Strength-Based Therapists in 80302

Photo of Adrianne R. Holloran, Counselor in 80302, CO
Adrianne R. Holloran
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80302
"And the day came when the risk it took to remain closed in a bud became more painful than the risk it took to blossom." Anais Nin. Gain a deeper understanding of what can change in your life and how to accept what cannot be changed. My specialties include anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss. I am a trained provider of EMDR therapy. I help clients recognize and overcome the challenges that prevent you from reaching your goals and living a fulfilling, meaningful life. I am also certified in Integrative Medicine for Mental Health, a combination of conventional biomedical methods and complementary medicine.
"And the day came when the risk it took to remain closed in a bud became more painful than the risk it took to blossom." Anais Nin. Gain a deeper understanding of what can change in your life and how to accept what cannot be changed. My specialties include anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss. I am a trained provider of EMDR therapy. I help clients recognize and overcome the challenges that prevent you from reaching your goals and living a fulfilling, meaningful life. I am also certified in Integrative Medicine for Mental Health, a combination of conventional biomedical methods and complementary medicine.
(303) 502-5789 View (303) 502-5789
Photo of Skylyn Webb, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in 80302, CO
Skylyn Webb
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I bring experiential, collaborative, strength-based and somatic body-awareness practices to support you as you heal and grow.
In working with you, my goal is to create the space for you to connect with your own innate wisdom. I will meet you where you are with presence, empathy, and non-judgment. Using mindfulness and somatic techniques we will examine and remain grounded in the present and then work backward to untangle how difficult or traumatic experiences of the past may be keeping you “stuck” in unhealthy thinking or behavioral patterns. I will act as an unwavering guide as you move toward freedom and growth.
I bring experiential, collaborative, strength-based and somatic body-awareness practices to support you as you heal and grow.
In working with you, my goal is to create the space for you to connect with your own innate wisdom. I will meet you where you are with presence, empathy, and non-judgment. Using mindfulness and somatic techniques we will examine and remain grounded in the present and then work backward to untangle how difficult or traumatic experiences of the past may be keeping you “stuck” in unhealthy thinking or behavioral patterns. I will act as an unwavering guide as you move toward freedom and growth.
(720) 753-5298 View (720) 753-5298
Photo of Rachelle R Schieffer, Licensed Professional Counselor in 80302, CO
Rachelle R Schieffer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302
My specialties include Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Art Therapy, Mindfulness, EMDR, and Strength-Based, Solution Focused Strategies.
Whether you are coping with anxiety, depression, life transitions, or relationship issues, I believe therapy can help you find the solutions to be present and move forward in your life. I will work with you to develop a trusting, grounded relationship so you have a safe place to examine what is personally challenging or no longer working in your life. Having a supportive base allows you to develop and successfully practice the skills, abilities, and perspectives that may feel too overwhelming to do so on your own. My hope is for clients to gain a sense of personal empowerment to successfully manage life's challenges.
My specialties include Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Art Therapy, Mindfulness, EMDR, and Strength-Based, Solution Focused Strategies.
Whether you are coping with anxiety, depression, life transitions, or relationship issues, I believe therapy can help you find the solutions to be present and move forward in your life. I will work with you to develop a trusting, grounded relationship so you have a safe place to examine what is personally challenging or no longer working in your life. Having a supportive base allows you to develop and successfully practice the skills, abilities, and perspectives that may feel too overwhelming to do so on your own. My hope is for clients to gain a sense of personal empowerment to successfully manage life's challenges.
