Trauma and PTSD Therapists in Needham, MA

Photo of George Masselam, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
George Masselam
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02494  (Online Only)
I am trauma-informed and specialize in helping individuals identify what is holding them back (oftentimes addiction, fear, depression and/or anxiety). I am an empathetic individual who has been working closely with people for the last 30 years, mostly in the field of addiction and recovery.
I am trauma-informed and specialize in helping individuals identify what is holding them back (oftentimes addiction, fear, depression and/or anxiety). I am an empathetic individual who has been working closely with people for the last 30 years, mostly in the field of addiction and recovery.
(339) 329-1009 View (339) 329-1009
Photo of Amisha Raja, Psychologist in Needham, MA
Amisha Raja
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Needham, MA 02492  (Online Only)
Most of my experience is working with clients struggling from the effects of trauma, both long standing or more acute.
(I AM accepting new patients at this time. Private Pay or BCBS only) I value and respect diversity. I enjoy working with people from all walks of life and believe we have much to learn from each other. Through Telehealth and in person services, I have been working with clients with a diverse range of needs. My immediate focus is on establishing a trusting relationship with clients and working together to address whatever clients are struggling with in their lives. I value collaboration, focusing on strengths, and utilizing those strengths to overcome difficulties.
Most of my experience is working with clients struggling from the effects of trauma, both long standing or more acute.
(I AM accepting new patients at this time. Private Pay or BCBS only) I value and respect diversity. I enjoy working with people from all walks of life and believe we have much to learn from each other. Through Telehealth and in person services, I have been working with clients with a diverse range of needs. My immediate focus is on establishing a trusting relationship with clients and working together to address whatever clients are struggling with in their lives. I value collaboration, focusing on strengths, and utilizing those strengths to overcome difficulties.
(339) 777-6089 View (339) 777-6089
Photo of Advanced Neurotherapy, PC, Psychologist in Needham, MA
Advanced Neurotherapy, PC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02494  (Online Only)
ADD/ADHD, Anxiety, Behavior Disorders, Challenges and Illnesses of Aging, Chronic Illness, Depression, Disability, Emotional Control, Executive Functions, Fatigue, Gender and Sexual Identity, Learning Disabilities, LGBTQ, Lyme Disease, OCD, ODD, Performance Enhancement, PTSD, Sleep Disorders, Stress, Trauma
ADD/ADHD, Anxiety, Behavior Disorders, Challenges and Illnesses of Aging, Chronic Illness, Depression, Disability, Emotional Control, Executive Functions, Fatigue, Gender and Sexual Identity, Learning Disabilities, LGBTQ, Lyme Disease, OCD, ODD, Performance Enhancement, PTSD, Sleep Disorders, Stress, Trauma
(781) 519-2458 View (781) 519-2458
Photo of Heather Larkin, Counselor in Needham, MA
Heather Larkin
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02494
I am a licensed mental health clinician who provides individual psychotherapy to teens and adults presenting with a wide variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, trauma, vicarious trauma, relationship struggles, and other challenges in life. I meet clients where they are and create a collaborative approach on their individual long term and short-term goals.
I am a licensed mental health clinician who provides individual psychotherapy to teens and adults presenting with a wide variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, trauma, vicarious trauma, relationship struggles, and other challenges in life. I meet clients where they are and create a collaborative approach on their individual long term and short-term goals.
(339) 217-7647 View (339) 217-7647
Photo of Christer Larsson, Psychologist in Needham, MA
Christer Larsson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with boys and men in individual, as well as in family therapy, with a particular focus on depression, anxiety, and PTSD. I am deeply committed to human growth and development, and will in an engaging and interactive psychotherapy work with you to clearly define your goals with the expectation of reducing the depression, anxiety, or other difficulties that you want to be free from. This therapeutic approach can best be described as collaborative, cognitive-behavioral, experiential, strength-based, mindfulness-based, practice- based, and goal-oriented. Feel free to contact me.
I specialize in working with boys and men in individual, as well as in family therapy, with a particular focus on depression, anxiety, and PTSD. I am deeply committed to human growth and development, and will in an engaging and interactive psychotherapy work with you to clearly define your goals with the expectation of reducing the depression, anxiety, or other difficulties that you want to be free from. This therapeutic approach can best be described as collaborative, cognitive-behavioral, experiential, strength-based, mindfulness-based, practice- based, and goal-oriented. Feel free to contact me.
