Therapists in Blanco County, TX

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Serenity Drum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BSW, MSW , LCSW
Online Only
It may be raining outside but the day is brighter than ever! Have you ever had this feeling? Is it a feeling you wish to be able to find again? Let’s explore what is weighing you down and come up with a solution focused plan to get you to feeling better together. As a therapist, I have a humanistic, strengths-based approach to life and death. Through real, honest, authentic communication, we can grow through exploration of the raw spots in life. We can evaluate together for the purpose of understanding, learning, healing and conquering fears out loud. Let’s work on your goals that will lead you to a better life.
It may be raining outside but the day is brighter than ever! Have you ever had this feeling? Is it a feeling you wish to be able to find again? Let’s explore what is weighing you down and come up with a solution focused plan to get you to feeling better together. As a therapist, I have a humanistic, strengths-based approach to life and death. Through real, honest, authentic communication, we can grow through exploration of the raw spots in life. We can evaluate together for the purpose of understanding, learning, healing and conquering fears out loud. Let’s work on your goals that will lead you to a better life.
(830) 541-4727 View (830) 541-4727
Corky Roseberry
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MEd, CSC
Blanco, TX 78606
I've spent 18 years working with teens as a high school counselor and teacher. Now as an LPC Associate, I use this previous experience to support adolescents and young adults as they navigate today's challenges. As a former educator, I have seen first hand the pressure that academics, social groups, and today's changing world can place on teens. Teens develop anxiety, stress, and negative coping skills to deal with this pressure. I help teens overcome these challenges by helping them explore their values, emotions, practice new coping strategies, and develop confidence that they will carry into adulthood.
I've spent 18 years working with teens as a high school counselor and teacher. Now as an LPC Associate, I use this previous experience to support adolescents and young adults as they navigate today's challenges. As a former educator, I have seen first hand the pressure that academics, social groups, and today's changing world can place on teens. Teens develop anxiety, stress, and negative coping skills to deal with this pressure. I help teens overcome these challenges by helping them explore their values, emotions, practice new coping strategies, and develop confidence that they will carry into adulthood.
(737) 369-9613 View (737) 369-9613
Ruth E Stitt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MDiv, LPC-S
Online Only
With 33 years as a licensed counselor, I have gained much life and professional experience as well as a love for this work. Human beings are endlessly interesting. I enjoy connecting with all kinds of clients in an authentic way to discover together how the counseling relationship can benefit them. My approach is versatile and flexible, allowing a calm and healing environment for the exploration of inner dynamics, cognitive patterns, relationship difficulties, blocks to spiritual growth, and solution-focused collaboration. I am naturally very curious, so I will be actively engaged as you seek healing and perspective.
With 33 years as a licensed counselor, I have gained much life and professional experience as well as a love for this work. Human beings are endlessly interesting. I enjoy connecting with all kinds of clients in an authentic way to discover together how the counseling relationship can benefit them. My approach is versatile and flexible, allowing a calm and healing environment for the exploration of inner dynamics, cognitive patterns, relationship difficulties, blocks to spiritual growth, and solution-focused collaboration. I am naturally very curious, so I will be actively engaged as you seek healing and perspective.
(830) 587-5907 View (830) 587-5907
Rhonda Lake
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MPC, MAC, CCTP-ll, NACC
Online Only
Hello, I’m Rhonda Lake. I am a Christian therapist with 14 years’ experience helping clients work through stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, dissociation, and overwhelming emotions. I use evidence based approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), EMDR, Somatic therapies, and principles from the Bible and Neuroscience to support meaningful and lasting change. A key part of my work involves integrating neuroscience, a cutting edge understanding of how God created the mind- body connection, its’ response to life’s challenges and its ability to change our lives.
Hello, I’m Rhonda Lake. I am a Christian therapist with 14 years’ experience helping clients work through stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, dissociation, and overwhelming emotions. I use evidence based approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), EMDR, Somatic therapies, and principles from the Bible and Neuroscience to support meaningful and lasting change. A key part of my work involves integrating neuroscience, a cutting edge understanding of how God created the mind- body connection, its’ response to life’s challenges and its ability to change our lives.
