Trauma and PTSD Therapists in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC

Photo of Elizabeth Tschoegl, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Elizabeth Tschoegl
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW, MSc
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036
I specialize in trauma, particularly medical trauma and/or chronic illness, anxiety, depression, and existential challenges.
Finding a therapist can be tough. Perhaps you feel overwhelmed. Maybe life has thrown more at you than you think you can handle, or your usual coping strategies are failing. Using humor and a collaborative approach, we can tackle these challenges together. Drawing on your own innate resilience and capacity to change, I hope to give confidence to the belief that change is possible and that you can feel better.
I specialize in trauma, particularly medical trauma and/or chronic illness, anxiety, depression, and existential challenges.
Finding a therapist can be tough. Perhaps you feel overwhelmed. Maybe life has thrown more at you than you think you can handle, or your usual coping strategies are failing. Using humor and a collaborative approach, we can tackle these challenges together. Drawing on your own innate resilience and capacity to change, I hope to give confidence to the belief that change is possible and that you can feel better.
(202) 618-3044 View (202) 618-3044
Photo of Adriana P. Robertson, Psychologist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Adriana P. Robertson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036
I have a specialty in relationship difficulties, intimate partner abuse, trauma and cultural adjustment.
My therapy work is focused on emotional health and wellbeing. I work individually with clients and tailor treatment to best fit each person's concerns, character and goals. I do this by integrating insight-oriented treatment and establishing new ways of being in the present. This combines the exploration of long-standing maladaptive patterns and a focus on present-day functioning. I help also people examine and improve relationship dynamics.
I have a specialty in relationship difficulties, intimate partner abuse, trauma and cultural adjustment.
My therapy work is focused on emotional health and wellbeing. I work individually with clients and tailor treatment to best fit each person's concerns, character and goals. I do this by integrating insight-oriented treatment and establishing new ways of being in the present. This combines the exploration of long-standing maladaptive patterns and a focus on present-day functioning. I help also people examine and improve relationship dynamics.
(202) 499-6057 View (202) 499-6057
Photo of Hayley O'Brien, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Hayley O'Brien
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036
While I specialize in the intersection of eating disorders and complex trauma, I also have a passion for working with folks navigating the struggles of pregnancy and postpartum.
Welcome! I'm so glad you're here. You've made the courageous choice to seek professional help. I understand finding the right therapist can be tough, and this may be your first big step towards change. If you are wanting more calm and centeredness within yourself and more stability and connectedness in your relationships, we might be a good fit. I value collaboration, trust and safety above all else. I like to see us as a team where your sense of choice and voice are essential to the process. Together, we will work to forge a new path towards healing.
While I specialize in the intersection of eating disorders and complex trauma, I also have a passion for working with folks navigating the struggles of pregnancy and postpartum.
Welcome! I'm so glad you're here. You've made the courageous choice to seek professional help. I understand finding the right therapist can be tough, and this may be your first big step towards change. If you are wanting more calm and centeredness within yourself and more stability and connectedness in your relationships, we might be a good fit. I value collaboration, trust and safety above all else. I like to see us as a team where your sense of choice and voice are essential to the process. Together, we will work to forge a new path towards healing.
(202) 875-6116 View (202) 875-6116
Photo of Lillian DePetrillo, Psychologist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Lillian DePetrillo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who sees adolescent and adult clients for individual and couples therapy. I take an integrative CBT approach utilizing empirically supported treatments and focus on mood and anxiety disorders with specific clinical and research interests in trauma, OCD, and mindfulness meditation. I specialize in treating eating disorders, body image, and self-esteem concerns. Therapy is a collaborative approach- with kindness and compassion we build trust and work together as a team to relieve symptoms and meet your goals for therapy.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who sees adolescent and adult clients for individual and couples therapy. I take an integrative CBT approach utilizing empirically supported treatments and focus on mood and anxiety disorders with specific clinical and research interests in trauma, OCD, and mindfulness meditation. I specialize in treating eating disorders, body image, and self-esteem concerns. Therapy is a collaborative approach- with kindness and compassion we build trust and work together as a team to relieve symptoms and meet your goals for therapy.
