Trauma and PTSD Therapists in New York, NY

Photo of Cate Hickey, Counselor in New York, NY
Cate Hickey
Counselor, LMHC, MA
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
I have extensive training in the treatment of eating disorders, trauma, grief and loss.
As a therapist, I prioritize getting to know the whole person and deeply value the unique relationship that grows within the therapeutic space. I have a special interest in the Queer community and work from a feminist, body positive orientation. My experience includes an array of settings and treatment modalities from eating disorders, intimate partner violence, intensive in-home family therapy to career counseling.
I have extensive training in the treatment of eating disorders, trauma, grief and loss.
As a therapist, I prioritize getting to know the whole person and deeply value the unique relationship that grows within the therapeutic space. I have a special interest in the Queer community and work from a feminist, body positive orientation. My experience includes an array of settings and treatment modalities from eating disorders, intimate partner violence, intensive in-home family therapy to career counseling.
(347) 983-9337 View (347) 983-9337
Photo of Arthur J. McGrath, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Arthur J. McGrath
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CST, BCN, MPA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
Individual and Couple sessions informed by attachment theory, trauma and when needed sex therapy are provided in my Columbus Circle office. I can help with communication, relationship issues, anxiety, depression and attention issues. I am certified in EMDR and Board Certified in Neurofeedback and trained in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy. EMDR and Neurofeedback are 2 of the key treatment therapies recommended in the book; BODY KEEPS THE SCORE by Bessel van der Kolk, MD. Research demonstrates how the brain and our emotional lives interact and how with assistance we can change our lives.
Individual and Couple sessions informed by attachment theory, trauma and when needed sex therapy are provided in my Columbus Circle office. I can help with communication, relationship issues, anxiety, depression and attention issues. I am certified in EMDR and Board Certified in Neurofeedback and trained in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy. EMDR and Neurofeedback are 2 of the key treatment therapies recommended in the book; BODY KEEPS THE SCORE by Bessel van der Kolk, MD. Research demonstrates how the brain and our emotional lives interact and how with assistance we can change our lives.
(917) 746-5653 View (917) 746-5653
Photo of Timothy Carreiro, Psychologist in New York, NY
Timothy Carreiro
Psychologist, PhD, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
I have had a lot of success working with clients who suffer with depression, interpersonal difficulties, trauma, identity development, relationship issues, and addiction.
Therapy is an important and significant decision. I believe it is one of the most important choices a person can make. A therapist must be skilled, empathic, kind and generous. I feel that I am all of these things and am fully committed to each and every client I see. Our work together is a partnership in which we explore the things that are holding you back and keeping you from enjoying your life. Whether you are suffering from depression or trying to break unhealthy relationship patterns, I will work with you to improve your life and unravel difficult patterns.
I have had a lot of success working with clients who suffer with depression, interpersonal difficulties, trauma, identity development, relationship issues, and addiction.
Therapy is an important and significant decision. I believe it is one of the most important choices a person can make. A therapist must be skilled, empathic, kind and generous. I feel that I am all of these things and am fully committed to each and every client I see. Our work together is a partnership in which we explore the things that are holding you back and keeping you from enjoying your life. Whether you are suffering from depression or trying to break unhealthy relationship patterns, I will work with you to improve your life and unravel difficult patterns.
(917) 791-2147 View (917) 791-2147
Photo of Dr. Irina Wen of Touchstone Psychology PLLC, Psychologist in New York, NY
Dr. Irina Wen of Touchstone Psychology PLLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
As a licensed clinical psychologist, I specialize in relationships, couples therapy, and trauma. Helping people heal and find their way to a vibrant life and fulfilling relationships is my true calling. My role is to help you become more effective in navigating your life experiences and relationship and creating the life you want. My stance is authentic, collaborative, empathetic, and holistic, and our work together is a dynamic conversation that brings healing and growth. I honor and appreciate the diversity of identities and backgrounds and strive to provide a safe space for you to feel seen and understood.
As a licensed clinical psychologist, I specialize in relationships, couples therapy, and trauma. Helping people heal and find their way to a vibrant life and fulfilling relationships is my true calling. My role is to help you become more effective in navigating your life experiences and relationship and creating the life you want. My stance is authentic, collaborative, empathetic, and holistic, and our work together is a dynamic conversation that brings healing and growth. I honor and appreciate the diversity of identities and backgrounds and strive to provide a safe space for you to feel seen and understood.