(830) 445-3482 View (830) 445-3482
Randa Chance
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMFT, LPC
3 Endorsed
Johnson City, TX 78636
I am licensed to practice in Texas (LPC & LMFT), Oklahoma (LPC) and Wisconsin (LPC). I have served with my husband for almost 30 years in various pastoral roles and am heavily involved with the community. I specialize in helping individuals, couples and families (including clergy couples and families) to facilitate healing and provide a safe place for processing through trauma, relational challenges & infidelity, life changes, self-image, behavioral issues, spirituality, anxiety, depression, grief and loss. Because each client has specific needs, treatment is customized for each individual client.
I am licensed to practice in Texas (LPC & LMFT), Oklahoma (LPC) and Wisconsin (LPC). I have served with my husband for almost 30 years in various pastoral roles and am heavily involved with the community. I specialize in helping individuals, couples and families (including clergy couples and families) to facilitate healing and provide a safe place for processing through trauma, relational challenges & infidelity, life changes, self-image, behavioral issues, spirituality, anxiety, depression, grief and loss. Because each client has specific needs, treatment is customized for each individual client.
(210) 791-0731 View (210) 791-0731
Diane Cook Darby
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I believe you are exactly where you need to be.... Right now. Rumi said it best: "The wound is the place where the light enters you." The suffering, the vulnerability, the anger and the fear are perfect opportunities to shine a light of awareness and begin healing. I offer a safe space for each awareness to unfold without judgement. My approach tends to be ecclectic and holistic, incorporating spiritual practices to raise your consciousness in order to create alignment with your heart, body, and soul so that healing may begin.
I believe you are exactly where you need to be.... Right now. Rumi said it best: "The wound is the place where the light enters you." The suffering, the vulnerability, the anger and the fear are perfect opportunities to shine a light of awareness and begin healing. I offer a safe space for each awareness to unfold without judgement. My approach tends to be ecclectic and holistic, incorporating spiritual practices to raise your consciousness in order to create alignment with your heart, body, and soul so that healing may begin.
(865) 406-6084 View (865) 406-6084
Kelly Michael Hays
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Johnson City, TX 78636
I first became aware of my interest in therapy shortly before graduating from the University of Minnesota and obtaining a Second Bachelor’s Degree in Social Welfare. (Social Work Courses without the actual “Work”) I also had an interest in Physical Therapy and pursued this as an Enlisted Member of the Navy Hospital Corps where I succeeded in becoming a Physical Therapy/Occupational Therapy Technician. After practicing as a Licensed Physical Therapy Assistant in Texas for a few years. I utilized my GI Bill to pursue a Masters in Social Work from Our Lady of the Lake University of San Antonio.
I first became aware of my interest in therapy shortly before graduating from the University of Minnesota and obtaining a Second Bachelor’s Degree in Social Welfare. (Social Work Courses without the actual “Work”) I also had an interest in Physical Therapy and pursued this as an Enlisted Member of the Navy Hospital Corps where I succeeded in becoming a Physical Therapy/Occupational Therapy Technician. After practicing as a Licensed Physical Therapy Assistant in Texas for a few years. I utilized my GI Bill to pursue a Masters in Social Work from Our Lady of the Lake University of San Antonio.
(830) 271-5619 View (830) 271-5619
Shane Chance
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Johnson City, TX 78636
I’m Shane Chance, a licensed professional counselor here in TX. Why did I become a therapist, you ask? Well, it’s simple: I love helping people navigate life’s twists and turns. I’m a firm believer in the incredible resilience of individuals and their capacity to bounce back, even when when things get tough. When it comes to therapy, I’m all about embracing the unique qualities of each person and situation. That’s why I’m an eclectic therapist. I understand that there’s no one-size-fits-all approach, and the therapy I offer reflects that belief.