(857) 230-0421 View (857) 230-0421
Photo of Amy K Friedman, Psychologist in Needham, MA
Amy K Friedman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02494
My specialties run the gamut - but they include in no specific order, trauma, spirituality and religion, creativity and creative professionals, relationships, existential identity, fertility, pregnancy loss, pregnancy, and parenting, eating disorders, cutting, couples and families, Depression, and Anxiety.
I am warm, authentic, dynamic, and connective, and I believe in meaning-making and healing through relationship. I also believe in the balance of holding what's challenging or traumatic, while looking at possibilities for growth and change. I truly love the work that I do, providing holding, healing, and transformation in a safe and natural way. Come meet me for a free sample session, and see what possibilities we might explore together. My contact information is (617) 935 - 9116. I look forward to hopefully meeting with you.
My specialties run the gamut - but they include in no specific order, trauma, spirituality and religion, creativity and creative professionals, relationships, existential identity, fertility, pregnancy loss, pregnancy, and parenting, eating disorders, cutting, couples and families, Depression, and Anxiety.
I am warm, authentic, dynamic, and connective, and I believe in meaning-making and healing through relationship. I also believe in the balance of holding what's challenging or traumatic, while looking at possibilities for growth and change. I truly love the work that I do, providing holding, healing, and transformation in a safe and natural way. Come meet me for a free sample session, and see what possibilities we might explore together. My contact information is (617) 935 - 9116. I look forward to hopefully meeting with you.
(617) 379-0441 View (617) 379-0441
Photo of Jennifer F Wiech-Delaney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
Jennifer F Wiech-Delaney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492
My speciality lies in attachment-focused interventions to help couples, families, groups, and individuals cope with and work through conflict, stress, and trauma.
Now accepting clients for brief couple and parent counseling as well as adult and adolescent groups. This 6-8 session approach to couple therapy will incorporate techniques from Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy, Relational Life Therapy, and the Gottman Method to help clients quickly assess and make changes to enhance the quality of their relationships and navigate new challenges that emerge at various life stages. Brief parent counseling can help clients consider how to utilize and adapt their parenting style to fit the unique, developmental needs of their child(ren), particularly those facing social emotional difficulties.
My speciality lies in attachment-focused interventions to help couples, families, groups, and individuals cope with and work through conflict, stress, and trauma.
Now accepting clients for brief couple and parent counseling as well as adult and adolescent groups. This 6-8 session approach to couple therapy will incorporate techniques from Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy, Relational Life Therapy, and the Gottman Method to help clients quickly assess and make changes to enhance the quality of their relationships and navigate new challenges that emerge at various life stages. Brief parent counseling can help clients consider how to utilize and adapt their parenting style to fit the unique, developmental needs of their child(ren), particularly those facing social emotional difficulties.
(508) 213-5534 View (508) 213-5534
Photo of Wendy Rotfort, Psychologist in Needham, MA
Wendy Rotfort
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492
I work with clients ages 12 though mature adulthood on issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, interpersonal conflict, relationship concerns, sexuality, life transitions and loss.
Welcome! I believe that the most successful therapy occurs when a strong clinical rapport is developed between therapist and client(s). To that end, I will work with you (or your teen) to create a warm, therapeutic environment where we can collaboratively determine your needs and goals, and then work together toward achieving those goals. My approach to therapy is eclectic, which means I pull from a number of different theoretical orientations. This allows me the flexibility to tailor the treatment according to your unique needs.
I work with clients ages 12 though mature adulthood on issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, interpersonal conflict, relationship concerns, sexuality, life transitions and loss.
Welcome! I believe that the most successful therapy occurs when a strong clinical rapport is developed between therapist and client(s). To that end, I will work with you (or your teen) to create a warm, therapeutic environment where we can collaboratively determine your needs and goals, and then work together toward achieving those goals. My approach to therapy is eclectic, which means I pull from a number of different theoretical orientations. This allows me the flexibility to tailor the treatment according to your unique needs.
