Therapists in Little High, Charlottesville, VA
Shelley Faulkner
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MAEdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
I highly value trust and connection in order for humans to heal. I bring my authentic self and transparency into session in order to give clients the ability to be fully themselves. My goal is to help ease psychological suffering brought on by trauma and other negative life circumstances and then make sense of the overwhelming emotions/responses. It is through compassion and connection that corrective emotional experiences can occur. I believe that our ability to both experience and understand our Self and others is a key component in building secure (emotionally safe) relationships.
I highly value trust and connection in order for humans to heal. I bring my authentic self and transparency into session in order to give clients the ability to be fully themselves. My goal is to help ease psychological suffering brought on by trauma and other negative life circumstances and then make sense of the overwhelming emotions/responses. It is through compassion and connection that corrective emotional experiences can occur. I believe that our ability to both experience and understand our Self and others is a key component in building secure (emotionally safe) relationships.
Morgan (Soper) Hickman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who specializes in adolescents (ages 16+) and adults who struggle with depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and difficulty coping with medical problems. As a therapist, I believe that everyone is capable of change and healing, regardless of your circumstances. I utilize a strengths-based and systems approach, with an emphasis on cognitive-behavioral and solutions-focused interventions. For clients struggling with OCD, my primary treatment approach is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP).
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who specializes in adolescents (ages 16+) and adults who struggle with depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and difficulty coping with medical problems. As a therapist, I believe that everyone is capable of change and healing, regardless of your circumstances. I utilize a strengths-based and systems approach, with an emphasis on cognitive-behavioral and solutions-focused interventions. For clients struggling with OCD, my primary treatment approach is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP).
Jeanne A Martin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
If you are experiencing intense anxiety, relationship issues, depression, and/or just feeling stuck, change is possible. I believe that the relationship between client and therapist opens pathways to healing and clients can discover the truth of their own inner strength and resources. I would like to help you on your journey to explore, learn, and encourage movement towards greater self-awareness, deeper peace, and achieve more meaning and joy from relationships. To achieve these goals, I believe that a customized approach in therapy is most effective in helping people make positive changes in their lives.
If you are experiencing intense anxiety, relationship issues, depression, and/or just feeling stuck, change is possible. I believe that the relationship between client and therapist opens pathways to healing and clients can discover the truth of their own inner strength and resources. I would like to help you on your journey to explore, learn, and encourage movement towards greater self-awareness, deeper peace, and achieve more meaning and joy from relationships. To achieve these goals, I believe that a customized approach in therapy is most effective in helping people make positive changes in their lives.
Wendy has made it her life's work to help young adults discover their own competency and capacity. Wendy guides clients to capably experience emotions and grow fully into their best adult selves. Wendy has a relational, wellness-based style and works with clients to create a secure, supportive counseling partnership that allows for safe exploration of issues. Wendy brings nonjudgment, compassion and humor to her work as well as an unwavering belief in the innate healing capacity of each of us. Additionally, Wendy offers parent coaching to parents of teens and young adults who are struggling, as a way to support the whole family.
Wendy has made it her life's work to help young adults discover their own competency and capacity. Wendy guides clients to capably experience emotions and grow fully into their best adult selves. Wendy has a relational, wellness-based style and works with clients to create a secure, supportive counseling partnership that allows for safe exploration of issues. Wendy brings nonjudgment, compassion and humor to her work as well as an unwavering belief in the innate healing capacity of each of us. Additionally, Wendy offers parent coaching to parents of teens and young adults who are struggling, as a way to support the whole family.
Marie (Mimi) Steele
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
Not accepting new clients
** NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS-- Please click on the website button on the left side of my profile to receive practice information.** Focusing on couples' strengths and attachment styles, I help partners understand the normal ups and downs of attunement and misattunement, learn and practice mindfulness and emotional regulation, how to heal small and large ruptures and build deeper emotional and physical intimacy and trust. I have experience assisting partners repair their relationship after infidelity or breach of trust. If reconciliation is not possible, I help couples through the separation and divorce process.
** NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS-- Please click on the website button on the left side of my profile to receive practice information.** Focusing on couples' strengths and attachment styles, I help partners understand the normal ups and downs of attunement and misattunement, learn and practice mindfulness and emotional regulation, how to heal small and large ruptures and build deeper emotional and physical intimacy and trust. I have experience assisting partners repair their relationship after infidelity or breach of trust. If reconciliation is not possible, I help couples through the separation and divorce process.
