Therapists in Bellevue, VA

Photo of Patricia Owens, MS, CSAC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Patricia Owens
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, CSAC, LPC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Patricia Owens is a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 20 years of experience practicing in several states, specializing in depression, anxiety, PTSD/ Trauma, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder. Pat treats patients 18 and up utilizing Reality Therapy, Person Centered, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in her approach with clients. Pat has extensive experience counseling young adults, families, and seniors in both clinical and outpatient settings.
Patricia Owens is a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 20 years of experience practicing in several states, specializing in depression, anxiety, PTSD/ Trauma, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder. Pat treats patients 18 and up utilizing Reality Therapy, Person Centered, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in her approach with clients. Pat has extensive experience counseling young adults, families, and seniors in both clinical and outpatient settings.
(804) 656-5425 View (804) 656-5425
Photo of Patricia McCarty, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patricia McCarty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am Patricia "Tricia" McCarty, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who enjoys helping people work through life transitions, addiction, grief/loss, chronic illness/pain, anxiety, depression, stress, and low self-esteem. I use a humanistic approach and a variety of therapeutic modalities, including cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness-based, strength-based, narrative, acceptance and commitment, expressive art as therapy, and positive psychotherapy. I completed my Master of Social Work at Virginia Commonwealth University.
I am Patricia "Tricia" McCarty, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who enjoys helping people work through life transitions, addiction, grief/loss, chronic illness/pain, anxiety, depression, stress, and low self-esteem. I use a humanistic approach and a variety of therapeutic modalities, including cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness-based, strength-based, narrative, acceptance and commitment, expressive art as therapy, and positive psychotherapy. I completed my Master of Social Work at Virginia Commonwealth University.
(804) 395-5104 View (804) 395-5104
Photo of Angela Revercomb, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Angela Revercomb
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Witnessing individuals rediscover their distinct expression of wholeness and well-being is a profound privilege. Clients can anticipate engaging in a collaborative journey with me, delving into self discovery, setting objectives, and jointly pursuing an enhanced sense of well-being, self acceptance, and personal empowerment.
Witnessing individuals rediscover their distinct expression of wholeness and well-being is a profound privilege. Clients can anticipate engaging in a collaborative journey with me, delving into self discovery, setting objectives, and jointly pursuing an enhanced sense of well-being, self acceptance, and personal empowerment.
(804) 395-6731 View (804) 395-6731
Photo of Delores Barbee Smith, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Delores Barbee Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I work with a wide range of emotional and behavioral issues providing services that span from therapy for depression and grief counseling to parenting support, couples counseling and beyond. In a comfortable and supportive atmosphere, I offer a highly personalized approach tailored to each of my clients individual needs to help attain the personal growth they're striving for.
I work with a wide range of emotional and behavioral issues providing services that span from therapy for depression and grief counseling to parenting support, couples counseling and beyond. In a comfortable and supportive atmosphere, I offer a highly personalized approach tailored to each of my clients individual needs to help attain the personal growth they're striving for.
(804) 719-1987 View (804) 719-1987
Photo of Jaclyn Boykin, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jaclyn Boykin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am Jaclyn Boykin, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 5 years of experience working with adults, children, families, couples, and the military who are seeking help with depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, parenting, and serious mental illness. I completed my Bachelor of Science (BS) in Psychology at Troy University and my Master of Science (MS) in Clinical Psychology at Walden University. I am currently working towards my Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Counseling Education and Supervision at Walden University.
I am Jaclyn Boykin, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 5 years of experience working with adults, children, families, couples, and the military who are seeking help with depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, parenting, and serious mental illness. I completed my Bachelor of Science (BS) in Psychology at Troy University and my Master of Science (MS) in Clinical Psychology at Walden University. I am currently working towards my Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Counseling Education and Supervision at Walden University.