(646) 921-9861 View (646) 921-9861
Photo of Daniel Spence, Counselor in New York, NY
Daniel Spence
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
), I do so through a trauma-informed lens, as that has been my main area of focus and training, both here and abroad (I trained at a refugee center in East Africa).
I usually work from a mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral perspective, in which we examine how your thinking affects your emotions and behaviors. By becoming aware of unhealthy thought patterns, we can learn to think differently; and similarly, change our relationship with the associated negative feelings. I usually work in a more direct manner, giving you concrete tools that you can use to help yourself. Of course, all of this will depend upon you! Each treatment will be a collaborative process, depending on what works best for you.
), I do so through a trauma-informed lens, as that has been my main area of focus and training, both here and abroad (I trained at a refugee center in East Africa).
I usually work from a mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral perspective, in which we examine how your thinking affects your emotions and behaviors. By becoming aware of unhealthy thought patterns, we can learn to think differently; and similarly, change our relationship with the associated negative feelings. I usually work in a more direct manner, giving you concrete tools that you can use to help yourself. Of course, all of this will depend upon you! Each treatment will be a collaborative process, depending on what works best for you.
(646) 916-4686 View (646) 916-4686
Photo of Michael DeVito, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Michael DeVito
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10018  (Online Only)
Currently, I have openings for individuals. I am licensed in NY, IL, and CA working on Zoom. I have 20 years of experience helping people with anxiety/stress, trauma, depression, relationship difficulties, chronic health, and substance use concerns. My work is strength-based and emphasizes the development of resilience, interpersonal skills, and ways to better manage challenging emotions, thoughts, and life circumstances.
Currently, I have openings for individuals. I am licensed in NY, IL, and CA working on Zoom. I have 20 years of experience helping people with anxiety/stress, trauma, depression, relationship difficulties, chronic health, and substance use concerns. My work is strength-based and emphasizes the development of resilience, interpersonal skills, and ways to better manage challenging emotions, thoughts, and life circumstances.
(646) 916-5609 View (646) 916-5609
Photo of Shreya Mandal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Shreya Mandal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD LCSW, CHT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Therapy is a desired journey for self-discovery at any point in our lives, and an opportunity to access our own inner resources for self-empowerment. In my practice, I integrate Western psychotherapy interventions with Eastern methods of healing. For 25 years, my cross-cultural work and clinical experience have fostered a global perspective on mental health with deep empathy and nonjudgement. I practice psychodynamic psychotherapy, clinical hypnotherapy, EMDR therapy, integrative somatic therapy, Satvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurvedic), & Hakomi. My focus is trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, & other crises. I also offer life coaching.
Therapy is a desired journey for self-discovery at any point in our lives, and an opportunity to access our own inner resources for self-empowerment. In my practice, I integrate Western psychotherapy interventions with Eastern methods of healing. For 25 years, my cross-cultural work and clinical experience have fostered a global perspective on mental health with deep empathy and nonjudgement. I practice psychodynamic psychotherapy, clinical hypnotherapy, EMDR therapy, integrative somatic therapy, Satvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurvedic), & Hakomi. My focus is trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, & other crises. I also offer life coaching.
(917) 525-4589 View (917) 525-4589
Photo of Matthew Klas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Matthew Klas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10123  (Online Only)
My overall approach to therapy is rooted in a trauma-informed perspective.
I understand that each individual comes from a complex and unique background. Due to this, I thoroughly believe that therapy can not be effective under a “one-size-fits-all” perspective. I strive to make my sessions a fully collaborative experience so that your voice is being heard and our sessions are tailored to what is important to you. Through this approach our sessions will be a gratifying experience in which we identify the root of your concerns and make positive change.
My overall approach to therapy is rooted in a trauma-informed perspective.
I understand that each individual comes from a complex and unique background. Due to this, I thoroughly believe that therapy can not be effective under a “one-size-fits-all” perspective. I strive to make my sessions a fully collaborative experience so that your voice is being heard and our sessions are tailored to what is important to you. Through this approach our sessions will be a gratifying experience in which we identify the root of your concerns and make positive change.
(347) 744-9162 View (347) 744-9162
Photo of Evolution Trauma and Wellness, LLC in New York, NY
Evolution Trauma and Wellness, LLC
PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10025
Our specialty is helping individuals recover from trauma and complex trauma.
