Therapists in Santa Clara, UT

Photo of Doralie Gale, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LAMFT
Doralie Gale
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LAMFT
Serves Area
I enjoy working with young adults who are in the transition to adulthood, adult women and men who are navigating middle age, and couples looking for help with relationship challenges and strengthening their relationship. I regularly work with people looking to strengthen their inner voice, develop boundaries, improve personal confidence, decrease anxiety, and take ownership of their life. I am certified in Prepare/Enrich premarital and marital assessment and counseling and offer this to interested couples.
I enjoy working with young adults who are in the transition to adulthood, adult women and men who are navigating middle age, and couples looking for help with relationship challenges and strengthening their relationship. I regularly work with people looking to strengthen their inner voice, develop boundaries, improve personal confidence, decrease anxiety, and take ownership of their life. I am certified in Prepare/Enrich premarital and marital assessment and counseling and offer this to interested couples.
(385) 438-4097 View (385) 438-4097
Photo of Regan Mitton, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Regan Mitton
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I provide therapy for women who are struggling to find peace and joy in motherhood. This includes pregnancy, postpartum, and beyond. Intrusive thoughts, anxiety, low motivation, fatigue, rage, and irritability are just a few of the signs that a mom needs extra support. In my work with mothers, I’ve found that those symptoms are often a sign of something greater going on under the surface. Some of the most important work in therapy for moms is creating a space for them to feel seen, heard, and validated. Creating a judgement free zone allows them to fully process and understand what they are experiencing and how to navigate it.
I provide therapy for women who are struggling to find peace and joy in motherhood. This includes pregnancy, postpartum, and beyond. Intrusive thoughts, anxiety, low motivation, fatigue, rage, and irritability are just a few of the signs that a mom needs extra support. In my work with mothers, I’ve found that those symptoms are often a sign of something greater going on under the surface. Some of the most important work in therapy for moms is creating a space for them to feel seen, heard, and validated. Creating a judgement free zone allows them to fully process and understand what they are experiencing and how to navigate it.
(435) 412-3108 View (435) 412-3108
Photo of Jamie Christiansen, Counselor, MEd, CMHC
Jamie Christiansen
Counselor, MEd, CMHC
Serves Area
Are you feeling frustrated with your child's mood and behavior? Does your child seem to prefer isolation from you and the family? Is there a constant battle that takes place when you ask them to complete chores or homework assignments? Raising children is a challenge in and of itself, let alone adding mental health challenges, behavioral challenges, changes in family dynamics such as divorce, death or disability of a parent or child, learning disabilities, and various forms of abuse or trauma. If you feel you are drowning in the stress that scenarios such as these bring, there is Help!
Are you feeling frustrated with your child's mood and behavior? Does your child seem to prefer isolation from you and the family? Is there a constant battle that takes place when you ask them to complete chores or homework assignments? Raising children is a challenge in and of itself, let alone adding mental health challenges, behavioral challenges, changes in family dynamics such as divorce, death or disability of a parent or child, learning disabilities, and various forms of abuse or trauma. If you feel you are drowning in the stress that scenarios such as these bring, there is Help!
(435) 244-6562 View (435) 244-6562
Photo of Annette Gardner, Counselor, CMHC
Annette Gardner
Counselor, CMHC
Serves Area
I work with children ages 5-12 years old, who deal with a variety of issues, including trauma, grief, anger issues, depression, anxiety and/or ADHD. Therapy goals of children may include staying out of trouble with their parents or teachers. Parents often want to reduce angry outbursts and increase compliance of their children. Both children and parents look to therapy to help develop skills to manage emotions and improve relationships.
I work with children ages 5-12 years old, who deal with a variety of issues, including trauma, grief, anger issues, depression, anxiety and/or ADHD. Therapy goals of children may include staying out of trouble with their parents or teachers. Parents often want to reduce angry outbursts and increase compliance of their children. Both children and parents look to therapy to help develop skills to manage emotions and improve relationships.
(435) 246-7277 View (435) 246-7277
Photo of Shannon M. Rebiejo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Shannon M. Rebiejo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
You have made a big decision to come to therapy. I understand it is an investment in time and emotional energy. I honor your time and energy.As a fellow human being, I know life is not always easy. There are lots of bumps, and I am not here to judge you or blame you for the bumps. I am also here to listen to your needs and assist in creating a plan to supportrt you in meeting your needs, which can lead to improved emotional health. Please reach out via phone or email. I will help you schedule a 15-minute free consultation at that time.
You have made a big decision to come to therapy. I understand it is an investment in time and emotional energy. I honor your time and energy.As a fellow human being, I know life is not always easy. There are lots of bumps, and I am not here to judge you or blame you for the bumps. I am also here to listen to your needs and assist in creating a plan to supportrt you in meeting your needs, which can lead to improved emotional health. Please reach out via phone or email. I will help you schedule a 15-minute free consultation at that time.
(775) 367-8304 View (775) 367-8304
Photo of Nancy Angle Jenkins, Counselor, PhD, LCMHC
Nancy Angle Jenkins
Counselor, PhD, LCMHC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
