Therapists in Billings, MT

Photo of Ryan Patrick Riddle, Pre-Licensed Professional in Billings, MT
Ryan Patrick Riddle
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PCLC, CPA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Billings, MT 59102
I work collaboratively with each client to create a path forward that considers their unique personality, presenting issues, and cultural identities. I believe in an integrative approach that uses elements of CBT, person-centered, somatic, and other evidence-based therapies to assist each client on their own distinct journey. I also believe in an overall wellness perspective that emphasizes strengths and balance, using treatments that incorporate awareness and mindfulness to assist my clients in a safe and supportive manner.
I work collaboratively with each client to create a path forward that considers their unique personality, presenting issues, and cultural identities. I believe in an integrative approach that uses elements of CBT, person-centered, somatic, and other evidence-based therapies to assist each client on their own distinct journey. I also believe in an overall wellness perspective that emphasizes strengths and balance, using treatments that incorporate awareness and mindfulness to assist my clients in a safe and supportive manner.
(406) 643-4268 View (406) 643-4268
Photo of Austin Logan, Counselor in Billings, MT
Austin Logan
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59101
Life is hard. Sometimes it throws things at you that you have trouble handling alone. I believe everyone has it in them to change, and that my job is to help you to change, maybe as a guide, maybe as an accomplice, maybe just as someone that can see how far you've come. If that sounds like something that would help you, please reach out!
Life is hard. Sometimes it throws things at you that you have trouble handling alone. I believe everyone has it in them to change, and that my job is to help you to change, maybe as a guide, maybe as an accomplice, maybe just as someone that can see how far you've come. If that sounds like something that would help you, please reach out!
(406) 308-5354 View (406) 308-5354
Photo of Kim Waldmann, Counselor in Billings, MT
Kim Waldmann
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59101
Do you feel stuck or that there should be more to life? Do you feel your life lacks purpose and meaning? Are you struggling with a particular problem or mental health concern? I know it can feel intimidating to seek help, but counseling can be enjoyable and a positive first step to living your best life. I work with adults 18+ to identify situations, thoughts and beliefs that affect your relationships, school, career and wellbeing. We will work together, in a confidential, safe, nonjudgmental environment to find answers to the problem areas that are holding you back from achieving goals and the life you envision.
Do you feel stuck or that there should be more to life? Do you feel your life lacks purpose and meaning? Are you struggling with a particular problem or mental health concern? I know it can feel intimidating to seek help, but counseling can be enjoyable and a positive first step to living your best life. I work with adults 18+ to identify situations, thoughts and beliefs that affect your relationships, school, career and wellbeing. We will work together, in a confidential, safe, nonjudgmental environment to find answers to the problem areas that are holding you back from achieving goals and the life you envision.
(406) 445-0205 View (406) 445-0205
Photo of Meghan Alane Salyer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Billings, MT
Meghan Alane Salyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LAC, LCSW
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59102
I believe the most important relationship we have in this life is with ourselves. Therapy can offer us a deeper understanding and connection with ourselves. Learning to love ourselves is a difficult process and is also very transformative and healing. I like to approach therapy with the ideas of helping a client develop a safe and trusting relationship with themself and to also approach themself with curiosity and compassion. I believe in the healing power of our minds and bodies and love to help clients learn how to cultivate this for themselves.
I believe the most important relationship we have in this life is with ourselves. Therapy can offer us a deeper understanding and connection with ourselves. Learning to love ourselves is a difficult process and is also very transformative and healing. I like to approach therapy with the ideas of helping a client develop a safe and trusting relationship with themself and to also approach themself with curiosity and compassion. I believe in the healing power of our minds and bodies and love to help clients learn how to cultivate this for themselves.