(720) 410-6872 View (720) 410-6872
Photo of Diane Hall Drapkin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 80302, CO
Diane Hall Drapkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302  (Online Only)
“ I am committed to supporting and treating women and their families who are struggling with anxiety and depression during pregnancy and postpartum. I have a strength based, solution focused approach and I will work with you to navigate the challenges of parenthood. “
“ I am committed to supporting and treating women and their families who are struggling with anxiety and depression during pregnancy and postpartum. I have a strength based, solution focused approach and I will work with you to navigate the challenges of parenthood. “
(833) 850-2073 View (833) 850-2073
Photo of Abigail (Abby) Cerne, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in 80302, CO
Abigail (Abby) Cerne
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate , MA, ATR-P, LPCC
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302
I believe that healing happens in community and in relationships. Let's work together to holistically strengthen your inherent wisdom, self concept, and creativity. I offer individual and group counseling for child & youth as well as young adult clients. In my practice, I use a strength based, trauma informed, social justice lens to counseling and art therapy. I offer a range of support & psychoeducation in attachment styles, domestic violence and relationship dynamics. Together, let's grow a relationship of predictability and reliability so that we can open to better understand ourselves with compassion and new therapeutic skills.
I believe that healing happens in community and in relationships. Let's work together to holistically strengthen your inherent wisdom, self concept, and creativity. I offer individual and group counseling for child & youth as well as young adult clients. In my practice, I use a strength based, trauma informed, social justice lens to counseling and art therapy. I offer a range of support & psychoeducation in attachment styles, domestic violence and relationship dynamics. Together, let's grow a relationship of predictability and reliability so that we can open to better understand ourselves with compassion and new therapeutic skills.
(720) 702-9034 View (720) 702-9034
Photo of Monica Myers Jones, Licensed Professional Counselor in 80302, CO
Monica Myers Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor, MPH, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80302
We all contain the inner wisdom to heal ourselves and move towards being an authentic, positive and loving person. The courage to be vulnerable -by moving toward our pain and confusion as well as our joy- utterly transforms and frees us. I am honored to enter into the sacred space of therapy together with my clients. I use an integrative, trauma informed, and strength based approach combining empathy, mindfulness, and radical acceptance as well as a plethora of therapeutic tools (ie--imagery, parts work, role play, body/somatic awareness). I have a passionate social justice orientation and am experienced in a wide breadth of issues.
We all contain the inner wisdom to heal ourselves and move towards being an authentic, positive and loving person. The courage to be vulnerable -by moving toward our pain and confusion as well as our joy- utterly transforms and frees us. I am honored to enter into the sacred space of therapy together with my clients. I use an integrative, trauma informed, and strength based approach combining empathy, mindfulness, and radical acceptance as well as a plethora of therapeutic tools (ie--imagery, parts work, role play, body/somatic awareness). I have a passionate social justice orientation and am experienced in a wide breadth of issues.
(720) 580-6186 View (720) 580-6186
Photo of Jill Krush, Licensed Professional Counselor in 80302, CO
Jill Krush
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CACIII, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80302
I have enjoyed working with teens , adults and families for over 15 years. I bring 31 years of personal recovery from various substance and process addictions and combine both personal and professional experiences to the counseling relationship. I work with teens, adults and families dealing with codependency, substance use issues, addiction, stress, anxiety and trauma. My approach helps with discovering the best methods for you to learn how to cope with life challenges in a way that won't harm you or the people you love. If you are struggling to find your way, I encourage you to call for a free phone consultation.
I have enjoyed working with teens , adults and families for over 15 years. I bring 31 years of personal recovery from various substance and process addictions and combine both personal and professional experiences to the counseling relationship. I work with teens, adults and families dealing with codependency, substance use issues, addiction, stress, anxiety and trauma. My approach helps with discovering the best methods for you to learn how to cope with life challenges in a way that won't harm you or the people you love. If you are struggling to find your way, I encourage you to call for a free phone consultation.
(605) 644-7068 View (605) 644-7068
Photo of Dr. Amaris Espinosa, Psychologist in 80302, CO
Dr. Amaris Espinosa
Psychologist, PsyD, LMHC, ATR
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302  (Online Only)
I encourage new clients to utilize a free 15-20 minute consultation with me to assure that we are a good match to embark on a therapeutic relationship together. Taking the first steps towards help is difficult and takes a great deal of courage. I work with great care and compassion through multiple modalities to provide my clients the most effective therapy for what is overwhelming them. Feeling more peace and understanding, with a clear pathway to a healthier relationship with yourself and others are the results I provide. Services offered are strength-based, evidenced-based, social justice oriented, and support mind-body-spirit.