I’m Shane Chance, a licensed professional counselor here in TX. Why did I become a therapist, you ask? Well, it’s simple: I love helping people navigate life’s twists and turns. I’m a firm believer in the incredible resilience of individuals and their capacity to bounce back, even when when things get tough. When it comes to therapy, I’m all about embracing the unique qualities of each person and situation. That’s why I’m an eclectic therapist. I understand that there’s no one-size-fits-all approach, and the therapy I offer reflects that belief.
(210) 899-2643 View (210) 899-2643
Serenity Drum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
It can be hard to see the world change around you, wishing you could take part in the happiness and growth, but you feel like you can't move forward. Loneliness, tragedies, illness, and unexpected events can leave us stuck in our tracks. I became a clinical social worker to help people know that they are not alone, and I am honored to be on their side. I have been helping folks in Texas navigate mental illness, trauma, and major life transitions for over 15 years, and believe that every person needs to have someone in their corner as they walk through life's toughest moments.
It can be hard to see the world change around you, wishing you could take part in the happiness and growth, but you feel like you can't move forward. Loneliness, tragedies, illness, and unexpected events can leave us stuck in our tracks. I became a clinical social worker to help people know that they are not alone, and I am honored to be on their side. I have been helping folks in Texas navigate mental illness, trauma, and major life transitions for over 15 years, and believe that every person needs to have someone in their corner as they walk through life's toughest moments.
(830) 240-1695 View (830) 240-1695
Mishawna Washington
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Serves Area
My focus is supporting children, adolescents, and young adults navigating ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma, and self-harm behaviors. With a background in both education and crisis-based clinical settings, I bring a structured yet compassionate perspective to therapy. I understand how academic pressures, developmental challenges, and emotional distress intersect, and I work to create a safe, supportive environment where young people feel understood and empowered.
My focus is supporting children, adolescents, and young adults navigating ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma, and self-harm behaviors. With a background in both education and crisis-based clinical settings, I bring a structured yet compassionate perspective to therapy. I understand how academic pressures, developmental challenges, and emotional distress intersect, and I work to create a safe, supportive environment where young people feel understood and empowered.
(737) 282-5805 View (737) 282-5805
Whitney O'Baugh
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Serves Area
My focus is on creating a compassionate, client-centered space where you feel supported as you navigate anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, and mood disorders. I believe in meeting you where you are and working collaboratively to foster meaningful, sustainable change. With a strong foundation in both mental health and substance use care, I take a trauma-informed approach that recognizes the importance of treating the whole person rather than a diagnosis.
My focus is on creating a compassionate, client-centered space where you feel supported as you navigate anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, and mood disorders. I believe in meeting you where you are and working collaboratively to foster meaningful, sustainable change. With a strong foundation in both mental health and substance use care, I take a trauma-informed approach that recognizes the importance of treating the whole person rather than a diagnosis.
(888) 730-6971 View (888) 730-6971
Stephanie Davila
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I view therapy as a collaborative process grounded in trust, openness, and shared goals. I work with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and trauma, and I welcome those who are ready to make meaningful changes in their lives. My approach is rooted in evidence-based modalities, including dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, and cognitive processing therapy.
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I view therapy as a collaborative process grounded in trust, openness, and shared goals. I work with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and trauma, and I welcome those who are ready to make meaningful changes in their lives. My approach is rooted in evidence-based modalities, including dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, and cognitive processing therapy.
(512) 866-9083 View (512) 866-9083
Carrie Lee
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Serves Area
Hi! I'm so glad you found your way here. Often clients reach out when they feel stuck, overwhelmed, burned out or worried about difficulties in their lives or their relationships. They feel exhausted and unable to find a clear path forward. Sometimes they are outwardly high achieving and/or caring for many people, but internally stuck and feeling disconnected. I work with women, teens and young children/parents to help them heal the impact of complex trauma, anxiety and chronic stress so they can feel more regulated, less overwhelmed and more connected in their daily lives and relationships.