(406) 319-3589 View (406) 319-3589
Photo of Lourie Helmer, Counselor in Billings, MT
Lourie Helmer
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59102  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical professional counselor of sixteen years and have twenty-five years of experience working with life issues of individuals and families. My experience includes working in residential placement facilities, school settings (CSCT), the legal system (probation), community programs and private practice. I work with children, adolescents and adults by providing support and counseling as they seek to understand and manage their lives.
I am a licensed clinical professional counselor of sixteen years and have twenty-five years of experience working with life issues of individuals and families. My experience includes working in residential placement facilities, school settings (CSCT), the legal system (probation), community programs and private practice. I work with children, adolescents and adults by providing support and counseling as they seek to understand and manage their lives.
(406) 861-7048 View (406) 861-7048
Photo of Jayme Schieno, Counselor in Billings, MT
Jayme Schieno
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59102
As humans we all have the ability to be and to become whatever we desire. My hope as a clinician is to help along the journey. I work with individuals who are looking to gain insight into their choices, thinking patterns, behaviors, and past. Additionally, they would like to decrease stress, improve their relational satisfaction, and feel more enjoyment out of life. My approach is empowerment based, solution focused and person centered. The modalities utilized are Cognitive Behavioral, Trauma Informed, Attachment Theory and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
As humans we all have the ability to be and to become whatever we desire. My hope as a clinician is to help along the journey. I work with individuals who are looking to gain insight into their choices, thinking patterns, behaviors, and past. Additionally, they would like to decrease stress, improve their relational satisfaction, and feel more enjoyment out of life. My approach is empowerment based, solution focused and person centered. The modalities utilized are Cognitive Behavioral, Trauma Informed, Attachment Theory and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
(406) 946-5164 View (406) 946-5164
Photo of Andrea Merback, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Billings, MT
Andrea Merback
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59102
Looking for healing, personal growth, and change? Is it time to focus on YOUR wellness? You are enough and you are worth it. Together, we can find your path to wellness. I believe that all people have the ability to bring about meaningful change in their lives. It is my role to guide and empower you to have a greater understanding of that power, while gaining new, positive skills. I meet people where they are at and continually strive to demonstrate empathy and unconditional positive regard. Life is hard, you do not have to do it alone.
Looking for healing, personal growth, and change? Is it time to focus on YOUR wellness? You are enough and you are worth it. Together, we can find your path to wellness. I believe that all people have the ability to bring about meaningful change in their lives. It is my role to guide and empower you to have a greater understanding of that power, while gaining new, positive skills. I meet people where they are at and continually strive to demonstrate empathy and unconditional positive regard. Life is hard, you do not have to do it alone.
(406) 929-1438 View (406) 929-1438
Photo of Amber A Ault, Pre-Licensed Professional in Billings, MT
Amber A Ault
Pre-Licensed Professional, M, Ed, PLLC
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59102
My name is Amber Ault and I am a therapist who will work with you to improve your emotional well-being. Emotional challenges such as anxiety, depression, stress and trauma can be overwhelming resulting in making it difficult to manage your emotions and can lead to a persistent sense of unhappiness or dissatisfaction. I know every individual's journey is unique which is why I will adopt a personalized approach to your therapy. I want to understand your specific needs, goals and values empowering you with specific tools and insights needed for long-term growth.
My name is Amber Ault and I am a therapist who will work with you to improve your emotional well-being. Emotional challenges such as anxiety, depression, stress and trauma can be overwhelming resulting in making it difficult to manage your emotions and can lead to a persistent sense of unhappiness or dissatisfaction. I know every individual's journey is unique which is why I will adopt a personalized approach to your therapy. I want to understand your specific needs, goals and values empowering you with specific tools and insights needed for long-term growth.