I encourage new clients to utilize a free 15-20 minute consultation with me to assure that we are a good match to embark on a therapeutic relationship together. Taking the first steps towards help is difficult and takes a great deal of courage. I work with great care and compassion through multiple modalities to provide my clients the most effective therapy for what is overwhelming them. Feeling more peace and understanding, with a clear pathway to a healthier relationship with yourself and others are the results I provide. Services offered are strength-based, evidenced-based, social justice oriented, and support mind-body-spirit.
(970) 458-7287 View (970) 458-7287
Photo of Jyoti Sharma, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 80302, CO
Jyoti Sharma
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, AASW
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302
You should be SO proud of yourself for taking steps towards change in your life! You may be here because you're exhausted from doing it all on your own. Maybe you feel life transitions and changes are causing overwhelming symptoms of depression and anxiety? Are you seeking a professional to help you with integrating radical healing and medicines, like ketamine assisted therapy, in a safe manner? You need a space for you to honor and process the experiences that have made you into the person you are today. Let me help you navigate the changes to come and the behaviors that no longer serve your genuine self.
You should be SO proud of yourself for taking steps towards change in your life! You may be here because you're exhausted from doing it all on your own. Maybe you feel life transitions and changes are causing overwhelming symptoms of depression and anxiety? Are you seeking a professional to help you with integrating radical healing and medicines, like ketamine assisted therapy, in a safe manner? You need a space for you to honor and process the experiences that have made you into the person you are today. Let me help you navigate the changes to come and the behaviors that no longer serve your genuine self.
(720) 463-0753 View (720) 463-0753
Photo of Linda LaGanga, Licensed Professional Counselor in 80302, CO
Linda LaGanga
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302
I work with adults of all ages to help you manage anxiety, navigate life changes, communicate effectively, improve relationships, reduce stress, build coping skills and learn to resolve problems to manage conflict at home, work, school, and your important situations. I can help with life transitions, loss and grief, relationship issues, anxiety and relaxation, building and sustaining healthy lifestyles.
I work with adults of all ages to help you manage anxiety, navigate life changes, communicate effectively, improve relationships, reduce stress, build coping skills and learn to resolve problems to manage conflict at home, work, school, and your important situations. I can help with life transitions, loss and grief, relationship issues, anxiety and relaxation, building and sustaining healthy lifestyles.
(720) 915-2269 View (720) 915-2269
Photo of S. Courtney Hunter, Clinical Social Work Candidate in 80302, CO
S. Courtney Hunter
Clinical Social Work Candidate, SWC, MSW, MHOD
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302
Today's professionals are often challenged by the myth of perfectionism, 24/7 work schedules, and having a side hustle. All to frequent, people are wiped out by balancing a fulltime job, family commitments, and escalating economic demands. In the midst of this doing, many have stretched themselves emotionally, psychologically, and physically without adequately supporting their own need for restoration. In fact, without mental wellbeing, healthy coping mechanisms, rest, and healing practices; our minds and bodies experience exhaustion. This type of mental and physical fatigue can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and burnout.
Today's professionals are often challenged by the myth of perfectionism, 24/7 work schedules, and having a side hustle. All to frequent, people are wiped out by balancing a fulltime job, family commitments, and escalating economic demands. In the midst of this doing, many have stretched themselves emotionally, psychologically, and physically without adequately supporting their own need for restoration. In fact, without mental wellbeing, healthy coping mechanisms, rest, and healing practices; our minds and bodies experience exhaustion. This type of mental and physical fatigue can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and burnout.
