Therapists in Bakersfield, CA

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Photo of Elizabeth Rogers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Elizabeth Rogers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93389  (Online Only)
Chaos happens--accidents, divorces, traumas, as well as setbacks in life, transitions, everyday interruptions, and unexpected events--even falling in love. Chaos untethers us; it changes everything. Our work is to find a new normal--to develop ways to weather the chaos, ultimately leaving us stronger and more resilient.
Chaos happens--accidents, divorces, traumas, as well as setbacks in life, transitions, everyday interruptions, and unexpected events--even falling in love. Chaos untethers us; it changes everything. Our work is to find a new normal--to develop ways to weather the chaos, ultimately leaving us stronger and more resilient.
(661) 243-0250 View (661) 243-0250
Photo of Dena Barnes, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Dena Barnes
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, ATR, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Sometimes, it's hard to know how to change things without the help of someone you trust. Perhaps you are ready to make a change in your life...ready to finally close the gap between the way your life is and the way you would like it to be? I'd like to help you along that journey. My goal is to help each client develop a pathway to achieve inner health, resolve conflicts, and find happiness and wholeness in their lives. Here, you will find an open, safe and empathic space for transformation.
Sometimes, it's hard to know how to change things without the help of someone you trust. Perhaps you are ready to make a change in your life...ready to finally close the gap between the way your life is and the way you would like it to be? I'd like to help you along that journey. My goal is to help each client develop a pathway to achieve inner health, resolve conflicts, and find happiness and wholeness in their lives. Here, you will find an open, safe and empathic space for transformation.
(661) 460-5123 View (661) 460-5123
Photo of Amy Noall in Bakersfield, CA
Amy Noall
LEP, NCSP, MS, PPS
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93314
Is your child struggling with reading, writing or math? We diagnose DYSLEXIA, DYSGRAPHIA and DYSCALCULIA. We provide screenings and full evaluations. Screenings are more affordable and provide much needed data about your child's learning style and needs. Screenings usually take one testing session and a consultation afterwards to review the results. Full evaluations take several sessions and provide a thorough, detailed report. We also consult and advocate with parents and students on the IEP process/504 plans. Check out our website to learn more of the TUTORING, TESTING, and THERAPIES that we offer: www.thescholarsgrove.com
Is your child struggling with reading, writing or math? We diagnose DYSLEXIA, DYSGRAPHIA and DYSCALCULIA. We provide screenings and full evaluations. Screenings are more affordable and provide much needed data about your child's learning style and needs. Screenings usually take one testing session and a consultation afterwards to review the results. Full evaluations take several sessions and provide a thorough, detailed report. We also consult and advocate with parents and students on the IEP process/504 plans. Check out our website to learn more of the TUTORING, TESTING, and THERAPIES that we offer: www.thescholarsgrove.com
(661) 338-6372 View (661) 338-6372
Photo of Amyanne Freeburg, Psychologist in Bakersfield, CA
Amyanne Freeburg
Psychologist, PsyD, MSCP, ABPP
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Not accepting new clients
Every person and family is unique, with a different set of life circumstances. There is no one-size-fits-all therapy and the process of resolving problems has to be individualized to the needs of the person or family. Life stressors can be frustrating, as can be the processing of each person's own life challenges. Whatever the need might be we will work with you, your child, and/or your family. You are not alone....We are here to help.
Every person and family is unique, with a different set of life circumstances. There is no one-size-fits-all therapy and the process of resolving problems has to be individualized to the needs of the person or family. Life stressors can be frustrating, as can be the processing of each person's own life challenges. Whatever the need might be we will work with you, your child, and/or your family. You are not alone....We are here to help.
(661) 384-7201 x100 View (661) 384-7201 x100
Photo of Truvette Hollinquest, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Bakersfield, CA
Truvette Hollinquest
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Hi there, My name is Truvette Hollinquest, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I did not get to this field by accident. In fact, I have entered into this field because my hope of offering compassion, empathy, and hope to others has become one of my life's missions. I specialize in depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, and relationship therapy. My culturally responsive approach allows me to work with anyone.
Hi there, My name is Truvette Hollinquest, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I did not get to this field by accident. In fact, I have entered into this field because my hope of offering compassion, empathy, and hope to others has become one of my life's missions. I specialize in depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, and relationship therapy. My culturally responsive approach allows me to work with anyone.