(781) 708-4947 View (781) 708-4947
Photo of Philip M Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
Philip M Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02494
I specialize in working with clients who have ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD. I collaborate in developing goals of treatment and help clients identify, understand and address both current struggles and the childhood roots of these struggles. This approach is especially helpful to clients who had difficult, invalidating or traumatic childhoods. I help clients: to be compassionate with themselves, to honor yet process difficult emotions, and to change behaviors. I work best with clients: who want self understanding, who appreciate a thoughtful, safe space, and, who are willing to do the work to make these changes happen.
I specialize in working with clients who have ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD. I collaborate in developing goals of treatment and help clients identify, understand and address both current struggles and the childhood roots of these struggles. This approach is especially helpful to clients who had difficult, invalidating or traumatic childhoods. I help clients: to be compassionate with themselves, to honor yet process difficult emotions, and to change behaviors. I work best with clients: who want self understanding, who appreciate a thoughtful, safe space, and, who are willing to do the work to make these changes happen.
(617) 553-6502 View (617) 553-6502
Photo of Debbie Schwartz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
Debbie Schwartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492  (Online Only)
My specialities include: Life Transitions, Chronic Medical Conditions, Loss and Grief, Trauma, Caregiver Stress, Depression, Anxiety, and Issues of Aging.
Welcome to my practice! Are you looking for change? Whether you are seeking help with a major transition or ways to manage the problems of every day life, choosing the right therapist is a very important decision. I provide high quality, compassionate, and confidential care. Finding a therapist for the first time can be a challenging and sometimes intimidating process. I would be pleased to consult with you over the phone at no charge to see if my services are a good fit for what you are experiencing.
My specialities include: Life Transitions, Chronic Medical Conditions, Loss and Grief, Trauma, Caregiver Stress, Depression, Anxiety, and Issues of Aging.
Welcome to my practice! Are you looking for change? Whether you are seeking help with a major transition or ways to manage the problems of every day life, choosing the right therapist is a very important decision. I provide high quality, compassionate, and confidential care. Finding a therapist for the first time can be a challenging and sometimes intimidating process. I would be pleased to consult with you over the phone at no charge to see if my services are a good fit for what you are experiencing.
(508) 669-3575 View (508) 669-3575
Photo of Mira Kelsey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
Mira Kelsey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492
I have training and experience working with anxiety and depression, trauma, stress, and life transitions.
Are you experiencing distress more often than you'd like, or feeling overwhelmed by life stressors? Perhaps you are navigating a life transition, or searching for new ways of responding to the world around you. Living in a world filled with uncertainty, upheaval, and disconnection can lead us to seek new ways of finding balance within ourselves. I am an independently licensed clinical social worker who has been in practice for twenty years, and I look forward to partnering with you to create a path forward.
I have training and experience working with anxiety and depression, trauma, stress, and life transitions.
Are you experiencing distress more often than you'd like, or feeling overwhelmed by life stressors? Perhaps you are navigating a life transition, or searching for new ways of responding to the world around you. Living in a world filled with uncertainty, upheaval, and disconnection can lead us to seek new ways of finding balance within ourselves. I am an independently licensed clinical social worker who has been in practice for twenty years, and I look forward to partnering with you to create a path forward.
(781) 725-6677 View (781) 725-6677
Photo of Dr. Tim Ridge, Psychologist in Needham, MA
Dr. Tim Ridge
Psychologist, PsyD, LMHC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02192
Anxiety, sadness and stress are often rooted in trauma, which affects all of us in different degrees.
Are you dealing with anxiety, sadness, shame, grief, trauma or stuff you really want to let go of in your life? Or perhaps you are feeling a sense of not being good enough, struggling with confidence and self-criticism? Pain may show up as feeling numb or angry, withdrawing from school or work, family and friends. Hiding the stress doesn't help you feel better. My approach is collaborative and non-judgmental, focused on helping you deal with pain from the past and deal with present challenges with greater ease and confidence. If you'd like to feel better about yourself and your life, I can help you get there.
Anxiety, sadness and stress are often rooted in trauma, which affects all of us in different degrees.
Are you dealing with anxiety, sadness, shame, grief, trauma or stuff you really want to let go of in your life? Or perhaps you are feeling a sense of not being good enough, struggling with confidence and self-criticism? Pain may show up as feeling numb or angry, withdrawing from school or work, family and friends. Hiding the stress doesn't help you feel better. My approach is collaborative and non-judgmental, focused on helping you deal with pain from the past and deal with present challenges with greater ease and confidence. If you'd like to feel better about yourself and your life, I can help you get there.