(720) 262-2340 View (720) 262-2340
Photo of Katie Dyer, Licensed Professional Counselor in 80302, CO
Katie Dyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MFA, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80302
Being human is complex and sometimes painful. With a foundation of trauma-sensitive mindfulness, I collaboratively create a client-centered space for individuals and couples to uncover obstacles that block aliveness, connection, safety, and joy. With an awake heart, clarity, and nonjudgmental presence, I help clients find perspective, make meaning of difficulties, access innate wisdom, and gain skills to emerge into freedom. From queer lineages and Celtic ancestry, I am a queer, gender-variant-femme, poet and Buddhist practitioner who derives inspiration and purpose from the forces of nature, meditation, and relationships.
Being human is complex and sometimes painful. With a foundation of trauma-sensitive mindfulness, I collaboratively create a client-centered space for individuals and couples to uncover obstacles that block aliveness, connection, safety, and joy. With an awake heart, clarity, and nonjudgmental presence, I help clients find perspective, make meaning of difficulties, access innate wisdom, and gain skills to emerge into freedom. From queer lineages and Celtic ancestry, I am a queer, gender-variant-femme, poet and Buddhist practitioner who derives inspiration and purpose from the forces of nature, meditation, and relationships.
(720) 650-8408 View (720) 650-8408
Photo of Ray Findley, Clinical Social Work Candidate in 80302, CO
Ray Findley
Clinical Social Work Candidate, MSW, SWC
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302
Your story holds immense value: your challenges, successes, hopes, fears, and joys. I am dedicated to partnering with individuals, guiding them from a state of self-doubt and confusion towards a life characterized by empowerment, connection, and joy. Together, we will delve into every facet of your humanity—your emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual dimensions—examining how your internal world as well as the external world has shaped your journey. I genuinely welcome the depth of your emotional experience, recognizing its significance in our exploration.
Your story holds immense value: your challenges, successes, hopes, fears, and joys. I am dedicated to partnering with individuals, guiding them from a state of self-doubt and confusion towards a life characterized by empowerment, connection, and joy. Together, we will delve into every facet of your humanity—your emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual dimensions—examining how your internal world as well as the external world has shaped your journey. I genuinely welcome the depth of your emotional experience, recognizing its significance in our exploration.
(303) 536-3868 View (303) 536-3868
Photo of Sharla Macy, LMFT/Consultant, Marriage & Family Therapist in 80302, CO
Sharla Macy, LMFT/Consultant
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80302
Are you experiencing increased levels of stress, disharmony in your marriage, or a lack of connection at home or at work? I believe we are living in a most challenging time. My practice creates a safe space to share and reset with increased support, resource, and vision. I bring relational principles and expertise from my 38 years to build lives and relationships that thrive. I see couples through all stages. I offer services as a Consultant at sharlamacyconsulting.com I provide counsel for CEO Couples-and the workplace in order to increase leadership and team development. Together we can grow resilience, love, and hope.
Are you experiencing increased levels of stress, disharmony in your marriage, or a lack of connection at home or at work? I believe we are living in a most challenging time. My practice creates a safe space to share and reset with increased support, resource, and vision. I bring relational principles and expertise from my 38 years to build lives and relationships that thrive. I see couples through all stages. I offer services as a Consultant at sharlamacyconsulting.com I provide counsel for CEO Couples-and the workplace in order to increase leadership and team development. Together we can grow resilience, love, and hope.
(720) 440-7287 View (720) 440-7287
Photo of Katie Klumb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 80302, CO
Katie Klumb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302
I practice from a heart-center place and trust that we can all heal. If you're struggling, it can change. My support is trauma-informed and I support those with depression and anxiety, those working through life transitions, relationship struggles, grief and loss, personal empowerment, and integration of spiritual and altered-state experiences. If you are seeking to have a more peace in your day-to-day life, to better manage your emotional experience, and to relate to yourself and others with more understanding I will help you reach your desired goals. Please call me directly at 720-514-9677 or go to awakeningpeacecounseling.com.