Cara Marinucci
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, FAMI
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I am continually inspired by the transformative moment that happens in the counseling process. There is a sacredness in being present to another as a guide on this journey we call life. Whether it is exploring inner resources for healing and growth or the possibilities for deep and lasting change, it is an honor to work with people that are desiring a better way to be themselves in the world. My own journey has taught me that being truly present and engaged allows space for the unknown to be revealed, acknowledged, and eventually integrated into the service of the whole self.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I am continually inspired by the transformative moment that happens in the counseling process. There is a sacredness in being present to another as a guide on this journey we call life. Whether it is exploring inner resources for healing and growth or the possibilities for deep and lasting change, it is an honor to work with people that are desiring a better way to be themselves in the world. My own journey has taught me that being truly present and engaged allows space for the unknown to be revealed, acknowledged, and eventually integrated into the service of the whole self.
Kimberly P Bickford
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, EdS, LPC, SEP
Verified Verified
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
If you are trying to manage intrusive worries, sadness, or grief, it's possible your body and mind may be signaling a need for greater attention and care. Often this is our soul's way of asking for a deeper connection to ourselves and others. Reaching out for support requires courage and some willingness to be vulnerable. If you are ready, we will begin by developing a secure foundation based on identifying and honoring your strengths and resilience before exploring difficult topics. We will take an approach that includes a somatic awareness which invites you to notice what's rising inside your body, not just your mind.
If you are trying to manage intrusive worries, sadness, or grief, it's possible your body and mind may be signaling a need for greater attention and care. Often this is our soul's way of asking for a deeper connection to ourselves and others. Reaching out for support requires courage and some willingness to be vulnerable. If you are ready, we will begin by developing a secure foundation based on identifying and honoring your strengths and resilience before exploring difficult topics. We will take an approach that includes a somatic awareness which invites you to notice what's rising inside your body, not just your mind.
Janie Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
I serve individuals who have experienced interpersonal violence, sexual violence, attachment wounds, and other traumas. Trauma is events, experiences, and their effects. It is the ensnaring voice inside that says "not good enough," it's the feeling of shame and not-belonging, and it's the body's rhythms out-of-sync. Through a healing relationship, I journey with clients in the messy process of change by drawing on their inborn capacity for growth and wisdom. I support clients in reconnecting the stories of the mind, heart, and body such that they attune to the self with compassion, honor their emotions, and orient to the present.
I serve individuals who have experienced interpersonal violence, sexual violence, attachment wounds, and other traumas. Trauma is events, experiences, and their effects. It is the ensnaring voice inside that says "not good enough," it's the feeling of shame and not-belonging, and it's the body's rhythms out-of-sync. Through a healing relationship, I journey with clients in the messy process of change by drawing on their inborn capacity for growth and wisdom. I support clients in reconnecting the stories of the mind, heart, and body such that they attune to the self with compassion, honor their emotions, and orient to the present.
Stephen Hendrix
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
NOW accepting new clients. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 30 years experience working with a variety of individuals in the Charlottesville area. My approach is to work with a client and their internal world, their thoughts and feelings, and help to resolve internal and external conflicts. We all at times can get stuck in patterns of behavior or relationships that we want to make better, and with an insight-oriented approach I work to help individuals make that happen.
NOW accepting new clients. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 30 years experience working with a variety of individuals in the Charlottesville area. My approach is to work with a client and their internal world, their thoughts and feelings, and help to resolve internal and external conflicts. We all at times can get stuck in patterns of behavior or relationships that we want to make better, and with an insight-oriented approach I work to help individuals make that happen.
Jesse Luckett, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
I work with individuals and couples to help them actualize their innate qualities of goodness and wholeness. I support people who are overwhelmed with stress, anxiety, or depression, in order to help them learn to transform their life challenges into opportunities for healing and growth. Individuals and couples will learn to recognize behaviors that keep them stuck and are provided with tools to help them process difficult emotions and connect and communicate more effectively and lovingly. Through establishing a caring therapeutic relationship clients can become more confident and secure within themselves.
I work with individuals and couples to help them actualize their innate qualities of goodness and wholeness. I support people who are overwhelmed with stress, anxiety, or depression, in order to help them learn to transform their life challenges into opportunities for healing and growth. Individuals and couples will learn to recognize behaviors that keep them stuck and are provided with tools to help them process difficult emotions and connect and communicate more effectively and lovingly. Through establishing a caring therapeutic relationship clients can become more confident and secure within themselves.
Frances Winfrey Greenstein
Marriage & Family Therapist, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
Seeking support to deal with life's challenges or to work on improving your quality of life is a real sign of strength and courage! Sometimes the work is to get through a particular challenge. An even greater shift occurs when you can gain more awareness of and reduce limiting/ hurtful internal messages. This comes as you are grounding in and strengthening access to your core /wise voice. I am here to support this process, while we move at your pace and aim to support you reaching your goals.