(781) 990-0825 View (781) 990-0825
Photo of Chelsea Willis, Counselor in Needham, MA
Chelsea Willis
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Needham, MA 02494
I hold a Graduate Certificate in Trauma Studies from Lesley University and a certification for Compassionate Bereavement Care offered by the Center for Loss and Trauma in partnership with the MISS Foundation and the Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Family Trust to be able to support those experiencing the effects of traumatic grief due to the death of a loved one.
In a grief-averse society that says to "get over" or "move on" from the death of a loved one, in a medical system that pathologizes bereavement as a disorder as early as one year after someone's death, in social circles that force toxic positivity, platitudes, and unsolicited advice on grieving folks, I long to offer a different presence. I come alongside traumatically bereaved children and families to offer meaningful and non-judgmental support in the wake of an unexpected or violent death, or after a prolonged illness. Death and trauma generate complex grief responses that deserve to be heard, honored, explored, and integrated.
I hold a Graduate Certificate in Trauma Studies from Lesley University and a certification for Compassionate Bereavement Care offered by the Center for Loss and Trauma in partnership with the MISS Foundation and the Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Family Trust to be able to support those experiencing the effects of traumatic grief due to the death of a loved one.
In a grief-averse society that says to "get over" or "move on" from the death of a loved one, in a medical system that pathologizes bereavement as a disorder as early as one year after someone's death, in social circles that force toxic positivity, platitudes, and unsolicited advice on grieving folks, I long to offer a different presence. I come alongside traumatically bereaved children and families to offer meaningful and non-judgmental support in the wake of an unexpected or violent death, or after a prolonged illness. Death and trauma generate complex grief responses that deserve to be heard, honored, explored, and integrated.
(781) 725-5947 View (781) 725-5947
Photo of J. Ben Barnes, Psychologist in Needham, MA
J. Ben Barnes
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492
I provide therapy for adults and adolescents who are feeling trapped by anxiety, fear, unwanted thoughts (or memories), and other distressing emotions related to anxiety disorders and trauma (e.g., fear, guilt, shame, sadness).
I provide therapy for adults and adolescents who are feeling trapped by anxiety, fear, unwanted thoughts (or memories), and other distressing emotions related to anxiety disorders and trauma (e.g., fear, guilt, shame, sadness).
(857) 271-4180 View (857) 271-4180
Photo of Lisa Feinberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
Lisa Feinberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492
She has clinical training in complex trauma and working with the LGBTQI population.
Ms Feinberg completed her Master's of Social Work degree from Boston University. She has 30 years of direct clinical practice in both private practice, inpatient psychiatry with adolescents and their families and a women's trauma unit. Ms. Feinberg also has 8 years of experience working as a consultant providing diagnostic assessments and crisis interventions in the Emergency Room. Ms. Feinberg's work has been across the life span and she has included individual, family, couples and group therapy.
She has clinical training in complex trauma and working with the LGBTQI population.
Ms Feinberg completed her Master's of Social Work degree from Boston University. She has 30 years of direct clinical practice in both private practice, inpatient psychiatry with adolescents and their families and a women's trauma unit. Ms. Feinberg also has 8 years of experience working as a consultant providing diagnostic assessments and crisis interventions in the Emergency Room. Ms. Feinberg's work has been across the life span and she has included individual, family, couples and group therapy.
(339) 331-1150 View (339) 331-1150
Photo of Leslie Penni, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
Leslie Penni
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02192
Are you feeling stressed, anxious or overwhelmed? Are you struggling feelings of sadness all the time? You may be struggling with a major life stressor or perhaps you are feeling you are not where you want to be in your life or how you got there. I am passionate about working with clients to help them heal from the past, cope with the present and repair and grow healthy relationships. As a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), I specialize in perinatal mental health, anxiety and depression, OCD, alcohol and substance abuse disorders, ADHD, life transitions, parenting and attachment, and relationship issues.
Are you feeling stressed, anxious or overwhelmed? Are you struggling feelings of sadness all the time? You may be struggling with a major life stressor or perhaps you are feeling you are not where you want to be in your life or how you got there. I am passionate about working with clients to help them heal from the past, cope with the present and repair and grow healthy relationships. As a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), I specialize in perinatal mental health, anxiety and depression, OCD, alcohol and substance abuse disorders, ADHD, life transitions, parenting and attachment, and relationship issues.