I practice from a heart-center place and trust that we can all heal. If you're struggling, it can change. My support is trauma-informed and I support those with depression and anxiety, those working through life transitions, relationship struggles, grief and loss, personal empowerment, and integration of spiritual and altered-state experiences. If you are seeking to have a more peace in your day-to-day life, to better manage your emotional experience, and to relate to yourself and others with more understanding I will help you reach your desired goals. Please call me directly at 720-514-9677 or go to awakeningpeacecounseling.com.
(720) 897-3939 View (720) 897-3939
Photo of Kim Kluger-Bell, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in 80302, CO
Kim Kluger-Bell, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302
There is nothing I enjoy more than helping people improve their lives and relationships; feel less stressed and more content. I take a down-to-earth approach that focuses on your particular needs, desires and goals. Then we come up with a plan for how to enable you to meet your goals. This involves finding out what is blocking you from having the kind of life you want, and taking the steps to overcome those obstacles. Once you understand the source of your difficulties, and have an ally to help you make the necessary changes, anything is possible.
There is nothing I enjoy more than helping people improve their lives and relationships; feel less stressed and more content. I take a down-to-earth approach that focuses on your particular needs, desires and goals. Then we come up with a plan for how to enable you to meet your goals. This involves finding out what is blocking you from having the kind of life you want, and taking the steps to overcome those obstacles. Once you understand the source of your difficulties, and have an ally to help you make the necessary changes, anything is possible.
(303) 622-3229 View (303) 622-3229
Photo of Mila Long: Recovery Quest Counseling, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in 80302, CO
Mila Long: Recovery Quest Counseling
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CAS, BST, DBTC, RP, ADS
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302
I am a passionate person in recovery committed to creating health & wellness for individuals & families. As a licensed Substance Abuse Counselor, Trauma Therapist, Wellness Consultant, Family Specialist, Acupuncturist & Energy Healer, I use my expertise & personal experience to create a comfortable space to process what can be the uncomfortable parts of life. I am trained thoroughly in brain chemistry & the nervous systems, & I am passionate about empowering people to both understand & recreate their physiological responses. I also use holistic approaches to heal the mind & body simultaneously - I’m here to support your journey!
I am a passionate person in recovery committed to creating health & wellness for individuals & families. As a licensed Substance Abuse Counselor, Trauma Therapist, Wellness Consultant, Family Specialist, Acupuncturist & Energy Healer, I use my expertise & personal experience to create a comfortable space to process what can be the uncomfortable parts of life. I am trained thoroughly in brain chemistry & the nervous systems, & I am passionate about empowering people to both understand & recreate their physiological responses. I also use holistic approaches to heal the mind & body simultaneously - I’m here to support your journey!
(970) 598-0752 View (970) 598-0752
Photo of Blossom Holistic Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 80302, CO
Blossom Holistic Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80302  (Online Only)
Do you feel burnt out from trying to make people happy? Do relationships make you feel anxious? Do you want change but just feel "stuck"? If this resonates with you, I may be the therapist for you! I am Danielle Oliver and the owner of Blossom Holistic Therapy. I specialize in treating individuals with symptoms of anxiety, past trauma, and relationship issues. I enjoy working with grief/loss (including pet loss), depression, spirituality, creatives, and empaths or highly sensitive people (HSP's). I also have passion for those working in helping professions struggling with compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma.
Do you feel burnt out from trying to make people happy? Do relationships make you feel anxious? Do you want change but just feel "stuck"? If this resonates with you, I may be the therapist for you! I am Danielle Oliver and the owner of Blossom Holistic Therapy. I specialize in treating individuals with symptoms of anxiety, past trauma, and relationship issues. I enjoy working with grief/loss (including pet loss), depression, spirituality, creatives, and empaths or highly sensitive people (HSP's). I also have passion for those working in helping professions struggling with compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma.
