Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Cynthia Dimon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Cynthia Dimon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
Not accepting new clients
Are you constantly feeling self-defeated? Does it feel like what other people want from you is more important than your needs? Are you unhappy because you try so hard to please everyone else? Is it a real struggle for you to be vulnerable in your relationships? You are not alone. Many of my clients struggle with the same issues! You are here because you have made a powerful choice —to put yourself first. You've decided that you are ready to heal. You have the power to create a different life for yourself. Now, it’s time to break patterns that are causing problems in your relationships and your life.
Are you constantly feeling self-defeated? Does it feel like what other people want from you is more important than your needs? Are you unhappy because you try so hard to please everyone else? Is it a real struggle for you to be vulnerable in your relationships? You are not alone. Many of my clients struggle with the same issues! You are here because you have made a powerful choice —to put yourself first. You've decided that you are ready to heal. You have the power to create a different life for yourself. Now, it’s time to break patterns that are causing problems in your relationships and your life.
(341) 444-2743 x652 View (341) 444-2743 x652
Photo of Pete Van Auken, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Pete Van Auken
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LEP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
I am a psychotherapist with offices in San Francisco and Marin, and I provide individual therapy for adults and teens. I have a holistic and integrative approach to therapy, helping people to explore and resolve deeper issues that might be holding them back or manifesting as depression or anxiety. I specialize in helping clients to navigate major life transitions, overcome feelings of being stuck or overwhelmed, improve their relationships, and live with a stronger sense of vitality and authenticity.
I am a psychotherapist with offices in San Francisco and Marin, and I provide individual therapy for adults and teens. I have a holistic and integrative approach to therapy, helping people to explore and resolve deeper issues that might be holding them back or manifesting as depression or anxiety. I specialize in helping clients to navigate major life transitions, overcome feelings of being stuck or overwhelmed, improve their relationships, and live with a stronger sense of vitality and authenticity.
(415) 326-9551 View (415) 326-9551
Photo of Harmony Mandela Martinez, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Harmony Mandela Martinez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94121
Now offering services for Teens, couples and individuals. Therapy is a process of growth and self-discovery. In our sessions we find old patterns that do not serve you and new growth that will offer new patterns to enjoy a more fulfilling life. I will use many methods with you exploring emotions, thoughts, body sensations and behavior. I work collaboratively with you to set goals and treatment that is personal to your needs and situation in a non-judgmental environment.
Now offering services for Teens, couples and individuals. Therapy is a process of growth and self-discovery. In our sessions we find old patterns that do not serve you and new growth that will offer new patterns to enjoy a more fulfilling life. I will use many methods with you exploring emotions, thoughts, body sensations and behavior. I work collaboratively with you to set goals and treatment that is personal to your needs and situation in a non-judgmental environment.
(628) 258-6948 View (628) 258-6948
Photo of Feel Well with Arielle, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Feel Well with Arielle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
As an evidence-based trained clinician, I have found that ultimately the best therapeutic relationship is one that feels safe to get comfortable with discomfort. My specialties are in codependency, perfectionism, and eating disorders, and my intent is to help people who struggle with these issues get out of the patterns that no longer serve them. I have a true passion for supporting people in recognizing their inherent worth, exploring narratives that might have influenced self-defeating coping mechanisms, and implementing practices that align with shifted - and uplifted - perspectives of themselves.
As an evidence-based trained clinician, I have found that ultimately the best therapeutic relationship is one that feels safe to get comfortable with discomfort. My specialties are in codependency, perfectionism, and eating disorders, and my intent is to help people who struggle with these issues get out of the patterns that no longer serve them. I have a true passion for supporting people in recognizing their inherent worth, exploring narratives that might have influenced self-defeating coping mechanisms, and implementing practices that align with shifted - and uplifted - perspectives of themselves.
(415) 612-6850 View (415) 612-6850
Photo of Peggy Kwok, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Peggy Kwok
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA, RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I provide phone and online sessions, please contact me by emails. I have 16 years of experience working with individuals and couples. To me, therapy is a form of healing that helps us find balance and psychological flexibility through a therapeutic process. Whether it is learning more coping skills or arriving to a new insight about ourselves, it is a journey of understanding our lives better. Through that journey, we will learn WHEN and WHAT to let go or to keep. Exploring what serve us purpose now, even the negative behaviors, can help us understand our past, present and future.