(661) 689-6208 View (661) 689-6208
Photo of Elizabeth Waissman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Elizabeth Waissman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93307
My name is Elizabeth (Liz) Waissman, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California. I have worked in many different settings over the last 20 years as a Clinician, both with individuals and couples. I have worked in various settings, with Individuals who have experienced a variety of personal issues such as Depression/Anxiety, Stress, PTSD, Grief and Loss, Workplace issues, coping with change, Relationship issues and Aging issues. My approach to therapy is a client centered approach, and solution focused therapy, in other words, we will start where you are, right now.
My name is Elizabeth (Liz) Waissman, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California. I have worked in many different settings over the last 20 years as a Clinician, both with individuals and couples. I have worked in various settings, with Individuals who have experienced a variety of personal issues such as Depression/Anxiety, Stress, PTSD, Grief and Loss, Workplace issues, coping with change, Relationship issues and Aging issues. My approach to therapy is a client centered approach, and solution focused therapy, in other words, we will start where you are, right now.
(661) 438-0298 View (661) 438-0298
Photo of Leah L Lopeteguy-Hoffman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Leah L Lopeteguy-Hoffman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93389  (Online Only)
Some days are good, while others are something to be reckoned with. On the reckoning days, typical daily activity can seem overwhelming and sometimes the anxiety, stress, or sadness can feel painful, both physically and emotionally. Even taking a deep breath during these times can be a struggle. And, to add to the overwhelm, you've been looking at these profiles hoping that one would jump out and spell out the answer to the million dollar question…what comes next? The struggle is real, and the vulnerability that comes with looking for answers can be equally overwhelming, but it doesn’t have to be. Because you're not alone.
Some days are good, while others are something to be reckoned with. On the reckoning days, typical daily activity can seem overwhelming and sometimes the anxiety, stress, or sadness can feel painful, both physically and emotionally. Even taking a deep breath during these times can be a struggle. And, to add to the overwhelm, you've been looking at these profiles hoping that one would jump out and spell out the answer to the million dollar question…what comes next? The struggle is real, and the vulnerability that comes with looking for answers can be equally overwhelming, but it doesn’t have to be. Because you're not alone.
(661) 493-8053 View (661) 493-8053
Photo of Rose M. Lester, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Rose M. Lester
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Waitlist for new clients
"It's never to late to have a happy childhood" This quote embodies the core belief and hope that I bring into my practice. Most people bring wounds from childhood into their adulthood. These wounds show up in their lives as depression, anxiety, low-self-esteem and unhealthy relationships. In therapy, you can become aware of those wound and how they limit your life today, grieve your losses and learn healthier ways to get those childhood needs met. As this healing occurs, we can explore ways to live life more fully and joyfully and to thrive rather than just survive.
"It's never to late to have a happy childhood" This quote embodies the core belief and hope that I bring into my practice. Most people bring wounds from childhood into their adulthood. These wounds show up in their lives as depression, anxiety, low-self-esteem and unhealthy relationships. In therapy, you can become aware of those wound and how they limit your life today, grieve your losses and learn healthier ways to get those childhood needs met. As this healing occurs, we can explore ways to live life more fully and joyfully and to thrive rather than just survive.
(661) 903-8559 View (661) 903-8559
Photo of Nastasia Santoyo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Nastasia Santoyo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Hello, my name is Nastasia Santoyo, and I have been a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist for 3 years and have worked in the mental health field for 12 years. I have worked with children in the school, community mental, crisis, and foster care settings. I have experience working with adults in both arenas of severe crisis to brief support to process stressors. My focus areas of practice are cognitive behavioral therapy and EMDR. My client focuses ranges from work with pre-teens to older adults. I am most comfortable treating trauma, PTSD, and brief crises.
Hello, my name is Nastasia Santoyo, and I have been a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist for 3 years and have worked in the mental health field for 12 years. I have worked with children in the school, community mental, crisis, and foster care settings. I have experience working with adults in both arenas of severe crisis to brief support to process stressors. My focus areas of practice are cognitive behavioral therapy and EMDR. My client focuses ranges from work with pre-teens to older adults. I am most comfortable treating trauma, PTSD, and brief crises.
(707) 878-5014 View (707) 878-5014
Photo of Ming Pokey Mariscal, Psychologist in Bakersfield, CA
Ming Pokey Mariscal
Psychologist, PsyD, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist (PsyD. from Biola University) with previous training as a Marriage & Family Therapist (MFT from Fuller Theological Seminary). I have a passion for providing professional Psychological services as well as Christian counseling to those who are suffering. I completed a total of six years of graduate training at two of the six American Psychological Association (APA) approved Christian clinical psychology programs. Both of these institutions are committed to the development of practitioners adept in the integration of Psychology and Christian theology in clinical practice and research.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist (PsyD. from Biola University) with previous training as a Marriage & Family Therapist (MFT from Fuller Theological Seminary). I have a passion for providing professional Psychological services as well as Christian counseling to those who are suffering. I completed a total of six years of graduate training at two of the six American Psychological Association (APA) approved Christian clinical psychology programs. Both of these institutions are committed to the development of practitioners adept in the integration of Psychology and Christian theology in clinical practice and research.