Hi! I'm so glad you found your way here. Often clients reach out when they feel stuck, overwhelmed, burned out or worried about difficulties in their lives or their relationships. They feel exhausted and unable to find a clear path forward. Sometimes they are outwardly high achieving and/or caring for many people, but internally stuck and feeling disconnected. I work with women, teens and young children/parents to help them heal the impact of complex trauma, anxiety and chronic stress so they can feel more regulated, less overwhelmed and more connected in their daily lives and relationships.
(512) 846-7394 View (512) 846-7394
Katy Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
My focus is on supporting adults and couples as they navigate anxiety, depression, relationship stress, grief, low self-esteem, past trauma, and major life transitions. My approach to therapy is warm, direct, and interactive, grounded in respect, honesty, and collaboration. I believe therapy works best when people feel safe, understood, and actively involved in creating meaningful change.
My focus is on supporting adults and couples as they navigate anxiety, depression, relationship stress, grief, low self-esteem, past trauma, and major life transitions. My approach to therapy is warm, direct, and interactive, grounded in respect, honesty, and collaboration. I believe therapy works best when people feel safe, understood, and actively involved in creating meaningful change.
(737) 390-1489 View (737) 390-1489
Smithson Valley Counseling Center Inc.
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I have been a licensed clinician since 1988. I started working with families in 1984. I have worked with clients as young as two and as mature as their nineties. I love working with couples, families, children, and teens; helping families with the challenges of adolescence and parenting. I work with couples recovering from infidelity and those desiring to strengthen their relationships. I work with PTSD, and Dissociative Disorders. I am trained in hypnotherapy, CBT, DBT, Integrative Holistic Therapy and EMDR. I was fortunate to complete my EMDR training (Levels I and II) with Francine Shapiro, PhD, EMDR's originator, in 1994.
I have been a licensed clinician since 1988. I started working with families in 1984. I have worked with clients as young as two and as mature as their nineties. I love working with couples, families, children, and teens; helping families with the challenges of adolescence and parenting. I work with couples recovering from infidelity and those desiring to strengthen their relationships. I work with PTSD, and Dissociative Disorders. I am trained in hypnotherapy, CBT, DBT, Integrative Holistic Therapy and EMDR. I was fortunate to complete my EMDR training (Levels I and II) with Francine Shapiro, PhD, EMDR's originator, in 1994.
(830) 549-4719 View (830) 549-4719
Dr. Jordan E. Elliott
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LCDC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello, and welcome! Considering therapy is a significant step, and I’m happy you’re here. People often seek therapy with a desire for healing, or change in the midst of unique, personal, and sometimes painful challenges. My goal is to act as a vessel as you process, grow, adapt, and heal. You may discuss anything and you will not be judged. Change can be hard and uncomfortable, but I will support you and encourage you through difficult times. In this space, therapy is ultimately your time, and we will move at a pace you are comfortable with. I assure you I will always respect you as an individual and the decisions you make.
Hello, and welcome! Considering therapy is a significant step, and I’m happy you’re here. People often seek therapy with a desire for healing, or change in the midst of unique, personal, and sometimes painful challenges. My goal is to act as a vessel as you process, grow, adapt, and heal. You may discuss anything and you will not be judged. Change can be hard and uncomfortable, but I will support you and encourage you through difficult times. In this space, therapy is ultimately your time, and we will move at a pace you are comfortable with. I assure you I will always respect you as an individual and the decisions you make.
(210) 917-2727 View (210) 917-2727

Online Therapists

Kristen Pipes
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
2 Endorsed
Pflugerville, TX 78660
Waitlist for new clients
Living life means dealing with transitions and coping with change. Sometimes this can be difficult, whether that is because we feel powerless in the midst of change or traumatic experiences continue to hold us back. Hi, I'm Kristen and I have a passion to empower my clients so that they recognize and utilize their own strengths and develop new skills to help reach their goals! Whether working through life circumstances or through mental illness, I hope to provide a safe environment to those seeking growth.
