Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

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Photo of Mind, Body, & Soulutions LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Mind, Body, & Soulutions LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15220  (Online Only)
With compassion and a holistic therapeutic approach we will identify patterns in behaviors and thoughts that may be holding you back from living your best life. Utilizing a solution- focused and cognitive behavioral approach our goal is to help you focus on your desired outcome while building on your strengths. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, we look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
With compassion and a holistic therapeutic approach we will identify patterns in behaviors and thoughts that may be holding you back from living your best life. Utilizing a solution- focused and cognitive behavioral approach our goal is to help you focus on your desired outcome while building on your strengths. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, we look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
(412) 246-9768 View (412) 246-9768
Photo of Val Morschl, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Val Morschl
Licensed Professional Counselor, ATR-BC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
As a Board Certified Art Therapist, I believe in the healing power of the art process. Opening up to a therapist can be tough. I'm here to listen. Therapy is transformative, and I'm committed to providing balanced, specialized care centered in safety and empathy. I don't just teach skills and leave all the work to you. In this space, your voice matters and we work together, collaboratively, towards your healing. My work is client centered and I am committed to providing inclusive, culturally informed care that centers around each person's unique needs and goals. I'm here to see you, validate you, and support you.
As a Board Certified Art Therapist, I believe in the healing power of the art process. Opening up to a therapist can be tough. I'm here to listen. Therapy is transformative, and I'm committed to providing balanced, specialized care centered in safety and empathy. I don't just teach skills and leave all the work to you. In this space, your voice matters and we work together, collaboratively, towards your healing. My work is client centered and I am committed to providing inclusive, culturally informed care that centers around each person's unique needs and goals. I'm here to see you, validate you, and support you.
(412) 744-8268 View (412) 744-8268
Photo of Saving Sanity, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Saving Sanity, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
Saving Sanity, LLC is a private practice of Professional Counselors with a vision of inspiring individuals to achieve their greatest human potential. We have a mission to empower individuals by creating a supportive space in which personal growth and healing can occur. Please visit savingsanity.org to view our available therapists.
Saving Sanity, LLC is a private practice of Professional Counselors with a vision of inspiring individuals to achieve their greatest human potential. We have a mission to empower individuals by creating a supportive space in which personal growth and healing can occur. Please visit savingsanity.org to view our available therapists.
(412) 991-1620 View (412) 991-1620
Photo of Christina Maria Sauers, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Christina Maria Sauers
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MS, MA
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15228
Waitlist for new clients
Trauma can affect us in ways we are not always aware of. Healing can help us in ways we never knew were possible. Stressful and distressing life events can leave us feeling alone, wounded, anxious, sad, or angry. Until the trauma is healed, we may continue to stay stuck. I specialize in working with adolescents and adults (ages 14+), who are struggling with PTSD, C-PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Self injury, Suicidality, Grief & Loss, OCD, Anger, and other uncomfortable emotions. By treating the potential trauma that lies beneath the surface, I can help you find peace and healing.
Trauma can affect us in ways we are not always aware of. Healing can help us in ways we never knew were possible. Stressful and distressing life events can leave us feeling alone, wounded, anxious, sad, or angry. Until the trauma is healed, we may continue to stay stuck. I specialize in working with adolescents and adults (ages 14+), who are struggling with PTSD, C-PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Self injury, Suicidality, Grief & Loss, OCD, Anger, and other uncomfortable emotions. By treating the potential trauma that lies beneath the surface, I can help you find peace and healing.
(878) 205-0108 View (878) 205-0108
Photo of Manifest Psychotherapy and Wellness, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Manifest Psychotherapy and Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCSW, MDiv
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15218
At Manifest, we have therapists who specialize in a variety of modalities ranging from CBT, DBT, and EMDR trained and certified therapists, to therapists who offer body oriented, spiritually informed, and depth psychology approaches. Whether you are looking to explore and take an in depth look at your own capacity for healing and awakening, or looking for outcomes based therapies to resolve psychological and emotional blockages, triggers, or traumas that are standing in the way, we are here to help support you in meeting your needs.
At Manifest, we have therapists who specialize in a variety of modalities ranging from CBT, DBT, and EMDR trained and certified therapists, to therapists who offer body oriented, spiritually informed, and depth psychology approaches. Whether you are looking to explore and take an in depth look at your own capacity for healing and awakening, or looking for outcomes based therapies to resolve psychological and emotional blockages, triggers, or traumas that are standing in the way, we are here to help support you in meeting your needs.