(804) 373-7605 View (804) 373-7605
Photo of DeVon Byrd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
DeVon Byrd
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am DeVon Byrd, a Licensed Professional Counselor in the states of Virginia and Mississippi with over 16 years of experience in the mental health field working with adults and providing compassionate care for a variety of psychological issues. I am a strong proponent of developing therapeutic relationships to facilitate change. My areas of experience include depression, anxiety, trauma, and psychosis. I received a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from William Carey University and a Master of Science in Counseling Psychology from William Carey University.
I am DeVon Byrd, a Licensed Professional Counselor in the states of Virginia and Mississippi with over 16 years of experience in the mental health field working with adults and providing compassionate care for a variety of psychological issues. I am a strong proponent of developing therapeutic relationships to facilitate change. My areas of experience include depression, anxiety, trauma, and psychosis. I received a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from William Carey University and a Master of Science in Counseling Psychology from William Carey University.
(804) 538-4067 View (804) 538-4067
Photo of Dr. Nastassja Marshall, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Nastassja Marshall
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Accepting NEW Testing Clients (100% Virtual/Online or In-person)! Reach out now to schedule for a February appointment. Are you frustrated by the months-long waitlists for a psychological assessment? Are you struggling with poor concentration, distractibility, low motivation, and disorganization? Are you tired of receiving conflicting diagnoses from different providers? Have you been asked by a medication provider (e.g., psychiatrist or psychiatric nurse practitioner) or your current outpatient therapist to get an evaluation to help guide your treatment? You can get the answers and guidance that you need to move forward.
Accepting NEW Testing Clients (100% Virtual/Online or In-person)! Reach out now to schedule for a February appointment. Are you frustrated by the months-long waitlists for a psychological assessment? Are you struggling with poor concentration, distractibility, low motivation, and disorganization? Are you tired of receiving conflicting diagnoses from different providers? Have you been asked by a medication provider (e.g., psychiatrist or psychiatric nurse practitioner) or your current outpatient therapist to get an evaluation to help guide your treatment? You can get the answers and guidance that you need to move forward.
(804) 259-2060 View (804) 259-2060
Photo of Andrew Smith, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrew Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I'm Andy Smith, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia with over 10 years of experience dedicated to empowering children, adolescents, adults, and families in navigating challenges such as depression, anxiety, family conflict, and trauma. I completed my Bachelor of Science in Creative Advertising with a minor in Psychology, followed by a Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, VA.
I'm Andy Smith, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia with over 10 years of experience dedicated to empowering children, adolescents, adults, and families in navigating challenges such as depression, anxiety, family conflict, and trauma. I completed my Bachelor of Science in Creative Advertising with a minor in Psychology, followed by a Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, VA.
(804) 390-8114 View (804) 390-8114
Photo of Sarah Earp, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Earp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome! Embarking on your therapeutic journey is a big step; this pivotal choice marks a significant stride towards healing, and I am genuinely eager to join you as we set forth together. Sarah is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with experience in a hospital setting where she specialized in emergency department (ED) and trauma care. With a compassionate and inclusive approach, Sarah firmly believes in acknowledging systemic barriers within society while working to effect positive change within our sphere of influence.
Welcome! Embarking on your therapeutic journey is a big step; this pivotal choice marks a significant stride towards healing, and I am genuinely eager to join you as we set forth together. Sarah is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with experience in a hospital setting where she specialized in emergency department (ED) and trauma care. With a compassionate and inclusive approach, Sarah firmly believes in acknowledging systemic barriers within society while working to effect positive change within our sphere of influence.
(804) 587-7384 View (804) 587-7384
Photo of Shirria McCullough, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shirria McCullough
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Online Only
I’m a mother of 5 and an introvert! As an introvert, I spend more than enough time in my own head, thinking of what I could have done differently, questioning my life decisions, and ways to better develop myself. At the age of 25, I got my “life together” in 2006 following the death of my brother. His death made my mortality a reality and the thought of leaving my 3 children without anything if I passed, I got myself “together.” I received my Bachelor in Social Work from Barton College 2008, Master in Social Work from East Carolina University 2012 and became a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in 2014.