Seeking support to deal with life's challenges or to work on improving your quality of life is a real sign of strength and courage! Sometimes the work is to get through a particular challenge. An even greater shift occurs when you can gain more awareness of and reduce limiting/ hurtful internal messages. This comes as you are grounding in and strengthening access to your core /wise voice. I am here to support this process, while we move at your pace and aim to support you reaching your goals.
Michelle Freeman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
My focus in therapy is to create a safe space with you that fosters restoration and resilience. To meet you in the stuck, painful places with kindness and non-judgement and help you access your strengths and resiliency in such a way that you find the relief of healing and hope. I specializes and focuses on issues ranging from anxiety and depression, stress and relationship conflict, trauma, emerging adulthood, attachment-focused issues, women’s issues, sexuality and gender-identity. I offer individual counseling for adults and emerging adults helping you to notice and cultivate an inner voice of strength that empowers you to build.
My focus in therapy is to create a safe space with you that fosters restoration and resilience. To meet you in the stuck, painful places with kindness and non-judgement and help you access your strengths and resiliency in such a way that you find the relief of healing and hope. I specializes and focuses on issues ranging from anxiety and depression, stress and relationship conflict, trauma, emerging adulthood, attachment-focused issues, women’s issues, sexuality and gender-identity. I offer individual counseling for adults and emerging adults helping you to notice and cultivate an inner voice of strength that empowers you to build.
Feeling lost or looking for help or guidance? Struggling to find who you are or what you want to do? Struggling as parent or executive? Looking to fine tune areas of your life, relationship, or career? From Psychedelic Therapy and Coaching for individuals and parents to Executive Coaching to our individual, family, and community health and wellness services, we are committed to providing all of our clients with a healthcare experience that is unique, meaningful, and functional. At AHWI Psychology Group, we are driven by one simple goal: to help our clients achieve theirs. We have been helping clients to do just that since 2008.
Feeling lost or looking for help or guidance? Struggling to find who you are or what you want to do? Struggling as parent or executive? Looking to fine tune areas of your life, relationship, or career? From Psychedelic Therapy and Coaching for individuals and parents to Executive Coaching to our individual, family, and community health and wellness services, we are committed to providing all of our clients with a healthcare experience that is unique, meaningful, and functional. At AHWI Psychology Group, we are driven by one simple goal: to help our clients achieve theirs. We have been helping clients to do just that since 2008.
Jen Patterson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
Some gentle reminders: It's not too late for you + Having feelings means you are human + Not everyone will understand you + You deserve to heal from the things that weren't your fault + You don't have to abandon yourself to be loved + Your sensitivity is a strength, not a weakness. My therapeutic approach is intuitive, experiential, and deeply rooted in authenticity and soulfulness. Through a social justice lens, I’m committed to addressing the systemic structures that influence your well-being. I offer a safe space to process the complexity of being a human in the often complicated world.
Some gentle reminders: It's not too late for you + Having feelings means you are human + Not everyone will understand you + You deserve to heal from the things that weren't your fault + You don't have to abandon yourself to be loved + Your sensitivity is a strength, not a weakness. My therapeutic approach is intuitive, experiential, and deeply rooted in authenticity and soulfulness. Through a social justice lens, I’m committed to addressing the systemic structures that influence your well-being. I offer a safe space to process the complexity of being a human in the often complicated world.
Diana Grigera
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MSW
Verified Verified
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
As a therapist, I am driven by a deep passion for helping clients overcome obstacles and nurture their inner strengths. Through a warm and collaborative therapeutic approach, I empower clients to gain greater awareness and self-understanding, cultivating and developing skills for personal growth. I firmly believe that seeking support holds the potential for transformative change.
As a therapist, I am driven by a deep passion for helping clients overcome obstacles and nurture their inner strengths. Through a warm and collaborative therapeutic approach, I empower clients to gain greater awareness and self-understanding, cultivating and developing skills for personal growth. I firmly believe that seeking support holds the potential for transformative change.
Onnie Baldwin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR, EFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
It's hard for anyone to talk about personal issues. Anyone brave enough to do this launches themselves into a life giving process that increases the possibilities of their lives forever. It brings about unbelievable changes opening possibilities never thought of. It's hard work. It's scary. But it teaches one to live effectively with what life has brought and create changes that enhance the life that is. It's a journey into the good and the bad that takes a person to new heights. It's an exploration that creates love and light in a life.