(412) 275-6954 View (412) 275-6954
Photo of Bridget Bauer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Bridget Bauer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW, CAAP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
I believe that one of the bravest things that you can do is to understand your own story. You are the expert on yourself, and I would like to work collaboratively with you to understand and identify connections within your story. My therapeutic orientation is client-centered, strength-based, holistic, and eclectic. I tailor my approach to you and your wants and/or needs. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is the foundation of growth and healing. I strive to develop an open, safe, and trusting therapeutic relationship with you.
I believe that one of the bravest things that you can do is to understand your own story. You are the expert on yourself, and I would like to work collaboratively with you to understand and identify connections within your story. My therapeutic orientation is client-centered, strength-based, holistic, and eclectic. I tailor my approach to you and your wants and/or needs. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is the foundation of growth and healing. I strive to develop an open, safe, and trusting therapeutic relationship with you.
(412) 912-2961 View (412) 912-2961
Photo of Karen D.Kiely,PhD, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Karen D.Kiely,PhD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217  (Online Only)
People seek therapy when they feel that what they are experiencing is beyond their capacity to help themselves.This is a powerful moment in a life because it creates a crack through which something new can come in.I feel privileged to have been invited into people's lives over the last 30 years to begin a process that can be transformative.
People seek therapy when they feel that what they are experiencing is beyond their capacity to help themselves.This is a powerful moment in a life because it creates a crack through which something new can come in.I feel privileged to have been invited into people's lives over the last 30 years to begin a process that can be transformative.
(412) 453-3241 View (412) 453-3241
Photo of Heather Beech, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Heather Beech
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15234
Not accepting new clients
Nothing changes if nothing changes… Many clients share in a first session they have delayed making an initial appointment for one reason or another. I encourage anyone continuing to delay this choice to reach out. Making the decision to move forward with therapy can be life changing. I invite you to start the process to take this journey to change and enhance your life.
Nothing changes if nothing changes… Many clients share in a first session they have delayed making an initial appointment for one reason or another. I encourage anyone continuing to delay this choice to reach out. Making the decision to move forward with therapy can be life changing. I invite you to start the process to take this journey to change and enhance your life.
(412) 385-6920 View (412) 385-6920
Photo of Gregory Dinger, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Gregory Dinger
Licensed Professional Counselor, MMT, MT-BC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
Accepting new clients! You often feel like you are navigating a world that was not meant for you. You have spent years trying to find "your place" in the chaos but continue to struggle with where that is and how to even begin exploring that in a way that feels safe and supportive. Honestly, you have a hard time envisioning what it would even feel like to have found "your place". You often feel "other" and "on the outside", which makes social and romantic relationships difficult and only exacerbates the feelings and experiences you already struggle with on a daily basis. Anxiety, grief and loss, depression, neurodiversity, stress...
Accepting new clients! You often feel like you are navigating a world that was not meant for you. You have spent years trying to find "your place" in the chaos but continue to struggle with where that is and how to even begin exploring that in a way that feels safe and supportive. Honestly, you have a hard time envisioning what it would even feel like to have found "your place". You often feel "other" and "on the outside", which makes social and romantic relationships difficult and only exacerbates the feelings and experiences you already struggle with on a daily basis. Anxiety, grief and loss, depression, neurodiversity, stress...
(412) 528-6583 View (412) 528-6583
Photo of Suzanna Styles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Suzanna Styles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15218
Not accepting new clients
I am a trauma-informed and somatically-oriented therapist. I can sit with you, listen to you, and walk with you in the hardest places. And with the wisdom I’ve garnered from years of experience, I can guide you towards a life that has meaning. Body, heart, mind, and soul all matter in my work. Blending the best elements from somatic psychology, mindfulness, intergenerational and trauma work, I stay current with what is cutting edge to help you heal. See my website to get more information about me and easily contact me there.
I am a trauma-informed and somatically-oriented therapist. I can sit with you, listen to you, and walk with you in the hardest places. And with the wisdom I’ve garnered from years of experience, I can guide you towards a life that has meaning. Body, heart, mind, and soul all matter in my work. Blending the best elements from somatic psychology, mindfulness, intergenerational and trauma work, I stay current with what is cutting edge to help you heal. See my website to get more information about me and easily contact me there.