(406) 929-1568 View (406) 929-1568
Photo of Elise Ribas Lisboa, Psychologist in Billings, MT
Elise Ribas Lisboa
Psychologist, PhD, MS, ME, BS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59101  (Online Only)
Welcome to the beginning of your healing journey! I want to work with people who are ready to make meaningful change in their lives. Sometimes creating change is challenging, and we can all use some extra support, encouragement, guidance, feedback, and a caring nonjudgmental person to guide us through life’s ups and downs. I know that making choices while under stress can be very difficult, and I will work with you to help you get unstuck, problem solve effectively, and feel more confident in the choices you make. Please call or email me today to begin your transformation into a healthier, happier you!
Welcome to the beginning of your healing journey! I want to work with people who are ready to make meaningful change in their lives. Sometimes creating change is challenging, and we can all use some extra support, encouragement, guidance, feedback, and a caring nonjudgmental person to guide us through life’s ups and downs. I know that making choices while under stress can be very difficult, and I will work with you to help you get unstuck, problem solve effectively, and feel more confident in the choices you make. Please call or email me today to begin your transformation into a healthier, happier you!
(406) 284-0698 View (406) 284-0698
Photo of Bailee Schnell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Billings, MT
Bailee Schnell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Billings, MT 59103  (Online Only)
I help individuals who are struggling with navigating life on a daily basis to be curious about why they behave and respond to life the way they do, and work with them to help them to realize the resilience they have always had.
I help individuals who are struggling with navigating life on a daily basis to be curious about why they behave and respond to life the way they do, and work with them to help them to realize the resilience they have always had.
(406) 709-8300 View (406) 709-8300
Photo of Brandi Pereau, Pre-Licensed Professional in Billings, MT
Brandi Pereau
Pre-Licensed Professional, PCLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Billings, MT 59102
As a passionate advocate for mental health and well-being, I am deeply committed to contributing to the field of mental health through both my personal and professional endeavors. Throughout my life, I have been fascinated by the workings of the human mind and the profound impact it has on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. My goal is to leverage my knowledge and skills to promote mental health awareness, and reduce stigma. I am dedicated to fostering positive change and empowering individuals to lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.
As a passionate advocate for mental health and well-being, I am deeply committed to contributing to the field of mental health through both my personal and professional endeavors. Throughout my life, I have been fascinated by the workings of the human mind and the profound impact it has on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. My goal is to leverage my knowledge and skills to promote mental health awareness, and reduce stigma. I am dedicated to fostering positive change and empowering individuals to lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.
(406) 964-4234 View (406) 964-4234
Photo of Malissa Steffes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Billings, MT
Malissa Steffes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Billings, MT 59101
I have a Master's Degree in Clinical Social Work and am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). Through my schooling and work in the field I have experience working with children in the school setting, community and child protective services. I have experience working with children diagnosed "SED" (seriously emotionally disturbed) in the school setting to foster children and families. I also am currently doing custody evaluations for the Yellowstone County Court system (13th Judicial District). I am interested in helping those who want to help themselves or their family.
I have a Master's Degree in Clinical Social Work and am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). Through my schooling and work in the field I have experience working with children in the school setting, community and child protective services. I have experience working with children diagnosed "SED" (seriously emotionally disturbed) in the school setting to foster children and families. I also am currently doing custody evaluations for the Yellowstone County Court system (13th Judicial District). I am interested in helping those who want to help themselves or their family.
(406) 204-5298 View (406) 204-5298
Photo of Dr. Michael J Kurtz, Psychologist in Billings, MT
Dr. Michael J Kurtz
Psychologist, PsyD, MSCP
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59101
My focus is above all to offer therapy which empowers individuals. This starts with genuinely respecting your autonomy and right to choose your own path. Whether you're getting by "good enough" in your life but still find yourself discontent and aren't sure why, or you're dealing with mental illness (e.g., anxiety, depression, trauma) which is beginning to unravel your relationships and your life. You may seek short-term symptom relief, and this will always be respected, on the other hand, you may choose to dive deeper to clarify and work on the root of a reoccurring problem. Either way, I'm here to help.
