpose and greater things.
(540) 299-1708 View (540) 299-1708

See more therapy options for Fredericksburg

Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.