It's hard for anyone to talk about personal issues. Anyone brave enough to do this launches themselves into a life giving process that increases the possibilities of their lives forever. It brings about unbelievable changes opening possibilities never thought of. It's hard work. It's scary. But it teaches one to live effectively with what life has brought and create changes that enhance the life that is. It's a journey into the good and the bad that takes a person to new heights. It's an exploration that creates love and light in a life.
Hilary Steinitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
As a strengths-based and trauma-informed therapist, I am passionate about helping clients to repair deeply held wounds, especially relational wounds, which are often at the core of symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and addictive behaviors. Though I work with clients to help alleviate their troubling symptoms, my work is more fully anchored in the belief that the sensitive exploration of underlying injuries enables not just symptom-reduction but transformation and growth.
As a strengths-based and trauma-informed therapist, I am passionate about helping clients to repair deeply held wounds, especially relational wounds, which are often at the core of symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and addictive behaviors. Though I work with clients to help alleviate their troubling symptoms, my work is more fully anchored in the belief that the sensitive exploration of underlying injuries enables not just symptom-reduction but transformation and growth.
Francesca LoMonaco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
Warmest welcome to you! I'm a strengths-based therapist with over 20 years of diverse clinical experience. My K9 co-therapist Sicily has over 30 dog years of service in schools and care centers. The counseling and support I provide offers connection, partnership and guidance in discovering and doing what it takes to find solutions, move forward and live fully. Together we will successfully and mindfully navigate the challenges and changes you’re facing. Imagine shifting patterns, moving obstacles, changing behaviors, creating awesomeness and finding peace. You'll discover you're the expert on yourself, your life and your situation.
Warmest welcome to you! I'm a strengths-based therapist with over 20 years of diverse clinical experience. My K9 co-therapist Sicily has over 30 dog years of service in schools and care centers. The counseling and support I provide offers connection, partnership and guidance in discovering and doing what it takes to find solutions, move forward and live fully. Together we will successfully and mindfully navigate the challenges and changes you’re facing. Imagine shifting patterns, moving obstacles, changing behaviors, creating awesomeness and finding peace. You'll discover you're the expert on yourself, your life and your situation.
Kate Modica
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
Not accepting new clients
I provide one on one psychotherapy for adults who are experiencing anxiety or depression. I provide Couples therapy for committed couples who are experiencing relationship distress. I specialize in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for individuals and Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for couples.
I provide one on one psychotherapy for adults who are experiencing anxiety or depression. I provide Couples therapy for committed couples who are experiencing relationship distress. I specialize in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for individuals and Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for couples.
Joyce Camden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Little High, Charlottesville, VA 22902
I have provided Counseling Services in our Charlottesville community. I work with a variety of individuals, presenting problems, and life span issues. From adolescence to later life years; there are circumstances and predispositions which offer incredible challenges in life. I have training in many forms of techniques and approaches. I offer services including Cognitive Behavioral Techniques, Dream Analysis ,Mindfulness practices, Guided Imagery in Music, Mediation, Coaching & Career Development, Self-Exploration & Expanding Definition practices. My intention and role as a Therapist is to use my training and experience to help my Clients manifest a better life experience.
I have provided Counseling Services in our Charlottesville community. I work with a variety of individuals, presenting problems, and life span issues. From adolescence to later life years; there are circumstances and predispositions which offer incredible challenges in life. I have training in many forms of techniques and approaches. I offer services including Cognitive Behavioral Techniques, Dream Analysis ,Mindfulness practices, Guided Imagery in Music, Mediation, Coaching & Career Development, Self-Exploration & Expanding Definition practices. My intention and role as a Therapist is to use my training and experience to help my Clients manifest a better life experience.
See more therapy options for Little High, Charlottesville
Nearby Searches for Little High, Charlottesville
- Belmont
- Blue Ridge-Rugby Ave
- Downtown
- Jefferson Park
- Kelly Town-Rugby Heights
- Lewis Mountain
- Main-Starr Hill
- Martha Jefferson
- North Downtown
- Ridge St
- Rose Hill
- Venable
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Little High, Charlottesville, VA
30+
Average cost per session
$150
Therapists in Little High, Charlottesville, VA who prioritize treating:
89% | Relationship Issues |
89% | Depression |
84% | Anxiety |
74% | Self Esteem |
68% | Trauma and PTSD |
68% | Stress |
66% | Coping Skills |
Average years in practice
20 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
80% | Aetna |
75% | BlueCross and BlueShield |
55% | Anthem |
How Therapists in Little High, Charlottesville, VA see their clients
93% | In Person and Online | |
7% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
89% | Female | |
11% | Male |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Little High, Charlottesville?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.