Therapists in Brentwood, Austin, TX

Photo of Beth Bishop, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Beth Bishop
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
Life is beautiful and life is also difficult. I support people who are experiencing perinatal mood disorders; processing a traumatic birth, NICU stay, infant medical complexity, pregnancy loss, infant loss; and/or infertility. My clients are diverse in race and ethnicity, spiritual practices, and socioeconomic levels.
Life is beautiful and life is also difficult. I support people who are experiencing perinatal mood disorders; processing a traumatic birth, NICU stay, infant medical complexity, pregnancy loss, infant loss; and/or infertility. My clients are diverse in race and ethnicity, spiritual practices, and socioeconomic levels.
Photo of Zachary Anglin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Zachary Anglin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78757
I see clients run the gamut from first-timers just feeling stuck or like life is out of whack somehow, to long-time therapy clients with a clear vision for the path ahead. Maybe managing your mood is a bigger part of your life than you're okay with. Maybe you've lost someone or your life has been turned upside down. Maybe you're wrestling with compulsions or urges that keep you from living how you want to live. Maybe you're trying to understand who you are or want to be, dealing with the pressures and unfairness of the world, or seeking the meaning of life. Maybe you just want a dedicated space to decompress. I welcome it all.
I see clients run the gamut from first-timers just feeling stuck or like life is out of whack somehow, to long-time therapy clients with a clear vision for the path ahead. Maybe managing your mood is a bigger part of your life than you're okay with. Maybe you've lost someone or your life has been turned upside down. Maybe you're wrestling with compulsions or urges that keep you from living how you want to live. Maybe you're trying to understand who you are or want to be, dealing with the pressures and unfairness of the world, or seeking the meaning of life. Maybe you just want a dedicated space to decompress. I welcome it all.
(737) 345-0274 View (737) 345-0274
Photo of Anna Francis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Anna Francis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
Are you feeling stuck? Sad? Lonely? Maybe you have tried to work it out on your own and now you find yourself ready for support and help looking inside and doing some deeper work. How brave you are and how scary this can be, and that's where I can help. You and I will create a safe space to explore and make sense of your experiences, feelings, relationships and behaviors. Together, we will make a path into the sacred place of healing.
Are you feeling stuck? Sad? Lonely? Maybe you have tried to work it out on your own and now you find yourself ready for support and help looking inside and doing some deeper work. How brave you are and how scary this can be, and that's where I can help. You and I will create a safe space to explore and make sense of your experiences, feelings, relationships and behaviors. Together, we will make a path into the sacred place of healing.
(512) 994-2493 View (512) 994-2493
Photo of Denise Baxindine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Denise Baxindine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
5 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78757
Starting therapy takes courage. I recognize the vulnerability in reaching out for help and I aim to create a safe, judgment-free space for you to to explore what's going on and express how you are truly feeling. One of my strengths as a therapist is helping clients name what they are feeling, so they can start to move through it. I help clients work through trauma, relational issues, life transitions, grief, anxiety, complex PTSD, and depression. We will set goals early in our work together to identify what you want to get out of therapy.
Starting therapy takes courage. I recognize the vulnerability in reaching out for help and I aim to create a safe, judgment-free space for you to to explore what's going on and express how you are truly feeling. One of my strengths as a therapist is helping clients name what they are feeling, so they can start to move through it. I help clients work through trauma, relational issues, life transitions, grief, anxiety, complex PTSD, and depression. We will set goals early in our work together to identify what you want to get out of therapy.
(512) 686-1970 View (512) 686-1970
Photo of Ananya Sabharwal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ananya Sabharwal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
Life can feel heavy when you’re trying to hold it all together — relationships, identity, anxiety, or the pressure to have everything figured out. I work with teens and young adults who are navigating the ups and downs of becoming themselves — healing from the past, managing overwhelm, and learning to show up more authentically in their lives.
Life can feel heavy when you’re trying to hold it all together — relationships, identity, anxiety, or the pressure to have everything figured out. I work with teens and young adults who are navigating the ups and downs of becoming themselves — healing from the past, managing overwhelm, and learning to show up more authentically in their lives.
(737) 200-2446 View (737) 200-2446
Photo of Linze Pattison, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Linze Pattison
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
The mind has a remarkable way of protecting us emotionally when we face pain and hurt. Sometimes, we act in ways that feel right in the moment—true to our emotions—only to later realize those actions may have caused harm not just to ourselves, but also to the people we care about. In relationships, this can show up as repeated cycles of conflict, disconnection, poor communication, and a loss of intimacy—all rooted in our deep need for emotional safety. As your therapist, I strive to create a supportive space where each person feels heard, understood, and validated, so healing and reconnection can begin.