I provide phone and online sessions, please contact me by emails. I have 16 years of experience working with individuals and couples. To me, therapy is a form of healing that helps us find balance and psychological flexibility through a therapeutic process. Whether it is learning more coping skills or arriving to a new insight about ourselves, it is a journey of understanding our lives better. Through that journey, we will learn WHEN and WHAT to let go or to keep. Exploring what serve us purpose now, even the negative behaviors, can help us understand our past, present and future.
(650) 727-5390 View (650) 727-5390
Photo of Myra Altman, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Myra Altman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94111
Dr. Myra Altman is a licensed clinical psychologist and the VP of Clinical Care at Modern Health. Myra received her PhD in clinical psychology from Washington University in St. Louis, where her research focused on the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity. This sparked an interest in the structural factors that influence personal health and well-being, including how the workplace can promote or hinder health. She has spent a decade providing evidence-based care for anxiety, depression, and health psychology and is passionate about how to ensure these approaches are scaled across populations.
Dr. Myra Altman is a licensed clinical psychologist and the VP of Clinical Care at Modern Health. Myra received her PhD in clinical psychology from Washington University in St. Louis, where her research focused on the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity. This sparked an interest in the structural factors that influence personal health and well-being, including how the workplace can promote or hinder health. She has spent a decade providing evidence-based care for anxiety, depression, and health psychology and is passionate about how to ensure these approaches are scaled across populations.
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Photo of Wendy Heffner, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Wendy Heffner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
I offer a compassionate, mindful, embodied therapeutic approach to meet you as you begin this journey of committing to yourself and your process through therapy, . My practice is a depth oriented psychotherapy with adults and couples, addressing relationship issues and life transitions. I enjoy incorporating mind and body approaches into a relationally oriented psychotherapy and believe this facilitates deep, lasting shifts.
I offer a compassionate, mindful, embodied therapeutic approach to meet you as you begin this journey of committing to yourself and your process through therapy, . My practice is a depth oriented psychotherapy with adults and couples, addressing relationship issues and life transitions. I enjoy incorporating mind and body approaches into a relationally oriented psychotherapy and believe this facilitates deep, lasting shifts.
(415) 789-3476 View (415) 789-3476
Photo of Jordana del Feld, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jordana del Feld
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFA, AMFT, APCC, CMT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
Do you want to celebrate your truth...and often feel all alone? Are you a creator, a pirate, a free-thinker, a tinkerer, an explorer, a craftsman, a heretic, maybe even a legend...and often feel too much or not enough? Did you come here to live out loud...and often feel misunderstood? Do you walk through fire for your values...and often feel unvalued? Do you know that this world needs you...and often wonder if the world knows this too? You are just right, just as you are, right now...and would you also appreciate some support moving forward?
Do you want to celebrate your truth...and often feel all alone? Are you a creator, a pirate, a free-thinker, a tinkerer, an explorer, a craftsman, a heretic, maybe even a legend...and often feel too much or not enough? Did you come here to live out loud...and often feel misunderstood? Do you walk through fire for your values...and often feel unvalued? Do you know that this world needs you...and often wonder if the world knows this too? You are just right, just as you are, right now...and would you also appreciate some support moving forward?
(415) 763-1527 View (415) 763-1527
Photo of Alexandria Leedy, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Alexandria Leedy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123
Feeling overwhelmed with life? Bombarded by critical, fear-based, or guilt-ridden thoughts and feelings? I can help. I specialize in helping women remove obstacles that inhibit authentic self-expression and personal growth -- enabling them to freely pursue their dreams and goals. I offer a warm, collaborative approach to treatment and believe change can happen. I see growth as an implicit function of human development. People are always striving to grow, connect, and relate to others in deeper more fulfilling ways. In essence, to live richer, more rewarding, and healthier lives.
Feeling overwhelmed with life? Bombarded by critical, fear-based, or guilt-ridden thoughts and feelings? I can help. I specialize in helping women remove obstacles that inhibit authentic self-expression and personal growth -- enabling them to freely pursue their dreams and goals. I offer a warm, collaborative approach to treatment and believe change can happen. I see growth as an implicit function of human development. People are always striving to grow, connect, and relate to others in deeper more fulfilling ways. In essence, to live richer, more rewarding, and healthier lives.
(650) 209-7785 View (650) 209-7785
Photo of Tamara Alton, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Tamara Alton
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Life can seem to throw us curve balls at times. Whether with work, parenting, or relationships, we can become off-balance. Therapy can help you find that balance. We all strive for peace and calm in our lives. However, life is constantly changing, and it can sometimes be overwhelming. I am here to help you navigate through these challenges in your life. With over 15 years of experience, I enjoy working with people of color struggling with anxiety, relationship issues, self-esteem, and life transitions.