(878) 645-3786 View (878) 645-3786
Photo of Margot Groenfeldt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Margot Groenfeldt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15226
Welcome! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Owner and Founder of Yellow Rose Counseling. For over 10 years, I've worked with couples, families, and individuals, in both community mental health and private practice settings. I emphasize a holistic approach to treatment, viewing you in context of your larger system. I believe in working towards change in a way that pays attention to generational and family patterns, your life story, and your larger environment.
Welcome! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Owner and Founder of Yellow Rose Counseling. For over 10 years, I've worked with couples, families, and individuals, in both community mental health and private practice settings. I emphasize a holistic approach to treatment, viewing you in context of your larger system. I believe in working towards change in a way that pays attention to generational and family patterns, your life story, and your larger environment.
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Photo of David Aaron Morris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
David Aaron Morris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
I use 14+ years of experience to connect with your struggle, build a foundation of skills, then help you make the changes that will be sustainable. My time as a husband, father, college soccer coach, and brief drifter (LOL) allows me to empathize with many situations, difficulties and strengths.
I use 14+ years of experience to connect with your struggle, build a foundation of skills, then help you make the changes that will be sustainable. My time as a husband, father, college soccer coach, and brief drifter (LOL) allows me to empathize with many situations, difficulties and strengths.
(412) 960-6408 x105 View (412) 960-6408 x105
Photo of Amanda E Zeiders in Pittsburgh, PA
Amanda E Zeiders
LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15224
I see one of the most important roles as a therapist to be putting in the work to earn someone’s trust and walking beside them as an accomplice on their path towards growth. I don’t believe that people are “broken” or “need to be fixed”, but rather that somewhere within every person lies the capacity to generate change. I believe this change begins by finding someone trustworthy to support them through this process. And—that being kinder and gentler towards ourselves goes a long way to building the foundation for this change to occur.
I see one of the most important roles as a therapist to be putting in the work to earn someone’s trust and walking beside them as an accomplice on their path towards growth. I don’t believe that people are “broken” or “need to be fixed”, but rather that somewhere within every person lies the capacity to generate change. I believe this change begins by finding someone trustworthy to support them through this process. And—that being kinder and gentler towards ourselves goes a long way to building the foundation for this change to occur.
(412) 754-7239 View (412) 754-7239
Photo of Michelle Perna, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Michelle Perna
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
I am experienced in depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, relational conflict, family systems, addiction, criminal justice, anger management, eating disorders/body image, and mood disorders. The ideal client actively wants to explore their behaviors and thinking patterns and identify the underlying causes of these behaviors. In addition, the ideal client will be willing to tackle goals inside & outside therapy sessions. My ideal client would be an individual who is internally and externally motivated to change their life. They show up to sessions on time consistently and make a conscious effort to engage in the therapeutic process.
I am experienced in depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, relational conflict, family systems, addiction, criminal justice, anger management, eating disorders/body image, and mood disorders. The ideal client actively wants to explore their behaviors and thinking patterns and identify the underlying causes of these behaviors. In addition, the ideal client will be willing to tackle goals inside & outside therapy sessions. My ideal client would be an individual who is internally and externally motivated to change their life. They show up to sessions on time consistently and make a conscious effort to engage in the therapeutic process.
(412) 328-2700 View (412) 328-2700
Photo of Meagan Rosenthal, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Meagan Rosenthal
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15234
NOW accepting new clients! Do you obsess over & replay conversations in your head, encounter decision-paralysis, or struggle with feeling “stuck” in life? If so, I get it - and you are not alone! If you are self-aware, motivated, & open-minded to exploring & making meaning of your current thinking patterns, we could be a great match! Whether this is your first experience with counseling, or you’re returning for a different perspective - welcome! I am here to facilitate conversation & guide you towards reestablishing a life of confidence!
NOW accepting new clients! Do you obsess over & replay conversations in your head, encounter decision-paralysis, or struggle with feeling “stuck” in life? If so, I get it - and you are not alone! If you are self-aware, motivated, & open-minded to exploring & making meaning of your current thinking patterns, we could be a great match! Whether this is your first experience with counseling, or you’re returning for a different perspective - welcome! I am here to facilitate conversation & guide you towards reestablishing a life of confidence!