The mind has a remarkable way of protecting us emotionally when we face pain and hurt. Sometimes, we act in ways that feel right in the moment—true to our emotions—only to later realize those actions may have caused harm not just to ourselves, but also to the people we care about. In relationships, this can show up as repeated cycles of conflict, disconnection, poor communication, and a loss of intimacy—all rooted in our deep need for emotional safety. As your therapist, I strive to create a supportive space where each person feels heard, understood, and validated, so healing and reconnection can begin.
(737) 355-8437 View (737) 355-8437
Photo of Jaron Browning, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Jaron Browning
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
I love working with clients who are motivated to explore their relationships and current ways of thinking and being in order to create meaningful and positive changes. Whether you're feeling lost with where you are in life, struggling to communicate with your partner effectively, or just looking for support through a difficult experience, my goal is to help you by providing encouragement and thoughtful conversations that challenge and empower you.
I love working with clients who are motivated to explore their relationships and current ways of thinking and being in order to create meaningful and positive changes. Whether you're feeling lost with where you are in life, struggling to communicate with your partner effectively, or just looking for support through a difficult experience, my goal is to help you by providing encouragement and thoughtful conversations that challenge and empower you.
(512) 881-5892 View (512) 881-5892
Photo of Natalie Boone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Natalie Boone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
My hopes are to help school aged children and youth as well as their families overcome past or current traumas, work on attachment issues, and offer general support to all the curveballs life throws at us. I work well with children who have need help with emotional and behavioral regulation. I utilize interpersonal neurobiology, play therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy principles to help guide your child to a more regulated self! I offer parent coaching so you feel in the loop and support throughout your child's therapy process.
My hopes are to help school aged children and youth as well as their families overcome past or current traumas, work on attachment issues, and offer general support to all the curveballs life throws at us. I work well with children who have need help with emotional and behavioral regulation. I utilize interpersonal neurobiology, play therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy principles to help guide your child to a more regulated self! I offer parent coaching so you feel in the loop and support throughout your child's therapy process.
(512) 877-6182 View (512) 877-6182
Photo of Courtney Vujcich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Courtney Vujcich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
The ideal client is someone seeking personal growth, healing, and support through challenges like anxiety, stress, relationship issues, or life transitions. They need a compassionate, non-judgmental space to explore emotions and gain insight, using tools like CBT and mindfulness. Their goals include healing, improving relationships, reducing anxiety, and living authentically. They want to feel empowered with practical strategies to move forward and create a fulfilling, balanced life aligned with their values.
The ideal client is someone seeking personal growth, healing, and support through challenges like anxiety, stress, relationship issues, or life transitions. They need a compassionate, non-judgmental space to explore emotions and gain insight, using tools like CBT and mindfulness. Their goals include healing, improving relationships, reducing anxiety, and living authentically. They want to feel empowered with practical strategies to move forward and create a fulfilling, balanced life aligned with their values.
(737) 232-3637 View (737) 232-3637
Photo of Purna Bajekal, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Purna Bajekal
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
2 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
Finding a therapist who truly understands how culture, identity, and lived experience shape your inner world can be difficult. I specialize in working with young adults and first- and second-generation immigrants who feel stuck between who they were taught to be and who they want to become. Clients often come to me feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, burned out, or trapped in people-pleasing and perfectionism. Together, we work to untangle old patterns, regulate the nervous system, strengthen boundaries, and cultivate a deeper sense of self-worth and emotional safety.
Finding a therapist who truly understands how culture, identity, and lived experience shape your inner world can be difficult. I specialize in working with young adults and first- and second-generation immigrants who feel stuck between who they were taught to be and who they want to become. Clients often come to me feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, burned out, or trapped in people-pleasing and perfectionism. Together, we work to untangle old patterns, regulate the nervous system, strengthen boundaries, and cultivate a deeper sense of self-worth and emotional safety.
(737) 530-8123 View (737) 530-8123
Photo of Cliff Chong - Solidarity Counseling (Cliff Chong, LCSW), Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Solidarity Counseling (Cliff Chong, LCSW)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
The world is becoming more complex as we are expected to do more with less time and energy. What if you were already coping with difficulties from a not so distant past? With my own history of self worth/doubt, health issues and being told "I don't belong here", I can vividly remember the frustration and loneliness of trying to "live your life" while feeling excluded. I draw from this to empathize and build a mutual understanding of "now" and create a path to a more authentic version of "you." We often look to the past to find origins of problems, but its equally important to dig through our history to find gems of resilience.
