Therapists in Charles City County, VA

Photo of Denise Tatum, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Denise Tatum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I'm Denise Tatum, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 8 years of experience dedicated to helping individuals, couples, and families manage challenges such as mental stress, life transitions, infidelity, divorce, family conflict, anger, ADHD, depression, and anxiety. I have had the privilege of working with children and families from diverse backgrounds in a variety of settings, and I pride myself on creating a comfortable and welcoming therapeutic environment where clients feel encouraged to be their authentic selves.
I'm Denise Tatum, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 8 years of experience dedicated to helping individuals, couples, and families manage challenges such as mental stress, life transitions, infidelity, divorce, family conflict, anger, ADHD, depression, and anxiety. I have had the privilege of working with children and families from diverse backgrounds in a variety of settings, and I pride myself on creating a comfortable and welcoming therapeutic environment where clients feel encouraged to be their authentic selves.
(757) 828-0972 View (757) 828-0972
Photo of Chanel Young, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Chanel Young
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I am Dr. Chanel Young-Pope, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 25 years of experience in the mental health field. Additionally, I am a Veteran of the United States Air Force and a former United States Army Officer, with a combined 24 years of military service. My passion is helping women, adults, veterans, and seniors address their unique challenges, including work-life balance, burnout, depression, anxiety, complex grief, trauma, relationship issues, adjustment difficulties, phase-of-life concerns, and major life transitions.
I am Dr. Chanel Young-Pope, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 25 years of experience in the mental health field. Additionally, I am a Veteran of the United States Air Force and a former United States Army Officer, with a combined 24 years of military service. My passion is helping women, adults, veterans, and seniors address their unique challenges, including work-life balance, burnout, depression, anxiety, complex grief, trauma, relationship issues, adjustment difficulties, phase-of-life concerns, and major life transitions.
(757) 899-1458 View (757) 899-1458
Photo of Penelope Davis, Resident in Counseling, LMHP-R, MS
Penelope Davis
Resident in Counseling, LMHP-R, MS
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
Life moves swiftly, and it can be especially tough when we find ourselves trapped in outdated patterns that no longer benefit us. This often leads to feelings of disconnection, being unheard, and feeling unseen, causing us to question our identity and values. We may struggle with what it means to be our authentic selves, especially when we lack a space where we can truly express who we are. In the whirlwind of our fast-paced lives, it’s easy to feel lost. Therapy is the place to understand yourself. A good therapist can help give you alternative perspectives, support your goals, and help you see yourself in a new light.
Life moves swiftly, and it can be especially tough when we find ourselves trapped in outdated patterns that no longer benefit us. This often leads to feelings of disconnection, being unheard, and feeling unseen, causing us to question our identity and values. We may struggle with what it means to be our authentic selves, especially when we lack a space where we can truly express who we are. In the whirlwind of our fast-paced lives, it’s easy to feel lost. Therapy is the place to understand yourself. A good therapist can help give you alternative perspectives, support your goals, and help you see yourself in a new light.
(804) 201-4920 View (804) 201-4920