My specialties: family dysfunction, individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, addictive behaviors, or those struggling with parenting challenges. I am passionate about helping those who struggle with feelings of low self worth, feeling insecure, or those who struggle to manage life successfully. I work to help individuals find answers to their challenges.
My specialties: family dysfunction, individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, addictive behaviors, or those struggling with parenting challenges. I am passionate about helping those who struggle with feelings of low self worth, feeling insecure, or those who struggle to manage life successfully. I work to help individuals find answers to their challenges.
(801) 949-1323 View (801) 949-1323
Photo of Brittney R Ward, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Brittney R Ward
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
As a parent, seeing your child or family struggle can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. I specialize in supporting young children and their families through life’s toughest challenges, including trauma, abuse, and other difficult experiences. I also work with adults seeking guidance and healing, whether related to past trauma, current stressors, or personal growth. Together, we can create a safe, supportive space to help you or your child heal, grow, and thrive.
As a parent, seeing your child or family struggle can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. I specialize in supporting young children and their families through life’s toughest challenges, including trauma, abuse, and other difficult experiences. I also work with adults seeking guidance and healing, whether related to past trauma, current stressors, or personal growth. Together, we can create a safe, supportive space to help you or your child heal, grow, and thrive.
(435) 485-9499 View (435) 485-9499
Photo of Marcus Hunt, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Marcus Hunt
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
You seem to have it all together. You have a good life so why can’t you just snap out of it? No matter how hard you try those feelings don’t go away. Anxiety? Depression? ADHD? Do you even know what to call what you are experiencing? You don’t know how to give words to it sometimes. You aren’t sure if you even have the symptoms. You don’t know if you actually need therapy but wonder if it would be nice just to talk it out with someone. The way you feel about yourself seems to get in the way of you living life the way you want to.
You seem to have it all together. You have a good life so why can’t you just snap out of it? No matter how hard you try those feelings don’t go away. Anxiety? Depression? ADHD? Do you even know what to call what you are experiencing? You don’t know how to give words to it sometimes. You aren’t sure if you even have the symptoms. You don’t know if you actually need therapy but wonder if it would be nice just to talk it out with someone. The way you feel about yourself seems to get in the way of you living life the way you want to.
(385) 421-5707 View (385) 421-5707
Photo of Zach Prince, Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHCI
Zach Prince
Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHCI
Serves Area
Are you a teen or young adult struggling with anxiety, depression, or the pressures of balancing sports and academics? In working with individuals like you, I understand the unique challenges you face during this pivotal stage of life. Whether you’re feeling overwhelmed by academic and athletic expectations, battling low self-esteem, or navigating the complexities of your identity and relationships, I’m here to offer the support you need. My approach focuses on providing a safe and empathetic space where you can openly explore your feelings and concerns.
Are you a teen or young adult struggling with anxiety, depression, or the pressures of balancing sports and academics? In working with individuals like you, I understand the unique challenges you face during this pivotal stage of life. Whether you’re feeling overwhelmed by academic and athletic expectations, battling low self-esteem, or navigating the complexities of your identity and relationships, I’m here to offer the support you need. My approach focuses on providing a safe and empathetic space where you can openly explore your feelings and concerns.
(435) 244-2105 View (435) 244-2105
Photo of Alicia Johnson, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Alicia Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Serves Area
If you find yourself stuck in the same arguments, feeling disconnected, or wondering how intimacy turned into a game of emotional tug-of-war, you're not alone. Relationships—romantic, familial, or even the one with yourself—can be messy and exhausting. Patterns of miscommunication and emotional distance can leave you frustrated and unheard. But with the right tools and intention, connection can be restored, conflict navigated with care, and intimacy rebuilt.
If you find yourself stuck in the same arguments, feeling disconnected, or wondering how intimacy turned into a game of emotional tug-of-war, you're not alone. Relationships—romantic, familial, or even the one with yourself—can be messy and exhausting. Patterns of miscommunication and emotional distance can leave you frustrated and unheard. But with the right tools and intention, connection can be restored, conflict navigated with care, and intimacy rebuilt.
(435) 419-4275 View (435) 419-4275
Photo of Alex Magre, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Alex Magre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
I know that change is possible and enjoy helping my clients find this hope within themselves. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is an important partnership in helping individuals change. I like working with clients who are struggling to navigate the stressors of life, and have difficulty coping with trauma, anxiety, depression, OCD, grief, and addiction. In addition, I have experience working with individuals who struggle with eating disorders and personality disorders. I also enjoy providing couples therapy and working with individuals of all ages.