(617) 766-0319 View (617) 766-0319
Photo of Leah DeTellis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
Leah DeTellis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02192  (Online Only)
I work with people to gain control over their anxiety, ADHD, trauma, and other issues.
In recent times life can seem overwhelming. I can help you to make your life feel more manageable. I aim to be gentle and caring with my clients. I don't want to push anyone more than they are ready for. I will, however, help you to challenge thought patterns and beliefs that might be holding you back. I am an LICSW offering affirming, nurturing therapy to adults and adolescents. Many of my clients are young women managing relationship issues, work, and/or parenting; and members of the LGBTQIA? community.
I work with people to gain control over their anxiety, ADHD, trauma, and other issues.
In recent times life can seem overwhelming. I can help you to make your life feel more manageable. I aim to be gentle and caring with my clients. I don't want to push anyone more than they are ready for. I will, however, help you to challenge thought patterns and beliefs that might be holding you back. I am an LICSW offering affirming, nurturing therapy to adults and adolescents. Many of my clients are young women managing relationship issues, work, and/or parenting; and members of the LGBTQIA? community.
(774) 250-3528 View (774) 250-3528
Photo of Francis Kim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
Francis Kim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492
Francis Kim is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Massachusetts who has been practicing since 2022. He graduated with a 3. 9 GPA from Simmons University with a Master of Social Work. Francis has worked a variety of industries throughout his life. Along his journey, he has come across countless astonishing people who lived with bipolar disorder, substance misuse, trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, and more. It didn't matter what industry he was working in, so Francis decided to pursue a career in how to help people with the skills, compassion, and his own senses of curiosity and humor.
Francis Kim is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Massachusetts who has been practicing since 2022. He graduated with a 3. 9 GPA from Simmons University with a Master of Social Work. Francis has worked a variety of industries throughout his life. Along his journey, he has come across countless astonishing people who lived with bipolar disorder, substance misuse, trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, and more. It didn't matter what industry he was working in, so Francis decided to pursue a career in how to help people with the skills, compassion, and his own senses of curiosity and humor.
(781) 217-3036 View (781) 217-3036
Photo of The Center for PTSD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Needham, MA
The Center for PTSD
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492
CPTSD specialty is unfortunately rare and requires the clinician or case worker's ability to differentiate mental health symptoms from complex trauma symptoms.
Accepting new patients with evening and weekend availability. Temporarily only accepting out-of-pocket payment for sessions - $50 per session. Please visit TheCenterforPTSD.org to place an easy referral. The Center for PTSD provides complex, various, and integrative treatment for those who suffer from trauma or adverse experiences.
CPTSD specialty is unfortunately rare and requires the clinician or case worker's ability to differentiate mental health symptoms from complex trauma symptoms.
Accepting new patients with evening and weekend availability. Temporarily only accepting out-of-pocket payment for sessions - $50 per session. Please visit TheCenterforPTSD.org to place an easy referral. The Center for PTSD provides complex, various, and integrative treatment for those who suffer from trauma or adverse experiences.
(508) 283-7586 View (508) 283-7586
Photo of Beryl Ann Cowan, Psychologist in Needham, MA
Beryl Ann Cowan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Needham, MA 02492
Stressful experiences, challenging behaviors, and emotional distress can impact all ages, beginning with very young children. As a clinical psychologist, my focus is to provide compassionate care and strength based support to children, teens, and families as well as adults. I am experienced treating anxiety, mood and trauma related disorders, as well as relationship issues. My treatment approach starts with an assessment of each person’s needs. Having received post doctoral training as a child and family therapist, I work through an array of cognitive behavioral interventions, expressive and talk therapies and psycho-education with ages three and older.
Stressful experiences, challenging behaviors, and emotional distress can impact all ages, beginning with very young children. As a clinical psychologist, my focus is to provide compassionate care and strength based support to children, teens, and families as well as adults. I am experienced treating anxiety, mood and trauma related disorders, as well as relationship issues. My treatment approach starts with an assessment of each person’s needs. Having received post doctoral training as a child and family therapist, I work through an array of cognitive behavioral interventions, expressive and talk therapies and psycho-education with ages three and older.
(617) 544-3982 View (617) 544-3982

Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.