Online Therapists

Photo of Alexis L Johnson, Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHC
Alexis L Johnson
Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHC
2 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
With a diverse range of experiences and a genuine passion for both her professional and personal interests, Alexis embodies a therapist who is not only well-equipped to support individuals on their mental health journey but also deeply connected to the beauty and diversity of the human experience.
With a diverse range of experiences and a genuine passion for both her professional and personal interests, Alexis embodies a therapist who is not only well-equipped to support individuals on their mental health journey but also deeply connected to the beauty and diversity of the human experience.
(804) 395-7690 View (804) 395-7690
Photo of Vicky Bowman, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR, CSAC
Vicky Bowman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR, CSAC
Online Only
It can be challenging to take the first step in telling your story! My approach to psychotherapy is embracing a transformative journey of hope, healing, and growth that blends a variety of therapeutic methods tailored to your unique needs. By incorporating practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Art Therapy, mindfulness techniques, and person-centered approaches, I support you with navigating life’s challenges with compassion and empathy. My inspiration is to help individuals express themself in a way that specifically unlock deeper insights and facilitates healing.
It can be challenging to take the first step in telling your story! My approach to psychotherapy is embracing a transformative journey of hope, healing, and growth that blends a variety of therapeutic methods tailored to your unique needs. By incorporating practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Art Therapy, mindfulness techniques, and person-centered approaches, I support you with navigating life’s challenges with compassion and empathy. My inspiration is to help individuals express themself in a way that specifically unlock deeper insights and facilitates healing.
(757) 891-6665 View (757) 891-6665
Photo of Cyrus Williams - Alcohol and Drug Evaluations, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, CSAT, LSATP
Alcohol and Drug Evaluations
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, CSAT, LSATP
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
We provide court-approved substance use, anger management, and psychological testing and evaluation services. We are a trusted provider offering a comprehensive range of court-mandated and employer-mandated services. These services include alcohol and drug evaluations, anger management evaluations, mental health evaluations, anger management classes, shoplifting prevention classes, substance abuse classes, ASAM Level treatment, victim impact panel, and alcohol and drug awareness.
We provide court-approved substance use, anger management, and psychological testing and evaluation services. We are a trusted provider offering a comprehensive range of court-mandated and employer-mandated services. These services include alcohol and drug evaluations, anger management evaluations, mental health evaluations, anger management classes, shoplifting prevention classes, substance abuse classes, ASAM Level treatment, victim impact panel, and alcohol and drug awareness.
(757) 571-8049 View (757) 571-8049
Photo of Daniell Twyman, Licensed Professional Counselor, EMDR
Daniell Twyman
Licensed Professional Counselor, EMDR
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23235
I’m Daniell without the “e.” I’m passionate about supporting individuals, especially women and adolescents, as well as couples and families, through life’s challenges. If you’ve found yourself here, you may be ready to make a meaningful change. I work with clients facing a range of concerns including depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, life transitions, and women’s issues. My goal is to provide a safe, supportive space where you can explore your experiences, build resilience, and move toward healing. Change is possible and you don’t have to do it alone. Let’s take the next step together.
I’m Daniell without the “e.” I’m passionate about supporting individuals, especially women and adolescents, as well as couples and families, through life’s challenges. If you’ve found yourself here, you may be ready to make a meaningful change. I work with clients facing a range of concerns including depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, life transitions, and women’s issues. My goal is to provide a safe, supportive space where you can explore your experiences, build resilience, and move toward healing. Change is possible and you don’t have to do it alone. Let’s take the next step together.
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Photo of Asia Roberts, Resident in Counseling, Asia Roberts
Asia Roberts
Resident in Counseling, Asia Roberts
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
My ideal client is someone navigating life transitions, anxiety, or self-doubt, and seeking a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore their emotions and identity. They may feel stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected, but they’re motivated to better understand themselves and create meaningful change. Their goal is to build confidence, improve relationships, and feel more grounded and authentic. They want to heal, grow, and feel empowered, because deep down, they believe life can feel better and they’re ready to take that first step.
My ideal client is someone navigating life transitions, anxiety, or self-doubt, and seeking a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore their emotions and identity. They may feel stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected, but they’re motivated to better understand themselves and create meaningful change. Their goal is to build confidence, improve relationships, and feel more grounded and authentic. They want to heal, grow, and feel empowered, because deep down, they believe life can feel better and they’re ready to take that first step.
(757) 859-9629 View (757) 859-9629
Photo of Sarah Clode, Counselor, LMHC
Sarah Clode
Counselor, LMHC
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Life is tricky... It's hard and messy and has no one right answer, especially now. Therapy is all about you figuring yourself out without judgment or expectations. Therapy with me, is a bit chaotic and messy too, like life. But trust me, the work is worth it. There is no one right way to "do" therapy or to be a client, but it is about you and what you're willing to bring to the table.
Life is tricky... It's hard and messy and has no one right answer, especially now. Therapy is all about you figuring yourself out without judgment or expectations. Therapy with me, is a bit chaotic and messy too, like life. But trust me, the work is worth it. There is no one right way to "do" therapy or to be a client, but it is about you and what you're willing to bring to the table.