My focus is above all to offer therapy which empowers individuals. This starts with genuinely respecting your autonomy and right to choose your own path. Whether you're getting by "good enough" in your life but still find yourself discontent and aren't sure why, or you're dealing with mental illness (e.g., anxiety, depression, trauma) which is beginning to unravel your relationships and your life. You may seek short-term symptom relief, and this will always be respected, on the other hand, you may choose to dive deeper to clarify and work on the root of a reoccurring problem. Either way, I'm here to help.
(406) 626-8704 View (406) 626-8704
Photo of Jeannette E. Phillips, Counselor in Billings, MT
Jeannette E. Phillips
Counselor, LCPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59101
I have been engaged in the field of social work and counseling for 40+ years, and have enjoyed success working with diverse populations with a wide variety of issues--including relationship distress, anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss, neurocognitive disorders, adoption/foster care, personality disorders, self-esteem, family conflict, aging, parenting problems, and spirituality. I hold Montana licenses in both Clinical Professional Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy. I work from a systemic perspective, with an eye toward discovering and utilizing both internal and external sources of strength and support.
I have been engaged in the field of social work and counseling for 40+ years, and have enjoyed success working with diverse populations with a wide variety of issues--including relationship distress, anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss, neurocognitive disorders, adoption/foster care, personality disorders, self-esteem, family conflict, aging, parenting problems, and spirituality. I hold Montana licenses in both Clinical Professional Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy. I work from a systemic perspective, with an eye toward discovering and utilizing both internal and external sources of strength and support.
(406) 413-9747 View (406) 413-9747
Photo of Lyle Seavy, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Billings, MT
Lyle Seavy
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, PhD, LCPC
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59101
If I am given the privilege of working with you I will spend time getting to know you , your fears, your goals, and the behaviors that you are troubled by. We will work together to set goals and utilize CBT to help you become mindful of your thoughts, behaviors and emotions so that over time you will be able to find the path you are looking for and come to the decision that you no longer need my help. My work with you will always be solution and goal focused and we will keep track of your success as we work.
If I am given the privilege of working with you I will spend time getting to know you , your fears, your goals, and the behaviors that you are troubled by. We will work together to set goals and utilize CBT to help you become mindful of your thoughts, behaviors and emotions so that over time you will be able to find the path you are looking for and come to the decision that you no longer need my help. My work with you will always be solution and goal focused and we will keep track of your success as we work.
(406) 296-5086 View (406) 296-5086
Photo of Tammie Easton, Counselor in Billings, MT
Tammie Easton
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59102
Therapy can be powerful and life-changing. I am a client-centered therapist who enjoys working with people to help them obtain their full potential to promote a happier and healthier life. I will provide a safe and empathetic environment to promote healing. I will help you identify, discuss and process problems by providing supportive and productive feedback. I will assist you by teaching practical techniques and coping mechanisms to promote a higher success of achieving your goals. We will work at your pace to take safe risks to promote the change you want in your life.
Therapy can be powerful and life-changing. I am a client-centered therapist who enjoys working with people to help them obtain their full potential to promote a happier and healthier life. I will provide a safe and empathetic environment to promote healing. I will help you identify, discuss and process problems by providing supportive and productive feedback. I will assist you by teaching practical techniques and coping mechanisms to promote a higher success of achieving your goals. We will work at your pace to take safe risks to promote the change you want in your life.
(406) 341-2594 View (406) 341-2594
Photo of Brittnee Olson, Counselor in Billings, MT
Brittnee Olson
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Billings, MT 59102
Are you struggling with anxiety, sadness, loss or experiencing a life transition? At times we all need guidance sorting out life's complexities. As a therapist, my role is to serve as a guide to help you achieve personal growth, recognize your strengths, and regain control of your life. I work with children, teens, and young adults who are needing assistance in processing their thoughts and emotions, while navigating the challenges that come with each developmental stage.