You deserve to live your very best life. At Evolution Trauma and Wellness, you and your clinician will work together to develop a therapy plan for your specific goals. Our providers bring their many years of clinical experience to tailor evidence-based interventions specifically for you. We believe in empowering you to live life according to your values and goals, liberating you from avoidance, dysregulated emotions, or being stuck in the past.
Our specialty is helping individuals recover from trauma and complex trauma.
You deserve to live your very best life. At Evolution Trauma and Wellness, you and your clinician will work together to develop a therapy plan for your specific goals. Our providers bring their many years of clinical experience to tailor evidence-based interventions specifically for you. We believe in empowering you to live life according to your values and goals, liberating you from avoidance, dysregulated emotions, or being stuck in the past.
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Photo of Silvia Fiammenghi, Psychologist in New York, NY
Silvia Fiammenghi
Psychologist, PsyD, RYT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011
Thank you for your interest in my practice. I see therapy as a powerful two-person process of discovery and acceptance. In session we laugh, we cry, we understand and we grow. We read over the past, stay rooted in the present, and look forward to a more balanced and fulfilling future. My integrative approach to treatment is rooted in interpersonal psychodynamic theory, but also drives from other models to meet each person's unique needs. My areas of expertise include trauma work, college mental health, issues related to international relocation, cultural integration, study abroad, body-mind balance, and adoption.
Thank you for your interest in my practice. I see therapy as a powerful two-person process of discovery and acceptance. In session we laugh, we cry, we understand and we grow. We read over the past, stay rooted in the present, and look forward to a more balanced and fulfilling future. My integrative approach to treatment is rooted in interpersonal psychodynamic theory, but also drives from other models to meet each person's unique needs. My areas of expertise include trauma work, college mental health, issues related to international relocation, cultural integration, study abroad, body-mind balance, and adoption.
(718) 306-6510 View (718) 306-6510
Photo of Melissa F Halligan, Psychologist in New York, NY
Melissa F Halligan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10025
I provide Cognitive Behavioral Treatment, with specialties in PTSD, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Borderline Personality Disorder, Marital/Relationship Problems, Insomnia, and Eating Disorders.
Are you looking to manage intense emotions in a healthier, more effective way? I will work collaboratively with you, using proven, evidence-based psychotherapy to help you build a better life for yourself. I have been providing psychotherapy for 30+ years at major universities, hospitals, and clinics and will bring my compassion and my expertise to help you meet your personal goals for change. Even if you have struggled with suicidal thinking or self-harming behaviors, I am prepared to help you change self-destructive patterns and build a healthier life with enhanced self-esteem.
I provide Cognitive Behavioral Treatment, with specialties in PTSD, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Borderline Personality Disorder, Marital/Relationship Problems, Insomnia, and Eating Disorders.
Are you looking to manage intense emotions in a healthier, more effective way? I will work collaboratively with you, using proven, evidence-based psychotherapy to help you build a better life for yourself. I have been providing psychotherapy for 30+ years at major universities, hospitals, and clinics and will bring my compassion and my expertise to help you meet your personal goals for change. Even if you have struggled with suicidal thinking or self-harming behaviors, I am prepared to help you change self-destructive patterns and build a healthier life with enhanced self-esteem.
(646) 930-9372 View (646) 930-9372
Photo of Noorhayati Said, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Noorhayati Said
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
I have extensive training working with victims of trauma ranging from domestic violence, sexual abuse, difficult childhood and loss.
I am a licensed social worker offering individual psychotherapy that is dynamic, supportive, non-judgemental and interactive. Together we will create a warm therapeutic environment where one can explore painful feelings, identify goals and develop strategies for coping with difficult emotion's and circumstances. My style is personable and challenging.
I have extensive training working with victims of trauma ranging from domestic violence, sexual abuse, difficult childhood and loss.
I am a licensed social worker offering individual psychotherapy that is dynamic, supportive, non-judgemental and interactive. Together we will create a warm therapeutic environment where one can explore painful feelings, identify goals and develop strategies for coping with difficult emotion's and circumstances. My style is personable and challenging.
(347) 657-6509 View (347) 657-6509
Photo of Jessica Linick, Psychologist in New York, NY
Jessica Linick
Psychologist, PhD, SEP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in working with trauma and other stress disorders (e.