(321) 340-2901 View (321) 340-2901
Photo of Elizabeth D Reed - Elizabeth Reed, LCSW , Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S, LCSW, LICSW
Elizabeth Reed, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S, LCSW, LICSW
Online Only
We work with teens and adults across OH, WV, VT, VA, NC, OR, and TN who are ready for meaningful, personalized therapy. Whether you’re managing anxiety, depression, trauma, mood disorders, or substance use challenges, our licensed therapists provide affirming telehealth support. We welcome LGBTQIA+ clients and those in Poly, Kink, and ENM relationships. Our team uses CBT, Family Systems, and Strengths-Based approaches to help you feel grounded, supported, and understood.
We work with teens and adults across OH, WV, VT, VA, NC, OR, and TN who are ready for meaningful, personalized therapy. Whether you’re managing anxiety, depression, trauma, mood disorders, or substance use challenges, our licensed therapists provide affirming telehealth support. We welcome LGBTQIA+ clients and those in Poly, Kink, and ENM relationships. Our team uses CBT, Family Systems, and Strengths-Based approaches to help you feel grounded, supported, and understood.
(757) 267-9945 View (757) 267-9945
Photo of Jennifer J Watson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C, LICSW
Jennifer J Watson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C, LICSW
Online Only
Welcome! I am glad you are here. Whether therapy is new or familiar to you, let me help be of support to what initially has brought you to seek therapy. As the founder of Centered in Healing, LLC I truly believe that everyone deserves to heal from life experiences that are weighing heavily in their heart and impacting their life. One of the first steps in healing is finding the right person to provide support in a compassionate manner where you feel safe sharing. I am committed in helping you achieve a healthier you through personalize and compassionate care.
Welcome! I am glad you are here. Whether therapy is new or familiar to you, let me help be of support to what initially has brought you to seek therapy. As the founder of Centered in Healing, LLC I truly believe that everyone deserves to heal from life experiences that are weighing heavily in their heart and impacting their life. One of the first steps in healing is finding the right person to provide support in a compassionate manner where you feel safe sharing. I am committed in helping you achieve a healthier you through personalize and compassionate care.
(540) 426-1446 View (540) 426-1446
Photo of Jennifer Senator, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Jennifer Senator
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
3 Endorsed
Charlottesville, VA 22903
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in working with young adults and adult women facing challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, perfectionism, depression, grief, and life transitions—including those related to motherhood, parenting, and midlife (such as menopause). I also enjoy supporting college students as they navigate academic and social pressures. My therapeutic approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Attachment Theory, Internal Family Systems (IFS), and Mindfulness to help clients break unhelpful patterns, connect with their inner strengths, and make meaningful changes.
I specialize in working with young adults and adult women facing challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, perfectionism, depression, grief, and life transitions—including those related to motherhood, parenting, and midlife (such as menopause). I also enjoy supporting college students as they navigate academic and social pressures. My therapeutic approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Attachment Theory, Internal Family Systems (IFS), and Mindfulness to help clients break unhelpful patterns, connect with their inner strengths, and make meaningful changes.
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Photo of Ashley Stewart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ashley Stewart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Alexandria, VA 22310
Dedicated to fostering growth and resilience, Ashley brings warmth, expertise, and a personalized approach to every session. Ashley (She/Her) is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with experience supporting children, adolescents, and adults navigating challenges such as anxiety, depression, self-harm, life transitions, gender identity and sexuality, and school or work stress.
Dedicated to fostering growth and resilience, Ashley brings warmth, expertise, and a personalized approach to every session. Ashley (She/Her) is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with experience supporting children, adolescents, and adults navigating challenges such as anxiety, depression, self-harm, life transitions, gender identity and sexuality, and school or work stress.
(703) 783-5974 View (703) 783-5974
Photo of Jen Patterson, Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW-S
Jen Patterson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW-S
1 Endorsed
Charlottesville, VA 22902
Are you having days and nights when sadness, anxiety, or overwhelm leave you feeling unsteady, unsure of your path? Perhaps you long for more connection, ease, or aliveness, yet old patterns, past wounds, or life’s challenges keep pulling you back. You don’t have to face this alone. I believe that within each of us lies a natural capacity to heal, to open, and to grow into an expansive, more authentic version of ourselves. Because this journey can be tender, having a safe, supportive companion can help soften the loneliness that often comes with the courageous work of exploring your inner world.
Are you having days and nights when sadness, anxiety, or overwhelm leave you feeling unsteady, unsure of your path? Perhaps you long for more connection, ease, or aliveness, yet old patterns, past wounds, or life’s challenges keep pulling you back. You don’t have to face this alone. I believe that within each of us lies a natural capacity to heal, to open, and to grow into an expansive, more authentic version of ourselves. Because this journey can be tender, having a safe, supportive companion can help soften the loneliness that often comes with the courageous work of exploring your inner world.
(434) 608-9404 View (434) 608-9404
Photo of Barbara Schmanski, Pre-Licensed Professional, BSW
Barbara Schmanski
Pre-Licensed Professional, BSW
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
You might be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure where to start. Maybe you're managing anxiety, depression, trauma, or navigating a big life change. You want a space where you don’t have to filter yourself—somewhere to feel heard, accepted, and supported. Whether you're processing your past or just trying to keep up with life, you're ready for things to feel lighter, clearer, and more manageable.