Living life means dealing with transitions and coping with change. Sometimes this can be difficult, whether that is because we feel powerless in the midst of change or traumatic experiences continue to hold us back. Hi, I'm Kristen and I have a passion to empower my clients so that they recognize and utilize their own strengths and develop new skills to help reach their goals! Whether working through life circumstances or through mental illness, I hope to provide a safe environment to those seeking growth.
(512) 812-8354 View (512) 812-8354
Patricia Hernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If your emotions are running your life leaving you overwhelmed or disconnected from yourself I'd love to help you rediscover a vibrant life. My clients typically seek space to explore intense emotions without judgment and at their own pace. They want to gain more control over their lives, set clear boundaries, and break free from patterns that are causing conflict or isolation. Together, we’ll work on fostering self-awareness and building healthier coping skills, allowing you to reconnect with yourself and live with more confidence and balance.
If your emotions are running your life leaving you overwhelmed or disconnected from yourself I'd love to help you rediscover a vibrant life. My clients typically seek space to explore intense emotions without judgment and at their own pace. They want to gain more control over their lives, set clear boundaries, and break free from patterns that are causing conflict or isolation. Together, we’ll work on fostering self-awareness and building healthier coping skills, allowing you to reconnect with yourself and live with more confidence and balance.
(737) 238-6154 View (737) 238-6154
Lynn Meyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Austin, TX 78746
We live in challenging times, even more so now with the emergence of the Coronavirus. Are you feeling overwhelmed, isolated, or anxious? Are you fearful, lack joy, and worry filled? I am here to help. It’s easy to lose our compass and sense of life’s purpose during difficult times. You are not alone. My therapeutic approach is compassionate, eclectic and client centered. I believe healing can take root and grow merely by having your story heard. Each person's story is unique, therefore your therapy is tailored specifically to YOUR needs. Are you ready to take the first step towards HOPE, and become HOPE FILLED? Let’s begin.....
We live in challenging times, even more so now with the emergence of the Coronavirus. Are you feeling overwhelmed, isolated, or anxious? Are you fearful, lack joy, and worry filled? I am here to help. It’s easy to lose our compass and sense of life’s purpose during difficult times. You are not alone. My therapeutic approach is compassionate, eclectic and client centered. I believe healing can take root and grow merely by having your story heard. Each person's story is unique, therefore your therapy is tailored specifically to YOUR needs. Are you ready to take the first step towards HOPE, and become HOPE FILLED? Let’s begin.....
(844) 926-2157 View (844) 926-2157
Deanna Miesch
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MAAT, ATR-BC
11 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78702
With 28 years of experience in Art Psychotherapy, I offer many tools to clients that are useful long after therapy has ended. My approach is eclectic and relational, meeting you where you are, and helping you develop a path to achieve your goals. Learn how to tap into your intuition, combining cutting edge CRM (Comprehensive Resource Model) and art making as your guide, and witness the changes you seek. Change your world and the world changes with you! Board Certified Registered Art Therapist (ATR-BC), Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). I specialize in women's issues, trauma processing, particularly with motivated adults.
With 28 years of experience in Art Psychotherapy, I offer many tools to clients that are useful long after therapy has ended. My approach is eclectic and relational, meeting you where you are, and helping you develop a path to achieve your goals. Learn how to tap into your intuition, combining cutting edge CRM (Comprehensive Resource Model) and art making as your guide, and witness the changes you seek. Change your world and the world changes with you! Board Certified Registered Art Therapist (ATR-BC), Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). I specialize in women's issues, trauma processing, particularly with motivated adults.
(512) 649-0176 View (512) 649-0176

See more therapy options for Blanco County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Blanco County, TX

10+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Blanco County, TX who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Social Anxiety
100% Health Anxiety
100% Driving Anxiety
88% Grief
88% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
77% Optum

How Therapists in Blanco County, TX see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Blanco County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.