I’m a mother of 5 and an introvert! As an introvert, I spend more than enough time in my own head, thinking of what I could have done differently, questioning my life decisions, and ways to better develop myself. At the age of 25, I got my “life together” in 2006 following the death of my brother. His death made my mortality a reality and the thought of leaving my 3 children without anything if I passed, I got myself “together.” I received my Bachelor in Social Work from Barton College 2008, Master in Social Work from East Carolina University 2012 and became a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in 2014.
(571) 771-2298 View (571) 771-2298
Photo of Gabrelle Tripp, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gabrelle Tripp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Online Only
Gabrelle has expertise in variety of clinical settings utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Person Centered Therapy, and Structural Family Therapy. Gabrelle has a passion for helping adults, children, and families identify struggles, build coping skills, and build healthy relationships in the world around them. Gabrelle received her Master's in Social Work (2020) from Louisiana State University. Gabrelle is a caring, humorous, and spunky therapist with expertise in anxiety, depression, mood disorders, life changes, and relationships.
Gabrelle has expertise in variety of clinical settings utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Person Centered Therapy, and Structural Family Therapy. Gabrelle has a passion for helping adults, children, and families identify struggles, build coping skills, and build healthy relationships in the world around them. Gabrelle received her Master's in Social Work (2020) from Louisiana State University. Gabrelle is a caring, humorous, and spunky therapist with expertise in anxiety, depression, mood disorders, life changes, and relationships.
(757) 665-2197 View (757) 665-2197
Photo of Paula O'Leary, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Paula O'Leary
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am Paula O’Leary, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who has worked in the mental health field for 15 years in a variety of settings, including outpatient, school, community-based, residential, hospital, and correctional environments. I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, substance use, and other issues. I completed my master's degree at Cardinal Stritch University and have also completed additional training in trauma, obtaining certification as a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP).
I am Paula O’Leary, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who has worked in the mental health field for 15 years in a variety of settings, including outpatient, school, community-based, residential, hospital, and correctional environments. I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, substance use, and other issues. I completed my master's degree at Cardinal Stritch University and have also completed additional training in trauma, obtaining certification as a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP).
(804) 352-6939 View (804) 352-6939
Photo of Alex Carroll, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alex Carroll
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Alex Carroll is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has 10 years of experience providing therapy. Alex has developed competency working with a diverse group of individuals, as he has worked in a multitude of settings in the mental health field. Alex specializes in working with adults looking for help with anxiety, depression, substance use, trauma, grief, and loss, as well as other areas. He completed his Bachelor of Science in Psychology from the College of Charleston and received his Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University.
Alex Carroll is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has 10 years of experience providing therapy. Alex has developed competency working with a diverse group of individuals, as he has worked in a multitude of settings in the mental health field. Alex specializes in working with adults looking for help with anxiety, depression, substance use, trauma, grief, and loss, as well as other areas. He completed his Bachelor of Science in Psychology from the College of Charleston and received his Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University.
(804) 395-7027 View (804) 395-7027
Photo of Brittany Spak, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brittany Spak
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am Brittany Spak, a Licensed Professional Counselor with more than 4 years of experience helping children, adolescents, and adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, stress, eating disorders, and relationship issues. I completed my Bachelor's degree in Psychology from King’s College, PA, and received my Master's degree in Counselor Education from East Carolina University.
I am Brittany Spak, a Licensed Professional Counselor with more than 4 years of experience helping children, adolescents, and adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, stress, eating disorders, and relationship issues. I completed my Bachelor's degree in Psychology from King’s College, PA, and received my Master's degree in Counselor Education from East Carolina University.
(804) 348-0916 View (804) 348-0916
Photo of Rita Moore, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rita Moore
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Rita is an experienced therapist with over 25 years of helping individuals overcome barriers and helping them to re-frame situations for optimal living. She has the expertise to guide individuals to a more productive place of functioning. With compassion and varied treatment modalities, Rita meets individuals where they are on their journey and assist them in a non-judgmental manner with a person-centered approach. Rita has cared for vulnerable populations utilizing various strategies. Her strength lies in being able to assess and partner with individuals for treatment planning.