(202) 978-6731 View (202) 978-6731
Photo of Roshan Javadian, Psychological Associate in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Roshan Javadian
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036
I offer a space for empathy, reflection and relatedness. Focus areas in my work include relational and acute trauma, depression, racing thoughts, perfectionism and relationship difficulties. I’m particularly interested in supporting individuals who have experienced loss, separation, displacement and those who find themselves navigating their way through cultural nuances or differences.
I offer a space for empathy, reflection and relatedness. Focus areas in my work include relational and acute trauma, depression, racing thoughts, perfectionism and relationship difficulties. I’m particularly interested in supporting individuals who have experienced loss, separation, displacement and those who find themselves navigating their way through cultural nuances or differences.
(202) 931-5686 View (202) 931-5686
Photo of Amber Lynn Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Amber Lynn Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
I'm a licensed therapist with a specialization in ADHD, trauma, and anxiety. My role is to provide compassionate support, structure, validation, and tools to help you improve your mental health and accomplish your goals.
I'm a licensed therapist with a specialization in ADHD, trauma, and anxiety. My role is to provide compassionate support, structure, validation, and tools to help you improve your mental health and accomplish your goals.
(202) 902-6320 x602 View (202) 902-6320 x602
Photo of Sarah Holland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Sarah Holland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
I am currently accepting new clients for daytime, virtual sessions. I help young adults process the unique challenges of their age, tame their inner critic and self-doubt, and heal from trauma. Together we will get really curious about what makes you tick and how your current patterns and coping mechanisms came to be. We can work through trauma, relationship issues, anxiety, shame and guilt, decision making, emotional regulation, feeling lost or purposeless, and building tangible coping skills. I utilize principles of Internal Family Systems, psychodynamic, somatic, and mindfulness-based therapies in my work.
I am currently accepting new clients for daytime, virtual sessions. I help young adults process the unique challenges of their age, tame their inner critic and self-doubt, and heal from trauma. Together we will get really curious about what makes you tick and how your current patterns and coping mechanisms came to be. We can work through trauma, relationship issues, anxiety, shame and guilt, decision making, emotional regulation, feeling lost or purposeless, and building tangible coping skills. I utilize principles of Internal Family Systems, psychodynamic, somatic, and mindfulness-based therapies in my work.
(202) 890-1828 View (202) 890-1828
Photo of John Hardenbergh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
John Hardenbergh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036
A lot of our psychological pain is rooted in past traumatic experiences. When we experience trauma, memories of these events remain with us as unprocessed memories, affecting our moods, behaviors, sense of self, and our body. As a Holistic Psychotherapist specializing in EMDR, I empower my clients to create impactful change in their lives by helping them gain insight into themselves/others and overcome their limiting beliefs through processing these difficult memories. Healing from trauma can be hard work but I am with my clients every step of the way and provide them tthem the skills and resources that they need.
A lot of our psychological pain is rooted in past traumatic experiences. When we experience trauma, memories of these events remain with us as unprocessed memories, affecting our moods, behaviors, sense of self, and our body. As a Holistic Psychotherapist specializing in EMDR, I empower my clients to create impactful change in their lives by helping them gain insight into themselves/others and overcome their limiting beliefs through processing these difficult memories. Healing from trauma can be hard work but I am with my clients every step of the way and provide them tthem the skills and resources that they need.
(202) 873-8912 x508 View (202) 873-8912 x508
Photo of Sandra Piedrahita, Psychologist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Sandra Piedrahita
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036
I specialize in addressing anxiety, depression, trauma, multicultural issues and working with the LGBT community as an affirming therapist.
I work with adults and adolescents who are experiencing challenging life circumstances and adjustments, struggle with important relationships, self-esteem, live with mood disorders/anxiety, are seeking relief from past trauma, and individuals wanting to live a more satisfying and engaged life. My work is to participate in creating a therapeutic space and to use my skills to promote awareness and support positive change. This may require looking at both past and present-day issues. Developing a good working relationship (being a good "fit") with my clients is essential.