You might be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure where to start. Maybe you're managing anxiety, depression, trauma, or navigating a big life change. You want a space where you don’t have to filter yourself—somewhere to feel heard, accepted, and supported. Whether you're processing your past or just trying to keep up with life, you're ready for things to feel lighter, clearer, and more manageable.
(703) 454-8655 x1 View (703) 454-8655 x1
Photo of Kyle Atkins, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, RIC
Kyle Atkins
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, RIC
1 Endorsed
Manassas Park, VA 20111
Kyle is Resident in Counseling approved by the Virginia Board of Counseling working towards becoming a Licensed Professional Counselor. He graduated from Liberty University with his Masters in Clinical Mental Health. Kyle has experience working with teens, college students, older adults, and families who have experienced workplace trauma, adjustment problems, divorce, eating disorders, relationship issues, depression, and anxiety.
Kyle is Resident in Counseling approved by the Virginia Board of Counseling working towards becoming a Licensed Professional Counselor. He graduated from Liberty University with his Masters in Clinical Mental Health. Kyle has experience working with teens, college students, older adults, and families who have experienced workplace trauma, adjustment problems, divorce, eating disorders, relationship issues, depression, and anxiety.
(571) 202-7972 View (571) 202-7972
Photo of Jamelia Branch At Rivers Of Hope, Resident in Counseling, MA
Jamelia Branch At Rivers Of Hope
Resident in Counseling, MA
Norfolk, VA 23517
Reaching out for support is a powerful first step—and I’m honored to be part of your journey. As a resident in counseling, I provide a compassionate and collaborative space for children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families to explore challenges, build resilience, and move toward meaningful change. My approach is rooted in respect, authenticity, and the belief that healing begins in safe, supportive relationships. I work from a trauma-informed lens and draw on a range of evidence-based modalities—including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Person-Centered Therapy, Play Therapy, and Family Systems—to meet the unique needs.
Reaching out for support is a powerful first step—and I’m honored to be part of your journey. As a resident in counseling, I provide a compassionate and collaborative space for children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families to explore challenges, build resilience, and move toward meaningful change. My approach is rooted in respect, authenticity, and the belief that healing begins in safe, supportive relationships. I work from a trauma-informed lens and draw on a range of evidence-based modalities—including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Person-Centered Therapy, Play Therapy, and Family Systems—to meet the unique needs.
(703) 884-8141 View (703) 884-8141
Photo of Virginia Ward, MEd
Virginia Ward
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22901
Waitlist for new clients
I see individuals as capable of living a full and joyful life. I am here to facilitate the removal of those blocks, caused by past traumas, and / or difficult life transitions, that might be getting in your way. As we work together from a compassionate, strength-based perspective to remove the negative blocks (emotional and mental pain) from your path, life becomes easier and more joyful. As you heal mentally, emotionally and physically you will begin to attract those experiences and relationships into your life that are healthy, more fulfilling & enriching. My Master's degree in Counseling has prepared me for this work.
I see individuals as capable of living a full and joyful life. I am here to facilitate the removal of those blocks, caused by past traumas, and / or difficult life transitions, that might be getting in your way. As we work together from a compassionate, strength-based perspective to remove the negative blocks (emotional and mental pain) from your path, life becomes easier and more joyful. As you heal mentally, emotionally and physically you will begin to attract those experiences and relationships into your life that are healthy, more fulfilling & enriching. My Master's degree in Counseling has prepared me for this work.
(434) 215-0449 View (434) 215-0449
Photo of Anthony Vecchio, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Anthony Vecchio
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Online Only
You don’t have to look broken to feel stuck. Maybe you’re anxious all the time, running on fumes, or tired of pretending you’re fine. Or maybe it’s the stress of relationships — with a partner, family, or friends — that’s weighing on you. Anxiety, burnout, overthinking, relationship struggles… it can all feel like too much. You don’t have to figure it out alone.
You don’t have to look broken to feel stuck. Maybe you’re anxious all the time, running on fumes, or tired of pretending you’re fine. Or maybe it’s the stress of relationships — with a partner, family, or friends — that’s weighing on you. Anxiety, burnout, overthinking, relationship struggles… it can all feel like too much. You don’t have to figure it out alone.
(757) 280-2643 View (757) 280-2643
Photo of Esther R Dubique - Clear Path Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Clear Path Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Online Only
I enjoy seeing people do well. Life can be challenging and navigating turbulent times, is daunting. It seems like our world is in a state of unrest-are you questioning who you are, and where you belong? Coping with it all is no easy task. Whatever the source of your unrest, be it emotional distress, anxiety, employment/relationship issues, and trauma/tragedy, I can help. Let's collaborate on creative strategies to turn your life experiences into purpose.
I enjoy seeing people do well. Life can be challenging and navigating turbulent times, is daunting. It seems like our world is in a state of unrest-are you questioning who you are, and where you belong? Coping with it all is no easy task. Whatever the source of your unrest, be it emotional distress, anxiety, employment/relationship issues, and trauma/tragedy, I can help. Let's collaborate on creative strategies to turn your life experiences into purpose.
(757) 740-0536 View (757) 740-0536

See more therapy options for Charles City County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Charles City County, VA

< 10

Therapists in Charles City County, VA who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% ADHD
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Anger Management
100% Behavioral Issues
100% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Charles City County, VA see their clients

67% Online Only
33% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

67% Non-Binary
33% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Charles City County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.