Life can seem to throw us curve balls at times. Whether with work, parenting, or relationships, we can become off-balance. Therapy can help you find that balance. We all strive for peace and calm in our lives. However, life is constantly changing, and it can sometimes be overwhelming. I am here to help you navigate through these challenges in your life. With over 15 years of experience, I enjoy working with people of color struggling with anxiety, relationship issues, self-esteem, and life transitions.
(442) 223-0385 View (442) 223-0385
Photo of Megan Williams, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Megan Williams
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94109
I offer a warm, collaborative approach intended to foster personal growth and self understanding for individuals and couples. I specialize in helping clients navigate through relationship challenges addictions, self esteem issues ,Premarital and Divorce challenges. Using psychodynamic , holistic and present moment therapeutic approaches , my work is intended to help clients cultivate their own inner healing and enabling them to make meaningful and lasting change. Honoring every individual and couple as unique, I bring an engaged and compassionate presence to our work together.
I offer a warm, collaborative approach intended to foster personal growth and self understanding for individuals and couples. I specialize in helping clients navigate through relationship challenges addictions, self esteem issues ,Premarital and Divorce challenges. Using psychodynamic , holistic and present moment therapeutic approaches , my work is intended to help clients cultivate their own inner healing and enabling them to make meaningful and lasting change. Honoring every individual and couple as unique, I bring an engaged and compassionate presence to our work together.
(415) 835-2139 View (415) 835-2139
Photo of Paula Pulizzi, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Paula Pulizzi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Do you desire change but feel ambivalent and/or stuck?  I believe this is a perfect place to explore because underneath is a great seed for transformation. Whether you are experiencing major or minor life transitions, loss, betrayal or need some guidance, I’m here to support you and offer insight without judgment. If you’re ready for more inner peace, flexibility, or perhaps problem solving, I’m here to support you.  By being courageous and doing this deeper work, you will feel more clarity, ease, and purpose.
Do you desire change but feel ambivalent and/or stuck?  I believe this is a perfect place to explore because underneath is a great seed for transformation. Whether you are experiencing major or minor life transitions, loss, betrayal or need some guidance, I’m here to support you and offer insight without judgment. If you’re ready for more inner peace, flexibility, or perhaps problem solving, I’m here to support you.  By being courageous and doing this deeper work, you will feel more clarity, ease, and purpose.
(415) 942-6036 View (415) 942-6036
Photo of Autumn B. Carlin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Autumn B. Carlin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131
Are you stuck and unhappy in your marriage? Do you find yourself wanting to have an affair or has there been one? Do you feel like roommates doing it for the kids? Are you in the agonizing loop of should I stay or should I leave? I have helped many individuals and couples transform their relationships- reconnecting or disconnecting in a healthy way.
Are you stuck and unhappy in your marriage? Do you find yourself wanting to have an affair or has there been one? Do you feel like roommates doing it for the kids? Are you in the agonizing loop of should I stay or should I leave? I have helped many individuals and couples transform their relationships- reconnecting or disconnecting in a healthy way.
(415) 909-4184 View (415) 909-4184
Photo of Julie Look, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Julie Look
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
Not accepting new clients
Life can be complicated and confusing. Making room for joy, for satisfaction – for even a deep breath – can get pushed aside amid the demands of family, school, work, and the flood of world news. You may be struggling with newness, such as new parenthood or going away to college, or the loss of a loved one or a long-term way of living. You may have experienced a traumatic event, or be concerned with emotional eating. Or maybe you just feel that something isn’t quite right, as an individual or as a couple, even though life looks fine on the surface.
Life can be complicated and confusing. Making room for joy, for satisfaction – for even a deep breath – can get pushed aside amid the demands of family, school, work, and the flood of world news. You may be struggling with newness, such as new parenthood or going away to college, or the loss of a loved one or a long-term way of living. You may have experienced a traumatic event, or be concerned with emotional eating. Or maybe you just feel that something isn’t quite right, as an individual or as a couple, even though life looks fine on the surface.
(415) 634-3993 View (415) 634-3993
Photo of Brooke Adams, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Brooke Adams
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
This human experience is at times daunting. Even welcomed life transitions can leave us feeling untethered. You may be struggling to feel comfortable in your own skin, find deeper connection in your relationships, or knowing your place in this world. I believe in the innate wisdom each individual possesses. I will accompany you into this lifelong process of returning to your sense of self. We come to know ourselves more fully through our relationships even as the discoveries may be startling or disorienting. Through these explorations you will find a deepened connection with what you ardently seek.