I specialize in addressing anxiety, depression, trauma, multicultural issues and working with the LGBT community as an affirming therapist.
I work with adults and adolescents who are experiencing challenging life circumstances and adjustments, struggle with important relationships, self-esteem, live with mood disorders/anxiety, are seeking relief from past trauma, and individuals wanting to live a more satisfying and engaged life. My work is to participate in creating a therapeutic space and to use my skills to promote awareness and support positive change. This may require looking at both past and present-day issues. Developing a good working relationship (being a good "fit") with my clients is essential.
(202) 932-0612 View (202) 932-0612
Photo of Megan Munzert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Megan Munzert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
Healing and change are possible for all of us. I am reminded daily of people's innate ability to mend and grow if they are provided with the right tools in a supportive and compassionate environment. Past traumatic events can leave scars and behavior patterns that can get in the way of people leading the life that they choose. I create a safe space where we can work together to allow scars to heal and transformative change to take place. My clients experience healing from sexual trauma, adverse life events, relationship issues, and dissociative symptoms. They find freedom from feeling "stuck".
Healing and change are possible for all of us. I am reminded daily of people's innate ability to mend and grow if they are provided with the right tools in a supportive and compassionate environment. Past traumatic events can leave scars and behavior patterns that can get in the way of people leading the life that they choose. I create a safe space where we can work together to allow scars to heal and transformative change to take place. My clients experience healing from sexual trauma, adverse life events, relationship issues, and dissociative symptoms. They find freedom from feeling "stuck".
(202) 759-2690 View (202) 759-2690
Photo of Karen Apsel, Psychologist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Karen Apsel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036
I specialize in working with trauma, anxiety, depression and relationship issues. I help clients gain insight into what is getting in their way and to develop healthier coping strategies. I also work extensively with those struggling with addictions, including alcoholism and sexual addictions and compulsive internet pornography use. I have successfully helped break the interference of addictions and compulsions to lead healthier, more productive lives. In addition, I often work with spouses/partners who are struggling with the impact (and trauma) of these addictions on themselves and their relationships.
I specialize in working with trauma, anxiety, depression and relationship issues. I help clients gain insight into what is getting in their way and to develop healthier coping strategies. I also work extensively with those struggling with addictions, including alcoholism and sexual addictions and compulsive internet pornography use. I have successfully helped break the interference of addictions and compulsions to lead healthier, more productive lives. In addition, I often work with spouses/partners who are struggling with the impact (and trauma) of these addictions on themselves and their relationships.
(202) 969-2276 View (202) 969-2276
Photo of Aysha DeSilva, Psychological Associate in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Aysha DeSilva
Psychological Associate, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome! My name is Aysha (she/her) and I’m a woman of color with multiple nationalities who specializes in trauma-informed therapy. I strive to create a therapy space filled with compassion and warmth. I am passionate about providing culturally humble care to meet clients where they are. I strongly believe that having a safe space is essential to recovering from traumatic experiences. My special interests include working with trauma survivors who have experienced attachment trauma, interpersonal/relationship trauma, intergenerational trauma, sexual assault, and grief and loss.
Hello and welcome! My name is Aysha (she/her) and I’m a woman of color with multiple nationalities who specializes in trauma-informed therapy. I strive to create a therapy space filled with compassion and warmth. I am passionate about providing culturally humble care to meet clients where they are. I strongly believe that having a safe space is essential to recovering from traumatic experiences. My special interests include working with trauma survivors who have experienced attachment trauma, interpersonal/relationship trauma, intergenerational trauma, sexual assault, and grief and loss.
(202) 899-7139 View (202) 899-7139
Photo of Tracy Belle, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Tracy Belle
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20009
Waitlist for new clients
Both align well addressing many forms of trauma (big T's, little t's).
I enjoy working with individuals who seek to understand and develop their potential. With warmth and directness, I focus on what concerns you today and work with you to explore your present and past for insight as to how you can thrive. With an interest in the mind/body connection, I hope to offer a fresh approach to therapy that is rooted in the reality of everyday life, yet is emotionally / psychologically /spiritually informed, attuned, and supportive.