(412) 274-8219 View (412) 274-8219
Photo of Vincent Michael Reginella, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Vincent Michael Reginella
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15228
I provide mental health therapy, sports performance counseling, and vocational guidance. I work with individuals who have sustained neurological trauma, including concussion and traumatic brain injury (TBI). I work alongside athletes with improving their mental health and athletic performance. I work with undergraduate and graduate students struggling with academic performance and pressure. I also work with young professionals making the transition to the workforce after school. I also specialize in coping skill development, anxiety, stress management, mood disorders caused by endocrine dysfunction, and performance enhancement.
I provide mental health therapy, sports performance counseling, and vocational guidance. I work with individuals who have sustained neurological trauma, including concussion and traumatic brain injury (TBI). I work alongside athletes with improving their mental health and athletic performance. I work with undergraduate and graduate students struggling with academic performance and pressure. I also work with young professionals making the transition to the workforce after school. I also specialize in coping skill development, anxiety, stress management, mood disorders caused by endocrine dysfunction, and performance enhancement.
(412) 205-6031 View (412) 205-6031
Photo of Rebecca Zipay, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Rebecca Zipay
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15237  (Online Only)
Have you been yearning to make positive changes in your life? Don’t know where to start? Struggling with depression, anxiety or relationship challenges? I am an experienced, creative and knowledgeable counselor dedicated to working with you to meet your goals.
Have you been yearning to make positive changes in your life? Don’t know where to start? Struggling with depression, anxiety or relationship challenges? I am an experienced, creative and knowledgeable counselor dedicated to working with you to meet your goals.
(878) 444-2963 View (878) 444-2963
Photo of Nancy Aranson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Nancy Aranson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15206  (Online Only)
Sometimes life and its transitions can be too much and leave us feeling, anxious, depressed or overwhelmed. I’m here to help and let you know there is hope. Therapy is more than just telling someone your problems. It is a way to process what is happening in your life and how you are feeling, and also learn new ways to cope and grow. I am here to listen and support you, by bringing my experience and knowledge to your unique situation. Please call me for a free 20-minute consultation.
Sometimes life and its transitions can be too much and leave us feeling, anxious, depressed or overwhelmed. I’m here to help and let you know there is hope. Therapy is more than just telling someone your problems. It is a way to process what is happening in your life and how you are feeling, and also learn new ways to cope and grow. I am here to listen and support you, by bringing my experience and knowledge to your unique situation. Please call me for a free 20-minute consultation.
(412) 547-5692 View (412) 547-5692
Photo of Nicholas Demaio, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Nicholas Demaio
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15221
Not accepting new clients
**I am not currently accepting new clients** With a contemplative model of engagement, and honoring the immediate moment, I am dedicated to offering a compassionate and vibrant therapeutic relationship to those seeking support. Whether facing depression, anxiety, grief, PTSD, trauma or struggling with life transitions or addiction, the healing process begins just the same: right where we are. Contemplative psychotherapy and mindfulness practices include insights from behavioral-cognitive therapy, guided imagery, breath work and narrative therapy.
**I am not currently accepting new clients** With a contemplative model of engagement, and honoring the immediate moment, I am dedicated to offering a compassionate and vibrant therapeutic relationship to those seeking support. Whether facing depression, anxiety, grief, PTSD, trauma or struggling with life transitions or addiction, the healing process begins just the same: right where we are. Contemplative psychotherapy and mindfulness practices include insights from behavioral-cognitive therapy, guided imagery, breath work and narrative therapy.
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Photo of Dana L. Kirkpatrick, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Dana L. Kirkpatrick
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CST, CSTS
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15201
Not accepting new clients
******Hello, I am currently not taking any new clients at this time.*******Create the life you want -- let me be your ally. I aim to encourage anyone seeking mental health support to consider therapy. Those looking to make positive changes or better manage life's complexities will benefit from introspection and insight through therapeutic guidance. My clients tend to be busy professionals, often navigating both internal and/or external challenges. I aim to offer goal-oriented, open minded mental health support for those dealing with complex issues and stresses of all kinds.
******Hello, I am currently not taking any new clients at this time.*******Create the life you want -- let me be your ally. I aim to encourage anyone seeking mental health support to consider therapy. Those looking to make positive changes or better manage life's complexities will benefit from introspection and insight through therapeutic guidance. My clients tend to be busy professionals, often navigating both internal and/or external challenges. I aim to offer goal-oriented, open minded mental health support for those dealing with complex issues and stresses of all kinds.
(412) 857-3717 View (412) 857-3717

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Highmark
74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pittsburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.