Difficult life experiences, whether they happen once or are ongoing, can leave us feeling isolated and disconnected, both from others, and from ourselves. It can be hard to find pleasure in relationships, hobbies, families, or careers, or to even simply just "be" as we are. I view therapy first and foremost as a way to reconnect and be curious about ourselves; to find a place of safety, connectedness, and support from which we can begin to explore who we are, how we came to be, and where we want to go. As sessions progress, I aim to help you find resilience, movement, ease, stillness, or freedom, wherever you may need it.
I specialize in working with trauma and other stress disorders (e.
Difficult life experiences, whether they happen once or are ongoing, can leave us feeling isolated and disconnected, both from others, and from ourselves. It can be hard to find pleasure in relationships, hobbies, families, or careers, or to even simply just "be" as we are. I view therapy first and foremost as a way to reconnect and be curious about ourselves; to find a place of safety, connectedness, and support from which we can begin to explore who we are, how we came to be, and where we want to go. As sessions progress, I aim to help you find resilience, movement, ease, stillness, or freedom, wherever you may need it.
(646) 798-4488 View (646) 798-4488
Photo of Marilyn Sulzbacker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Marilyn Sulzbacker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD, DCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
I work with trauma of events and misattunements.
Many people come to me because they feel "stuck" despite having been in therapy that is primarily talking with the therapist. They still struggle with not being able to ask for what they want, set the boundaries they need, feel depressed and anxious, have negative- critical self talk making them feel unappreciated, unlovable, unworthy, frustrated, and dissatisfied with who they are They are struggling in relationships with friends, family, and colleagues. They want to be free of their emotional suffering, negative beliefs, and maladaptive behaviors to be fully present in their life and relationships and have clarity & confidence.
I work with trauma of events and misattunements.
Many people come to me because they feel "stuck" despite having been in therapy that is primarily talking with the therapist. They still struggle with not being able to ask for what they want, set the boundaries they need, feel depressed and anxious, have negative- critical self talk making them feel unappreciated, unlovable, unworthy, frustrated, and dissatisfied with who they are They are struggling in relationships with friends, family, and colleagues. They want to be free of their emotional suffering, negative beliefs, and maladaptive behaviors to be fully present in their life and relationships and have clarity & confidence.
(917) 725-6322 View (917) 725-6322
Photo of Jennifer Leinwand, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jennifer Leinwand
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Jen has experience working with adults seeking support with betrayal trauma, love addiction, sex addiction, codependency, family of origin issues, trauma, enmeshment and relationship issues. Jen values her strong therapeutic relationships with her clients and engages with each client in a non-judgmental, nurturing, and empathic manner to ensure that each client has the opportunity to feel heard and understood.
Jen has experience working with adults seeking support with betrayal trauma, love addiction, sex addiction, codependency, family of origin issues, trauma, enmeshment and relationship issues. Jen values her strong therapeutic relationships with her clients and engages with each client in a non-judgmental, nurturing, and empathic manner to ensure that each client has the opportunity to feel heard and understood.
(646) 395-9612 View (646) 395-9612
Photo of Nancy Dakota Adlman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Nancy Dakota Adlman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025
All trauma and internal disturbance is held on a cellular level.
I have been in the field for over 30 years. I am not your traditional therapist. I go above and beyond to assist your journey and to empower and and enhance your life and goals. We work to release patterns which no longer serve you and to move forward with wonder and awe rather than fear and trepidation. This is a collaborative effort and a life transforming path ahead if you are serious about the process and honoring the work and bringing yourself back into wholeness and authenticity.
All trauma and internal disturbance is held on a cellular level.
I have been in the field for over 30 years. I am not your traditional therapist. I go above and beyond to assist your journey and to empower and and enhance your life and goals. We work to release patterns which no longer serve you and to move forward with wonder and awe rather than fear and trepidation. This is a collaborative effort and a life transforming path ahead if you are serious about the process and honoring the work and bringing yourself back into wholeness and authenticity.
(646) 692-0057 View (646) 692-0057
Photo of Pamela Goldsteen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Pamela Goldsteen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW NY, LCSW NJ, SEP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10118
I believe in the primacy of the nervous system in healing and am trained in experiential, body-oriented trauma treatment including Somatic Experiencing (SE), EMDR, IFS and which provide access to our body’s natural healing system and are particularly effective for healing trauma and stress disorders as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety.