Both align well addressing many forms of trauma (big T's, little t's).
I enjoy working with individuals who seek to understand and develop their potential. With warmth and directness, I focus on what concerns you today and work with you to explore your present and past for insight as to how you can thrive. With an interest in the mind/body connection, I hope to offer a fresh approach to therapy that is rooted in the reality of everyday life, yet is emotionally / psychologically /spiritually informed, attuned, and supportive.
(202) 980-2804 View (202) 980-2804
Photo of Julie Lopez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Julie Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LICSW, EMDR-C
Verified Verified
14 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036
Trauma & addictions specialist.
Frustrated by life’s stumbling blocks? Feeling stuck on your path to success in business, love or life? Mine & my team's mission is to get you to your goals. We know the human system and how to make substantive shifts to improve your quality of life. I am the Founder of The Viva Center - a 20-person healing community specializing in brain and body based therapies. My Clinical Program Manager will help you connect to me or to one of my teammates.
Trauma & addictions specialist.
Frustrated by life’s stumbling blocks? Feeling stuck on your path to success in business, love or life? Mine & my team's mission is to get you to your goals. We know the human system and how to make substantive shifts to improve your quality of life. I am the Founder of The Viva Center - a 20-person healing community specializing in brain and body based therapies. My Clinical Program Manager will help you connect to me or to one of my teammates.
(202) 999-3824 View (202) 999-3824
Photo of Angela Fowler-Hurtado, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Angela Fowler-Hurtado
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20009
As a relationally focused and trauma informed therapist, I have a passion for helping clients feel more connected, grounded and safe in their lives and relationships. Every person has the ability to move toward connection and healing, even in the face of difficult, challenging or traumatic experiences. I work with couples, individuals and families to help them reconnect with the healthiest and most grounded parts of themselves and to restore and rebuild connection and safety within themselves and with others. I use research based, experiential models to keep us focus on your goals and healing process.
As a relationally focused and trauma informed therapist, I have a passion for helping clients feel more connected, grounded and safe in their lives and relationships. Every person has the ability to move toward connection and healing, even in the face of difficult, challenging or traumatic experiences. I work with couples, individuals and families to help them reconnect with the healthiest and most grounded parts of themselves and to restore and rebuild connection and safety within themselves and with others. I use research based, experiential models to keep us focus on your goals and healing process.
(202) 760-4452 View (202) 760-4452
Photo of Deardre McGuire, LICSW, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Deardre McGuire, LICSW, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PLLC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20016
I provide confidential individual, group and couples therapy to adult and adolescent clients with a broad range of issues, including: Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, Unfulfilling relationships, Difficulty with work and school satisfaction, Substance and eating concerns Additionally, I have had extensive training in sexual assault, relationship violence and trauma.
Beginning therapy can be a difficult step. But if you find yourself stuck, repeating the same ineffective, undermining coping mechanisms and unable to manage your emotions, then it might be time to start working together to help you identify more effective and constructive approaches to achieve your goals.
I provide confidential individual, group and couples therapy to adult and adolescent clients with a broad range of issues, including: Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, Unfulfilling relationships, Difficulty with work and school satisfaction, Substance and eating concerns Additionally, I have had extensive training in sexual assault, relationship violence and trauma.
Beginning therapy can be a difficult step. But if you find yourself stuck, repeating the same ineffective, undermining coping mechanisms and unable to manage your emotions, then it might be time to start working together to help you identify more effective and constructive approaches to achieve your goals.
(202) 370-7078 View (202) 370-7078
Photo of Shamella Joy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Shamella Joy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LGSW
Verified Verified
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
As a trauma-informed therapist with experience in working with veterans and refugee families, I also have experience supporting clients through processing and healing from past traumas and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder).
I am on a mission to help clients experience a less daunting and more rewarding path through parenthood. Having been through the fertility process and now motherhood, I know just how scary and difficult it can be. I specialize in helping new parents struggling with the challenges of postpartum life and clients struggling with the uncertainties of fertility and perinatal loss. I wish I had someone there for me who understood all that this experience brings up and I hope to be that empathic support for my clients.