I know that change is possible and enjoy helping my clients find this hope within themselves. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is an important partnership in helping individuals change. I like working with clients who are struggling to navigate the stressors of life, and have difficulty coping with trauma, anxiety, depression, OCD, grief, and addiction. In addition, I have experience working with individuals who struggle with eating disorders and personality disorders. I also enjoy providing couples therapy and working with individuals of all ages.
(385) 381-8948 View (385) 381-8948
Photo of Sandee Everett, Counselor, MS, ACMHC
Sandee Everett
Counselor, MS, ACMHC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Welcome. I’m so glad you’re here. My clients are often looking for help getting unstuck from the effects of anxiety, depression, trauma and other struggles big and small. I believe each of us is resilient and can learn to flourish despite setbacks and challenges. I listen empathically and work collaboratively to ensure the approach is effective and customized. My goal is for clients to trust their inner wisdom, harness their strengths and to make discoveries and build skills that provide relief from symptoms. I specialize in working with women, children and teens.
Welcome. I’m so glad you’re here. My clients are often looking for help getting unstuck from the effects of anxiety, depression, trauma and other struggles big and small. I believe each of us is resilient and can learn to flourish despite setbacks and challenges. I listen empathically and work collaboratively to ensure the approach is effective and customized. My goal is for clients to trust their inner wisdom, harness their strengths and to make discoveries and build skills that provide relief from symptoms. I specialize in working with women, children and teens.
(435) 291-7418 View (435) 291-7418
Photo of Alex Russell At Gold Counseling, Counselor, ACMHC
Alex Russell At Gold Counseling
Counselor, ACMHC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work with anxiety disorders (OCD, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder), depression and grief, addictions, trauma and attachment issues. Treatment for every individual is personalized. Depending on age and treatment needs, I find psychodynamic, ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention), TF-CBT (Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy), Child-Centered Play Therapy, along with other needed modalities for a better self.
I work with anxiety disorders (OCD, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder), depression and grief, addictions, trauma and attachment issues. Treatment for every individual is personalized. Depending on age and treatment needs, I find psychodynamic, ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention), TF-CBT (Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy), Child-Centered Play Therapy, along with other needed modalities for a better self.
(435) 266-4233 View (435) 266-4233
Photo of Austin Kyle Elder, Psychologist, PhD, SPC
Austin Kyle Elder
Psychologist, PhD, SPC
Serves Area
My current practice is focused on psychological evaluations only. Not doing therapy at this time. My education and experience is rooted in Attachment Theory with focus on displaced children and their caregivers. I have been actively involved in the assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder and other behavioral disorders (i.e. ADHD, ODD, Conduct Disorder) and mental health disorders (i.e. anxiety, depression, trauma related disorders, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder). I have focused on direct clinical services including psychological evaluations, individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy, supervision, and consultation.
My current practice is focused on psychological evaluations only. Not doing therapy at this time. My education and experience is rooted in Attachment Theory with focus on displaced children and their caregivers. I have been actively involved in the assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder and other behavioral disorders (i.e. ADHD, ODD, Conduct Disorder) and mental health disorders (i.e. anxiety, depression, trauma related disorders, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder). I have focused on direct clinical services including psychological evaluations, individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy, supervision, and consultation.
(435) 220-5801 View (435) 220-5801
Photo of Reggie Gates, Counselor, LCMHC, MEd
Reggie Gates
Counselor, LCMHC, MEd
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
—Currently Accepting New Clients— The challenges and struggles of today’s world greatly impact and influence individuals of all ages. As the saying goes, “No one is completely immune from the hardships of this life”. As a Mental Health Clinician, my goal is to help you understand and work through whatever obstacle or challenge is thrown your way. I believe that each individual is unique, and possesses the innate power and capability within them to overcome any hurdle they face. This is why I work collaboratively with you as part of a team, so together we can explore and identify options that will improve your life.
—Currently Accepting New Clients— The challenges and struggles of today’s world greatly impact and influence individuals of all ages. As the saying goes, “No one is completely immune from the hardships of this life”. As a Mental Health Clinician, my goal is to help you understand and work through whatever obstacle or challenge is thrown your way. I believe that each individual is unique, and possesses the innate power and capability within them to overcome any hurdle they face. This is why I work collaboratively with you as part of a team, so together we can explore and identify options that will improve your life.
(435) 246-7897 View (435) 246-7897
Photo of Melissa Larson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LAMFT
Melissa Larson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LAMFT
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I commend you on taking this courageous step towards change. Life is meant to be enjoyed, not just endured. I am a strength-based, client-centered therapist who looks forward to seeing what you bring to the table. I love to help clients rediscover their strengths and skills as they overcome their challenges in life. I strive to provide a comfortable, safe, and secure space where you can feel cared for and empowered while utilizing your existing skills, as well as learning new skills to help build your self-confidence and increase your emotional well-being.