I view therapy as a collaborative process and the bond of trust we create is a powerful tool for healing. I work to create safety to explore challenges together with curiosity and discover creative ways to improve your life. I’m guided by a desire to help you be your most emotionally authentic self, and the healing power of a supportive therapeutic relationship for conducting sustained personal inquiry. I help individuals, families, couples, and adolescents work on communication, relationship issues and repetitive patterns in thinking and behavior.
I believe in the primacy of the nervous system in healing and am trained in experiential, body-oriented trauma treatment including Somatic Experiencing (SE), EMDR, IFS and which provide access to our body’s natural healing system and are particularly effective for healing trauma and stress disorders as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety.
I view therapy as a collaborative process and the bond of trust we create is a powerful tool for healing. I work to create safety to explore challenges together with curiosity and discover creative ways to improve your life. I’m guided by a desire to help you be your most emotionally authentic self, and the healing power of a supportive therapeutic relationship for conducting sustained personal inquiry. I help individuals, families, couples, and adolescents work on communication, relationship issues and repetitive patterns in thinking and behavior.
(973) 834-7218 View (973) 834-7218
Photo of Amy Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Amy Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10032
My name is Amy Lucia Jones, LCSW. I have experience dealing with issues such as depression, anxiety, sexual abuse, trauma, relationship concerns, anger management, and loss. I am trained in CBT, Motivational Interviewing, Dialectical Behavioral Skills, Trauma Informed Care, and a wide range of other modalities. My treatment style is eclectic and utilizes a broad spectrum of various styles and skills. I enjoy working with clients ages 13 and up, individuals and couples. I am also LGBTQ+-affirming.
My name is Amy Lucia Jones, LCSW. I have experience dealing with issues such as depression, anxiety, sexual abuse, trauma, relationship concerns, anger management, and loss. I am trained in CBT, Motivational Interviewing, Dialectical Behavioral Skills, Trauma Informed Care, and a wide range of other modalities. My treatment style is eclectic and utilizes a broad spectrum of various styles and skills. I enjoy working with clients ages 13 and up, individuals and couples. I am also LGBTQ+-affirming.
(929) 242-4321 View (929) 242-4321
Photo of Josh Watson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Josh Watson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Do you struggle to understand or name your feelings, needs, and desires? Maybe you’re challenged in your relationships to communicate freely and find yourself feeling disconnected, unheard or unsafe. Perhaps anxiety or past trauma is burdening you from living a full life. Or pressure to conform to societal norms and traditional molds may be affecting your emotional wellbeing. Regardless of what you’ve experienced in the past, you are worthy of healthy relationships that provide meaningful connection and unconditional love.
Do you struggle to understand or name your feelings, needs, and desires? Maybe you’re challenged in your relationships to communicate freely and find yourself feeling disconnected, unheard or unsafe. Perhaps anxiety or past trauma is burdening you from living a full life. Or pressure to conform to societal norms and traditional molds may be affecting your emotional wellbeing. Regardless of what you’ve experienced in the past, you are worthy of healthy relationships that provide meaningful connection and unconditional love.
(929) 356-2594 View (929) 356-2594
Photo of Amanda Cooney, Psychologist in New York, NY
Amanda Cooney
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist. I have extensive, specialized experience and training in treating co-occurring conditions, such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex PTSD from chronic trauma, abuse, and neglect, Mood and Major Depressive Disorder, and Anxiety Disorders. Additionally, I most commonly work with young adults who are in transitional periods of their lives. I utilize a combination of evidence-based methodologies to help my to clients to process, cope, and improve their lives. We work as a team to develop a greater sense of well-being, joy, peace, and harmony in their lives, careers, &relationships.
Welcome! I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist. I have extensive, specialized experience and training in treating co-occurring conditions, such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex PTSD from chronic trauma, abuse, and neglect, Mood and Major Depressive Disorder, and Anxiety Disorders. Additionally, I most commonly work with young adults who are in transitional periods of their lives. I utilize a combination of evidence-based methodologies to help my to clients to process, cope, and improve their lives. We work as a team to develop a greater sense of well-being, joy, peace, and harmony in their lives, careers, &relationships.
(347) 464-0348 View (347) 464-0348
Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.