(720) 734-6074 View (720) 734-6074
Photo of Jeffrey James Howard, Licensed Professional Counselor in 80302, CO
Jeffrey James Howard
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80302
Are you ready to be transformed by this work? Are you ready for deep, lasting change? Do you have a nagging sense that there's more you need to experience & offer? If some or all of these are true of you, we may be a fit. If you're willing to humbly SHOW UP to the work, learn & grow, be accountable, especially when it's hard, let’s talk. I’m a guide, coach, & mentor that helps people like you find their soul's purpose & the work that’s yours to do, while cultivating more aliveness & deep, meaningful connections with those you're closest to & with the natural world. If this feels like you, reach out to me; we've got good work to do.
Are you ready to be transformed by this work? Are you ready for deep, lasting change? Do you have a nagging sense that there's more you need to experience & offer? If some or all of these are true of you, we may be a fit. If you're willing to humbly SHOW UP to the work, learn & grow, be accountable, especially when it's hard, let’s talk. I’m a guide, coach, & mentor that helps people like you find their soul's purpose & the work that’s yours to do, while cultivating more aliveness & deep, meaningful connections with those you're closest to & with the natural world. If this feels like you, reach out to me; we've got good work to do.
(720) 551-7457 View (720) 551-7457
Photo of ARISE® Network, Registered Psychotherapist in 80302, CO
ARISE® Network
Registered Psychotherapist, MD, CAI, CIP, CFLE
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80302
We specialize in helping individuals and families with long-term healing and recovery from addiction, behavioral compulsions, mental health challenges, and other acute, chronic and relapsing illnesses. We practice Invitational Intervention®, ARISE® Continuing Care with Intervention, which is Evidence-Based and proven to be effective. We match the Certified ARISE® Interventionists to the specific needs of the client and the family and are well connected to the best treatment centers across the country. We offer consultation, case management, safe transportation across transitions (geographic, family relationships and emotional), coaching, companionship (sober and mental health companions), placement and treatment advice and intervention.
We specialize in helping individuals and families with long-term healing and recovery from addiction, behavioral compulsions, mental health challenges, and other acute, chronic and relapsing illnesses. We practice Invitational Intervention®, ARISE® Continuing Care with Intervention, which is Evidence-Based and proven to be effective. We match the Certified ARISE® Interventionists to the specific needs of the client and the family and are well connected to the best treatment centers across the country. We offer consultation, case management, safe transportation across transitions (geographic, family relationships and emotional), coaching, companionship (sober and mental health companions), placement and treatment advice and intervention.
(720) 549-9825 View (720) 549-9825
Strength-Based Therapists

How does strength-based therapy work?

During strength-based therapy sessions, the therapist will ask about an individual’s experiences of stress, pain, or trauma with the goal of orienting the client to view themselves as a survivor rather than a victim, and focusing on their strengths rather than on their weaknesses. In framing a client’s personal narrative along these lines, the therapist and client work together to identify existing skills that can be harnessed.

Is strength-based therapy evidence-based?

Strength-based therapy is an evidence-based treatment that has been studied extensively and shown to be effective across domains. The treatment has been found to be particularly effective in helping individuals who are experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, and other mental health concerns. Strength-based therapy has been used by therapists to help clients for more than 60 years.

How long does strength-based therapy last?

There’s no precise timeline for strength-based therapy. The duration of treatment depends on the individual’s specific needs and goals and the severity of their concerns. Some individuals may find they achieve their therapeutic goals quickly, while others might benefit from ongoing support and guidance in order to continue progressing.

How effective is strength-based therapy?

Clinical research and decades of practice have shown strength-based therapy to be an effective treatment to improve mental health and well-being for many conditions. The treatment can engender a sense of connection and collaboration between the therapist and the individual, fostering a positive therapeutic relationship. For individuals with narcissistic tendencies, strength-based therapy may be less effective, as the focus on the individual’s strengths may undermine the work needed to honestly assess the challenges the individual faces.