I commend you on taking this courageous step towards change. Life is meant to be enjoyed, not just endured. I am a strength-based, client-centered therapist who looks forward to seeing what you bring to the table. I love to help clients rediscover their strengths and skills as they overcome their challenges in life. I strive to provide a comfortable, safe, and secure space where you can feel cared for and empowered while utilizing your existing skills, as well as learning new skills to help build your self-confidence and increase your emotional well-being.
(435) 334-2019 View (435) 334-2019
Photo of Sarah Allred, Counselor
Sarah Allred
Counselor
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I believe most of our pain and hurt comes from keeping our stories hidden or not feeling understood when we get the courage to share. I want to be an empathetic listener for my clients while also providing them the tools and skills they need to grow. As Carl Rogers said, “The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change.” I am passionate about creating a safe, non-judgmental space for my clients full of connection and being heard.
I believe most of our pain and hurt comes from keeping our stories hidden or not feeling understood when we get the courage to share. I want to be an empathetic listener for my clients while also providing them the tools and skills they need to grow. As Carl Rogers said, “The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change.” I am passionate about creating a safe, non-judgmental space for my clients full of connection and being heard.
(435) 292-3340 View (435) 292-3340
Photo of Tirzah Mojica, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, ASDCS
Tirzah Mojica
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, ASDCS
Serves Area
I have been a therapist for 13 years and truly enjoy helping people find healing and happiness in their lives. I provide a safe and nonjudgmental place to process the difficulties of life and relationships. If you’re struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, neurodivergence, or postpartum/motherhood, don’t hesitate to reach out to begin your journey to optimal mental health wellness.
I have been a therapist for 13 years and truly enjoy helping people find healing and happiness in their lives. I provide a safe and nonjudgmental place to process the difficulties of life and relationships. If you’re struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, neurodivergence, or postpartum/motherhood, don’t hesitate to reach out to begin your journey to optimal mental health wellness.
(435) 222-3052 View (435) 222-3052
Photo of Virginia S Grenier, Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC
Virginia S Grenier
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
You're a whole person with a story that matters, and I'm here to listen and walk through those moments with you. I honor the layers and contradictions that make us human. I care deeply about what makes you, well, you. Whether you're feeling stuck, unseen, overwhelmed, unsure of what to do next, or just trying to find your way back to yourself, I am here to offer that space, shoulder, and listening ear. You're not alone, how you feel is valid, and you are seen. I come from a person-centered approach where the client is the expert and I am merely a witness to their life story.
You're a whole person with a story that matters, and I'm here to listen and walk through those moments with you. I honor the layers and contradictions that make us human. I care deeply about what makes you, well, you. Whether you're feeling stuck, unseen, overwhelmed, unsure of what to do next, or just trying to find your way back to yourself, I am here to offer that space, shoulder, and listening ear. You're not alone, how you feel is valid, and you are seen. I come from a person-centered approach where the client is the expert and I am merely a witness to their life story.
(435) 465-1557 View (435) 465-1557
Photo of Kevin Todd Brough - Kevin Todd Brough - Ascend Counseling and Wellness, Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT-l
Kevin Todd Brough - Ascend Counseling and Wellness
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT-l
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you or a loved one struggling with trauma, substance abuse, anxiety, depression, chronic health issues, or grief? Do you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure where to turn? There is hope! Together, we can navigate these challenges and unlock your innate potential for healing and growth. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, and families overcome life's most challenging obstacles. With a blend of evidence-based techniques and integrated holistic approaches to balance your Heart, Mind, Body, & Spirit, life improves. Collaboratively, we work to manage & eliminate symptoms and then guide your transformation step by step.
Are you or a loved one struggling with trauma, substance abuse, anxiety, depression, chronic health issues, or grief? Do you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure where to turn? There is hope! Together, we can navigate these challenges and unlock your innate potential for healing and growth. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, and families overcome life's most challenging obstacles. With a blend of evidence-based techniques and integrated holistic approaches to balance your Heart, Mind, Body, & Spirit, life improves. Collaboratively, we work to manage & eliminate symptoms and then guide your transformation step by step.
(435) 465-1480 View (435) 465-1480

See more therapy options for Santa Clara

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Santa Clara, UT

20+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Santa Clara, UT who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
74% Depression
74% Stress
67% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Self Esteem
59% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

5 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% SelectHealth
71% Aetna
54% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Santa Clara, UT see their clients

93% In Person and Online
7% Online Only

Gender breakdown

66% Female
34% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Santa Clara?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.