As a trauma-informed therapist with experience in working with veterans and refugee families, I also have experience supporting clients through processing and healing from past traumas and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder).
I am on a mission to help clients experience a less daunting and more rewarding path through parenthood. Having been through the fertility process and now motherhood, I know just how scary and difficult it can be. I specialize in helping new parents struggling with the challenges of postpartum life and clients struggling with the uncertainties of fertility and perinatal loss. I wish I had someone there for me who understood all that this experience brings up and I hope to be that empathic support for my clients.
(844) 926-3131 x507 View (844) 926-3131 x507
Photo of Michelle Sinkgraven, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Michelle Sinkgraven
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036
Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, hopeless, or trapped by a past trauma? Curious about what it could mean for you to begin to feel more grounded and centered, less stuck? Therapy is a space to explore, name and learn from one's feelings and can be a tremendous gateway to healing and change. I aim to support clients in finding and believing in their strengths, listening to their emotions, creating healthy flexible boundaries and developing coping strategies. I specialize in grief and loss; trauma - including: abuse, neglect, PTSD; anxiety and depression. Together we co-create a space for self-awareness and self-compassion.
Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, hopeless, or trapped by a past trauma? Curious about what it could mean for you to begin to feel more grounded and centered, less stuck? Therapy is a space to explore, name and learn from one's feelings and can be a tremendous gateway to healing and change. I aim to support clients in finding and believing in their strengths, listening to their emotions, creating healthy flexible boundaries and developing coping strategies. I specialize in grief and loss; trauma - including: abuse, neglect, PTSD; anxiety and depression. Together we co-create a space for self-awareness and self-compassion.
(202) 946-8131 View (202) 946-8131
Photo of Jess Stern, Counselor in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Jess Stern
Counselor, LGPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20009
I have a passion for working with those who have experienced trauma(s) and those in the LGBTQ+ community (of which I am proudly a part of). I believe that everyone deserves to heal from their past and live authentically in the present. I previously worked at the Whitman Walker Health Clinic with people of all different backgrounds, especially members of the LGBTQ+ community. I have experience working with people experiencing PTSD, ADHD, depression, and anxiety.
I have a passion for working with those who have experienced trauma(s) and those in the LGBTQ+ community (of which I am proudly a part of). I believe that everyone deserves to heal from their past and live authentically in the present. I previously worked at the Whitman Walker Health Clinic with people of all different backgrounds, especially members of the LGBTQ+ community. I have experience working with people experiencing PTSD, ADHD, depression, and anxiety.
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Photo of Arielle Mesa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dupont Circle, Washington, DC
Arielle Mesa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, RYT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
As a trauma-sensitive and holistic clinician, I approach therapy from a mind-body-spirit lens, integrating brain-body, psychodynamic, internal family systems, psycho-spiritual, and relational modalities.
Life often places obstacles on our path, which can leave us feeling stuck, in pain, uncertain of how to move forward. I specialize in guiding those who arrive here by creating a nurturing and curious space to help you explore, unearth, and effectively heal untended internal wounds. My passion and expertise lie in supporting people in healing from childhood abuse and neglect, sexual violence, complex loss, and ancestral and identity-based trauma. Many also turn to me to better understand with who they truly are, their roles within relationships, and their unique purpose, or to prepare for and integrate psychedelic healing journeys.
As a trauma-sensitive and holistic clinician, I approach therapy from a mind-body-spirit lens, integrating brain-body, psychodynamic, internal family systems, psycho-spiritual, and relational modalities.
Life often places obstacles on our path, which can leave us feeling stuck, in pain, uncertain of how to move forward. I specialize in guiding those who arrive here by creating a nurturing and curious space to help you explore, unearth, and effectively heal untended internal wounds. My passion and expertise lie in supporting people in healing from childhood abuse and neglect, sexual violence, complex loss, and ancestral and identity-based trauma. Many also turn to me to better understand with who they truly are, their roles within relationships, and their unique purpose, or to prepare for and integrate psychedelic healing journeys.
(202) 759-2290 View (202) 759-2290

See more therapy options for Dupont Circle, Washington

Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.