Are you struggling with anxiety, sadness, loss or experiencing a life transition? At times we all need guidance sorting out life's complexities. As a therapist, my role is to serve as a guide to help you achieve personal growth, recognize your strengths, and regain control of your life. I work with children, teens, and young adults who are needing assistance in processing their thoughts and emotions, while navigating the challenges that come with each developmental stage.
(406) 732-2721 View (406) 732-2721
Photo of Kathleen J. Wagner, Psychotherapy Services, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Billings, MT
Kathleen J. Wagner, Psychotherapy Services, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Billings, MT 59106
I love working with my clients in the relational field with a goal of undoing aloneness. We will work together to identify defenses and blocks that prevent wholehearted, healthy living. With a goal of transformational change using client-centered attachment based therapy processes for a variety of mental health concerns. I specialize in the treatment of trauma induced syndromes. I primarily see adults; considering each individual, their goals and needs and seeking feedback to ensure that a therapeutic alliance can be fostered and make every effort to maintain that connection.
I love working with my clients in the relational field with a goal of undoing aloneness. We will work together to identify defenses and blocks that prevent wholehearted, healthy living. With a goal of transformational change using client-centered attachment based therapy processes for a variety of mental health concerns. I specialize in the treatment of trauma induced syndromes. I primarily see adults; considering each individual, their goals and needs and seeking feedback to ensure that a therapeutic alliance can be fostered and make every effort to maintain that connection.
(406) 551-9560 View (406) 551-9560
Photo of Beautiful Directions, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Billings, MT
Beautiful Directions
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC, LAC
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59101
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor as well as Licensed Addictions Counselor in the State of Montana. My passion in life is to support individuals who struggle with addiction and/or Mental Health Conditions or both. I practice with non-judgmental compassionate approaches while guiding individuals and their family's into a healthy recovery lifestyle. I am a firm believer that the answers to ones recovery comes from within the individual and my job is to be a solid, reliable support system while embarking on the recovery process and rising above life's hang ups.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor as well as Licensed Addictions Counselor in the State of Montana. My passion in life is to support individuals who struggle with addiction and/or Mental Health Conditions or both. I practice with non-judgmental compassionate approaches while guiding individuals and their family's into a healthy recovery lifestyle. I am a firm believer that the answers to ones recovery comes from within the individual and my job is to be a solid, reliable support system while embarking on the recovery process and rising above life's hang ups.
(406) 510-0976 View (406) 510-0976
Photo of Elizabeth Ann Roan, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Billings, MT
Elizabeth Ann Roan
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, BS, LAC, NCACII, SAP
Verified Verified
Billings, MT 59102
Better Times Recovery is a STATE APPROVED AGENCY and ACT Program. I have more than 25 years experience treating substance use and gambling disorders. Drug and Alcohol Evaluations for both adults and adolescents can be obtained from me. I will always give more than is required and be your best advocate. If you are having problems due to alcohol and drugs whether it be marriage, relationship, employment/school, or legal we can work together toward BETTER TIMES. I am a qualified Substance Abuse Professional (SAP) who stands ready to assist those employees who have violated a DOT drug and alcohol regulation. I make MAT referrals.
Better Times Recovery is a STATE APPROVED AGENCY and ACT Program. I have more than 25 years experience treating substance use and gambling disorders. Drug and Alcohol Evaluations for both adults and adolescents can be obtained from me. I will always give more than is required and be your best advocate. If you are having problems due to alcohol and drugs whether it be marriage, relationship, employment/school, or legal we can work together toward BETTER TIMES. I am a qualified Substance Abuse Professional (SAP) who stands ready to assist those employees who have violated a DOT drug and alcohol regulation. I make MAT referrals.
(406) 281-0948 View (406) 281-0948

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Billings, MT

200+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Billings, MT who prioritize treating:

88% Anxiety
86% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
72% Self Esteem
65% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% BlueCross and BlueShield
76% Allegiance
73% PacificSource

How Therapists in Billings, MT see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Billings?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.