(661) 451-5969 View (661) 451-5969
Photo of Milka Lara-Rincon, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Milka Lara-Rincon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93386  (Online Only)
Therapy is a safe space that can bring about self-discovery and healing. I take an inclusive approach in my work, where I understand how intersections of culture, sexuality, gender, spirituality, family, environment, and relationships shape our identity and how we experience the world. In therapy, you have a space to let your guard down and explore how various factors at play affect your mental health. You will learn skills necessary to embrace the full range of your thoughts and emotions, and also incorporate changes that align with your values.
Therapy is a safe space that can bring about self-discovery and healing. I take an inclusive approach in my work, where I understand how intersections of culture, sexuality, gender, spirituality, family, environment, and relationships shape our identity and how we experience the world. In therapy, you have a space to let your guard down and explore how various factors at play affect your mental health. You will learn skills necessary to embrace the full range of your thoughts and emotions, and also incorporate changes that align with your values.
(661) 402-3439 View (661) 402-3439
Photo of Pinkal Shah, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Pinkal Shah
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I provide safe, accepting, and mindful environment as well as culturally sensitive services for children, adults, and families who are experiencing difficulties with emotional stress such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, behavioral issues such as ADHD, defiant, and oppositional behaviors, culture-related stress such as immigration and issues regarding identity including gender variant clients.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I provide safe, accepting, and mindful environment as well as culturally sensitive services for children, adults, and families who are experiencing difficulties with emotional stress such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, behavioral issues such as ADHD, defiant, and oppositional behaviors, culture-related stress such as immigration and issues regarding identity including gender variant clients.
(661) 231-3212 View (661) 231-3212
Photo of Rinee Mitchell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Rinee Mitchell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Life can be overwhelming at times. Balancing your needs and the needs of those around you can be challenging. Ever feel stuck? Wondering when things will get better? In today’s fast paced environment, it can be difficult to catch your breath and have a sense of peace that everything will work out. I invite you to take that first step. Let’s talk about it. If you are out there struggling and need a hand, you have found the right person who can help navigate your way. We all need encouragement and a non judgmental listening ear. Allow me to be that person for you.
Life can be overwhelming at times. Balancing your needs and the needs of those around you can be challenging. Ever feel stuck? Wondering when things will get better? In today’s fast paced environment, it can be difficult to catch your breath and have a sense of peace that everything will work out. I invite you to take that first step. Let’s talk about it. If you are out there struggling and need a hand, you have found the right person who can help navigate your way. We all need encouragement and a non judgmental listening ear. Allow me to be that person for you.
(661) 367-8290 View (661) 367-8290
Photo of Karen Theresa Cummings-Lilly, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Karen Theresa Cummings-Lilly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93306
I am Karen Cummings-Lilly, a licensed clinical social worker and have both a master’s and a doctoral degree in the field of clinical social work. My approach to therapy is one of creating a safe and healing space, where I use an integrative approach blending different therapeutic approaches tailored to your address your unique mental health needs and life challenges. I work with adults who are 18 years or older and who struggle with various mental health challenges. Some of the common issues that my clients face are bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, grief, PTSD, ADHD, codependency and trauma.
I am Karen Cummings-Lilly, a licensed clinical social worker and have both a master’s and a doctoral degree in the field of clinical social work. My approach to therapy is one of creating a safe and healing space, where I use an integrative approach blending different therapeutic approaches tailored to your address your unique mental health needs and life challenges. I work with adults who are 18 years or older and who struggle with various mental health challenges. Some of the common issues that my clients face are bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, grief, PTSD, ADHD, codependency and trauma.
(661) 690-7853 View (661) 690-7853
Photo of Lauren Rutledge, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Lauren Rutledge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93306
My name is Lauren, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Calistoga, California where I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents, young adults, and adults. I specialize in anxiety, grief, life transitions, trauma, PTSD, and addiction. Depending on the needs of each client, I like to explore cognitive, affective, and somatic approaches to support them in experiencing well-being.
My name is Lauren, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Calistoga, California where I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents, young adults, and adults. I specialize in anxiety, grief, life transitions, trauma, PTSD, and addiction. Depending on the needs of each client, I like to explore cognitive, affective, and somatic approaches to support them in experiencing well-being.