Rita is an experienced therapist with over 25 years of helping individuals overcome barriers and helping them to re-frame situations for optimal living. She has the expertise to guide individuals to a more productive place of functioning. With compassion and varied treatment modalities, Rita meets individuals where they are on their journey and assist them in a non-judgmental manner with a person-centered approach. Rita has cared for vulnerable populations utilizing various strategies. Her strength lies in being able to assess and partner with individuals for treatment planning.
(804) 534-2736 View (804) 534-2736
Photo of Lily Sintayehu - LifeStance Health - Glen Allen, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
LifeStance Health - Glen Allen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
(804) 369-8366 View (804) 369-8366
Photo of Caryn J. Woodard, MAPC, BS, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Caryn J. Woodard
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MAPC, BS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
As we are facing uncertainty you may feel overwhelmed. You may have a loved with special needs and trying to navigate through day to day life while home. I am here if you want to talk about it. Life can present many challenges. Are you looking for extra support, guidance and a listening ear? I am passionate about helping individuals who are struggling emotionally. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve those challenges in your life. It would be a pleasure to walk alongside you on your journey and help you to achieve your goals.
As we are facing uncertainty you may feel overwhelmed. You may have a loved with special needs and trying to navigate through day to day life while home. I am here if you want to talk about it. Life can present many challenges. Are you looking for extra support, guidance and a listening ear? I am passionate about helping individuals who are struggling emotionally. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve those challenges in your life. It would be a pleasure to walk alongside you on your journey and help you to achieve your goals.
(804) 723-1469 View (804) 723-1469
Photo of Yesenia Adent, MA, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Yesenia Adent
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am Yesenia Adent, a Licensed Professional Counselor who received my graduate degree in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. I work with adolescents (ages 13 to 18), adults, geriatrics, families, and couples. I am fluent in Spanish. I will work with you or your loved one to promote safety and healing. I pride myself on taking the time to understand your unique story and equipping you with understanding and skills that will make the work of change more manageable. I am also a board-approved counselor supervisor.
I am Yesenia Adent, a Licensed Professional Counselor who received my graduate degree in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. I work with adolescents (ages 13 to 18), adults, geriatrics, families, and couples. I am fluent in Spanish. I will work with you or your loved one to promote safety and healing. I pride myself on taking the time to understand your unique story and equipping you with understanding and skills that will make the work of change more manageable. I am also a board-approved counselor supervisor.
(804) 626-9531 View (804) 626-9531
Photo of Mary Woods, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary Woods
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Welcome to my profile, I know that seeking therapy is a big decision and you have pondered on this for a while before coming to my profile. Allow me to take the fear out of the decision. Working with me will become a partnership in your journey to wellness and the best self you can be today, tomorrow and in the future. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia and South Carolina for the past decade seeing individuals with a mirage of disorders and transitional phases. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution Focused Therapy, and use of Empowerment and Strength perspectives.
Welcome to my profile, I know that seeking therapy is a big decision and you have pondered on this for a while before coming to my profile. Allow me to take the fear out of the decision. Working with me will become a partnership in your journey to wellness and the best self you can be today, tomorrow and in the future. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia and South Carolina for the past decade seeing individuals with a mirage of disorders and transitional phases. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution Focused Therapy, and use of Empowerment and Strength perspectives.
(804) 336-3787 View (804) 336-3787
Photo of Henri Davis - Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Richmond, Licensed Professional Counselor
Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Richmond
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Serves Area
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(804) 372-0911 View (804) 372-0911
1

See more therapy options for Bellevue

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bellevue, VA

30+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in Bellevue, VA who prioritize treating:

91% Depression
84% Anxiety
75% Grief
72% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Life Transitions
59% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% Aetna
82% Cigna and Evernorth
79% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Bellevue, VA see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
16% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bellevue?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.