This human experience is at times daunting. Even welcomed life transitions can leave us feeling untethered. You may be struggling to feel comfortable in your own skin, find deeper connection in your relationships, or knowing your place in this world. I believe in the innate wisdom each individual possesses. I will accompany you into this lifelong process of returning to your sense of self. We come to know ourselves more fully through our relationships even as the discoveries may be startling or disorienting. Through these explorations you will find a deepened connection with what you ardently seek.
(628) 265-8620 View (628) 265-8620
Photo of Frances Verrinder, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Frances Verrinder
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94146  (Online Only)
Feeling anxious, depressed, stuck in your life? I offer individual therapy to help you identify your strengths, work through your unresolved issues and find greater pleasure and success in everyday life. If you are struggling with romantic relationships, I can assist you in developing romantic intelligence skills. Dealing with communication problems and conflict in your relationship? I offer Psycho-biological Attachment Couples Therapy to expand your loving connection and build trust and safety.
Feeling anxious, depressed, stuck in your life? I offer individual therapy to help you identify your strengths, work through your unresolved issues and find greater pleasure and success in everyday life. If you are struggling with romantic relationships, I can assist you in developing romantic intelligence skills. Dealing with communication problems and conflict in your relationship? I offer Psycho-biological Attachment Couples Therapy to expand your loving connection and build trust and safety.
(415) 689-9150 View (415) 689-9150
Photo of Jeffrey Ly | Porn Addiction Relationship in San Francisco, CA
Jeffrey Ly | Porn Addiction Relationship
LPHA, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
Pornography addiction can have a significant impact on your life and relationships but there is hope for recovery. I’m not just a mental health professional, I’ve been “you” for many years. I understand firsthand the personal and relational struggles that come with uncontrollable pornography use. The endless stream of attractive women a few clicks away on Pornhub, Onlyfan or Social Media used to reduce stress and boredom is hard to stop even when it’s destroying your life and relationships.
Pornography addiction can have a significant impact on your life and relationships but there is hope for recovery. I’m not just a mental health professional, I’ve been “you” for many years. I understand firsthand the personal and relational struggles that come with uncontrollable pornography use. The endless stream of attractive women a few clicks away on Pornhub, Onlyfan or Social Media used to reduce stress and boredom is hard to stop even when it’s destroying your life and relationships.
(415) 942-5839 View (415) 942-5839
Photo of Nicole Lako, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Nicole Lako
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
Are you a parent of young children who feels the stress, anxiety and depression related to parenting? Do you need support alleviating these conditions, improving communication and parenting skills and connecting more with loved ones? I help moms and dads of young children strengthen their connection with their children, their partner and themselves.
Are you a parent of young children who feels the stress, anxiety and depression related to parenting? Do you need support alleviating these conditions, improving communication and parenting skills and connecting more with loved ones? I help moms and dads of young children strengthen their connection with their children, their partner and themselves.
(415) 799-7614 View (415) 799-7614
Photo of Pilar Dellano, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Pilar Dellano
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94103
It may seem a world away and yet here you are; On the brink of a new day, in which courageous, interdependent, and radical connection to the life you’ve always wanted, is only an email away.
It may seem a world away and yet here you are; On the brink of a new day, in which courageous, interdependent, and radical connection to the life you’ve always wanted, is only an email away.
(415) 792-1796 View (415) 792-1796
Photo of Prabha B Milstein, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Prabha B Milstein
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I am also certified in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing). My theoretical orientation is attachment focused, and I frequently employ the use of EMDR. I work with folks of all ages. EMDR is a psychotherapy technique that enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences. EMDR therapy shows that the mind can in fact heal from psychological trauma much as the body recovers from physical trauma. Using the protocols and procedures learned in EMDR, clinicians help clients activate their natural healing processes.
I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I am also certified in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing). My theoretical orientation is attachment focused, and I frequently employ the use of EMDR. I work with folks of all ages. EMDR is a psychotherapy technique that enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences. EMDR therapy shows that the mind can in fact heal from psychological trauma much as the body recovers from physical trauma. Using the protocols and procedures learned in EMDR, clinicians help clients activate their natural healing processes.
(415) 800-1778 View (415) 800-1778

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.