(661) 485-4657 View (661) 485-4657
Photo of Denny Ray Moss, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Denny Ray Moss
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, CBIS, CHT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309  (Online Only)
Congratulations on taking the first step towards healing! I believe that our primary purpose in life is to strive to be the best version of ourselves that we can possibly be - regardless of our starting point. But finding our path cannot happen without taking the courageous first steps of self-examination and exploration. I provide individual and family therapy, as well as marriage and couples counseling, specializing in conflict management and treating clients with chemical dependency and other addictive patterns of behavior. People experiencing problems with stress, depression, anxiety, grief and loss and other life struggles also seek my help.
Congratulations on taking the first step towards healing! I believe that our primary purpose in life is to strive to be the best version of ourselves that we can possibly be - regardless of our starting point. But finding our path cannot happen without taking the courageous first steps of self-examination and exploration. I provide individual and family therapy, as well as marriage and couples counseling, specializing in conflict management and treating clients with chemical dependency and other addictive patterns of behavior. People experiencing problems with stress, depression, anxiety, grief and loss and other life struggles also seek my help.
(661) 384-6362 View (661) 384-6362
Photo of Sandria Bland, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Sandria Bland
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93311
Hello, I'm Sandria Bland a LMFT 134278 located out of California. I provide a therapy based on the client including client centered, CBT, solution focused, or trauma informed. I usually work with clients struggling with depression, anxiety, family/relational issues, transitional life changes, and other mental health needs.
Hello, I'm Sandria Bland a LMFT 134278 located out of California. I provide a therapy based on the client including client centered, CBT, solution focused, or trauma informed. I usually work with clients struggling with depression, anxiety, family/relational issues, transitional life changes, and other mental health needs.
(661) 370-2969 View (661) 370-2969
Photo of Amber Crume, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Amber Crume
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93313
My name is Amber Lee Crume, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 15 years of experience. My greatest hope is to help people achieve a greater sense of happiness and well-being. I love being a therapist and helping you learn more about yourself, your relationships, and new proven strategies and techniques to address life's most challenging obstacles. The process really does work!
My name is Amber Lee Crume, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 15 years of experience. My greatest hope is to help people achieve a greater sense of happiness and well-being. I love being a therapist and helping you learn more about yourself, your relationships, and new proven strategies and techniques to address life's most challenging obstacles. The process really does work!
(661) 727-7276 View (661) 727-7276
Photo of Steven Frausto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Steven Frausto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93307
My name is Steven Frausto, LCSW and I have over 10 years of experience working with adults, parents, families, grandparents, teenagers, and children. I work to empower my clients to identify, process, and overcome problem areas in their lives. I utilize a psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy approach to help identify current difficulties and their root cause. Using pragmatic approaches to overcome impairments and then working on the root cause of the presenting difficulties to avoid them resurfacing.
My name is Steven Frausto, LCSW and I have over 10 years of experience working with adults, parents, families, grandparents, teenagers, and children. I work to empower my clients to identify, process, and overcome problem areas in their lives. I utilize a psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy approach to help identify current difficulties and their root cause. Using pragmatic approaches to overcome impairments and then working on the root cause of the presenting difficulties to avoid them resurfacing.
(661) 463-9644 View (661) 463-9644
Michelle Scoggins
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93306
Hi I am Dr. Michelle Scoggins (CA29566) and I'm your compassionate guide on a journey of self-discovery and resilience. My approach is all about empowering you to navigate life's challenges, fostering authentic connections, and ensuring you leave each session with tools to enhance your emotional well-being. In my work with clients grappling with anxiety and depression, we often uncover it is all about not authentically living. I create a safe space for exploration and self-discovery. Together, we navigate the layers of self-expression, aiming to unveil and embrace their authentic selves.
Hi I am Dr. Michelle Scoggins (CA29566) and I'm your compassionate guide on a journey of self-discovery and resilience. My approach is all about empowering you to navigate life's challenges, fostering authentic connections, and ensuring you leave each session with tools to enhance your emotional well-being. In my work with clients grappling with anxiety and depression, we often uncover it is all about not authentically living. I create a safe space for exploration and self-discovery. Together, we navigate the layers of self-expression, aiming to unveil and embrace their authentic selves.
(661) 464-7531 View (661) 464-7531

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bakersfield, CA

500+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Bakersfield, CA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Coping Skills
72% Self Esteem
68% Stress
67% Relationship Issues
60% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aetna
83% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
82% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Bakersfield, CA see their clients

84% In Person and Online
16% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bakersfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.