The world is becoming more complex as we are expected to do more with less time and energy. What if you were already coping with difficulties from a not so distant past? With my own history of self worth/doubt, health issues and being told "I don't belong here", I can vividly remember the frustration and loneliness of trying to "live your life" while feeling excluded. I draw from this to empathize and build a mutual understanding of "now" and create a path to a more authentic version of "you." We often look to the past to find origins of problems, but its equally important to dig through our history to find gems of resilience.
(512) 515-9826 View (512) 515-9826
Photo of Michael David Lee, Psychologist, PhD
Michael David Lee
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
If you're experiencing challenges with anxiety, OCD, PTSD, or related concerns, I'm dedicated to helping you make meaningful changes in your life. I earned my PhD and MA in clinical psychology from UT Austin, specializing in anxiety disorder treatment and research. I strive to offer a safe, supportive, and affirming space where your personal experience is truly acknowledged. That said, I believe that warmth alone is not sufficient for effective therapy. Just as you would want a physician who is both compassionate and skilled, effective mental health care requires not only empathy, but proven expertise.
If you're experiencing challenges with anxiety, OCD, PTSD, or related concerns, I'm dedicated to helping you make meaningful changes in your life. I earned my PhD and MA in clinical psychology from UT Austin, specializing in anxiety disorder treatment and research. I strive to offer a safe, supportive, and affirming space where your personal experience is truly acknowledged. That said, I believe that warmth alone is not sufficient for effective therapy. Just as you would want a physician who is both compassionate and skilled, effective mental health care requires not only empathy, but proven expertise.
(512) 764-1380 View (512) 764-1380
Photo of Michael David Lee - Anxiety Disorders Institute, Psychologist, PhD
Anxiety Disorders Institute
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
The Anxiety Disorders Institute specializes in providing psychotherapy for individuals struggling with anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD, and related conditions. Our clients often seek relief from worry, panic, intrusive thoughts, or the lasting impact of trauma. Many are high-functioning but find these issues interfering with work, relationships, or daily life. We provide compassionate, evidence-based care tailored to each person’s needs, helping them gain practical tools to reduce distress and reclaim a sense of control and well-being.
The Anxiety Disorders Institute specializes in providing psychotherapy for individuals struggling with anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD, and related conditions. Our clients often seek relief from worry, panic, intrusive thoughts, or the lasting impact of trauma. Many are high-functioning but find these issues interfering with work, relationships, or daily life. We provide compassionate, evidence-based care tailored to each person’s needs, helping them gain practical tools to reduce distress and reclaim a sense of control and well-being.
(737) 307-1523 View (737) 307-1523
Photo of Arielle Frank Larson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Arielle Frank Larson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
7 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78757
Yellow Chair Counseling is accepting new clients - use the "Schedule Appointment" button on our website! I am passionate about embracing the paradox of accepting ourselves as we are right now, while also committing to change. I believe this is the essence of therapy that leads you towards the fulfilling and joyful life you deserve to be living. When I sit with you, I offer my unconditional acceptance, my calm presence, my sense of humor, and concrete tools that are easy to use and effective. My desire is to cultivate a genuine and compassionate relationship in which we can collaboratively work together towards health and happiness.
Yellow Chair Counseling is accepting new clients - use the "Schedule Appointment" button on our website! I am passionate about embracing the paradox of accepting ourselves as we are right now, while also committing to change. I believe this is the essence of therapy that leads you towards the fulfilling and joyful life you deserve to be living. When I sit with you, I offer my unconditional acceptance, my calm presence, my sense of humor, and concrete tools that are easy to use and effective. My desire is to cultivate a genuine and compassionate relationship in which we can collaboratively work together towards health and happiness.
(512) 960-2108 View (512) 960-2108
Photo of Heather McPherson - Respark Therapy & Associates, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT, LCSW
Respark Therapy & Associates
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT, LCSW
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
We are a team of highly-specialized therapists who are committed to serving your individual and relationship needs. We have a combined 40+ years of experience and a wide array of specialties and certifications. We provide the most up to date and effective therapy because our clinicians are highly trained in relationship issues as well as sexuality issues. Most couples therapists do not receive any education in sexuality. We are a diverse team which only strengthens our ability to serve all communities. We continuously seek advanced, expert training opportunities in sexuality and relationship issues.
We are a team of highly-specialized therapists who are committed to serving your individual and relationship needs. We have a combined 40+ years of experience and a wide array of specialties and certifications. We provide the most up to date and effective therapy because our clinicians are highly trained in relationship issues as well as sexuality issues. Most couples therapists do not receive any education in sexuality. We are a diverse team which only strengthens our ability to serve all communities. We continuously seek advanced, expert training opportunities in sexuality and relationship issues.
(512) 572-9866 View (512) 572-9866
Photo of Savannah Cipriano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Savannah Cipriano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78757
I imagine you’re here feeling scared, overwhelmed or confused by your inner world. Maybe you are catching yourself acting in ways that are uncharacteristic. Or after looking at your pain from every angle, you’re starting to lose hope about finding a path out. You want a way back to your center. You want to feel good about your choices in the present and hopeful about the future. Therapy with me is an opportunity for that kind of clarity and healing.
I imagine you’re here feeling scared, overwhelmed or confused by your inner world. Maybe you are catching yourself acting in ways that are uncharacteristic. Or after looking at your pain from every angle, you’re starting to lose hope about finding a path out. You want a way back to your center. You want to feel good about your choices in the present and hopeful about the future. Therapy with me is an opportunity for that kind of clarity and healing.
(737) 276-5833 View (737) 276-5833
Photo of Edward (Ned) Williams - Ned Williams LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSEd
Ned Williams LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSEd
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
I provide individual therapy to people from all stages of life, from adolescence through late adulthood. I have experience in both inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings and have supported individuals through a wide range of mental health issues and life stressors. ​​I work with people dealing with anxiety disorders, depression and other mood disorders, PTSD, personality disorders, along with a host of other diagnosed and undiagnosed conditions. There is no need to have a diagnosis in order to seek therapy.
I provide individual therapy to people from all stages of life, from adolescence through late adulthood. I have experience in both inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings and have supported individuals through a wide range of mental health issues and life stressors. ​​I work with people dealing with anxiety disorders, depression and other mood disorders, PTSD, personality disorders, along with a host of other diagnosed and undiagnosed conditions. There is no need to have a diagnosis in order to seek therapy.
(737) 383-0255 View (737) 383-0255
Photo of Emily Villarreal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Emily Villarreal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
4 Endorsed
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
You’re described as “extremely self-aware” and you’ve always been the strong one. Yet, you still struggle with anxiety, perfectionism, people-pleasing, overachievement, interpersonal relationships, depression, low self-worth, OCD, and dissociation. At the root of these symptoms are dysfunctional families, intergenerational trauma, and surviving oppressive systems as a marginalized person. As a trauma therapist, my approach is direct, client-centered, and warm. I am known to meet clients where they are without judgment. I believe that you already have the innate wisdom you need to heal; I am just here to guide you.
You’re described as “extremely self-aware” and you’ve always been the strong one. Yet, you still struggle with anxiety, perfectionism, people-pleasing, overachievement, interpersonal relationships, depression, low self-worth, OCD, and dissociation. At the root of these symptoms are dysfunctional families, intergenerational trauma, and surviving oppressive systems as a marginalized person. As a trauma therapist, my approach is direct, client-centered, and warm. I am known to meet clients where they are without judgment. I believe that you already have the innate wisdom you need to heal; I am just here to guide you.
(737) 250-9305 View (737) 250-9305
Photo of Pam Greenstone, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Pam Greenstone
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
Are you looking for a therapist who is warm, skilled, and truly gets it? I help adults navigate life’s challenges with compassion, clarity, and curiosity. While I work with a wide range of concerns, I have specialized training in EMDR, group therapy, and working with adult adoptees and the LGBTQ+ community.
Are you looking for a therapist who is warm, skilled, and truly gets it? I help adults navigate life’s challenges with compassion, clarity, and curiosity. While I work with a wide range of concerns, I have specialized training in EMDR, group therapy, and working with adult adoptees and the LGBTQ+ community.
(512) 641-3397 View (512) 641-3397
Photo of Melissa Vance Wilson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Melissa Vance Wilson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Brentwood, Austin, TX 78756
Life is a series of ups and downs. I work with couples and individuals who are going through major transitions in their lives and relationships. Symptoms that manifest as result of the life transition are lack of trust, anxiety, depression, grief and poor communication. I counsel my clients from a strength based, direct and honest approach. My practice consists of clients from various ethnic, spiritual and cultural backgrounds.
Life is a series of ups and downs. I work with couples and individuals who are going through major transitions in their lives and relationships. Symptoms that manifest as result of the life transition are lack of trust, anxiety, depression, grief and poor communication. I counsel my clients from a strength based, direct and honest approach. My practice consists of clients from various ethnic, spiritual and cultural backgrounds.
(512) 920-6112 View (512) 920-6112

See more therapy options for Brentwood, Austin

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Brentwood, Austin, TX

300+

Average cost per session

$139

Therapists in Brentwood, Austin, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
70% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
65% Trauma and PTSD
59% Life Transitions
55% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
79% Cigna and Evernorth
70% Other

How Therapists in Brentwood, Austin, TX see their clients

54% Online Only
46% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

88% Female
11% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Brentwood, Austin?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.