Therapists in Dallas, TX

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Photo of Amanda Steed, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Amanda Steed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75203  (Online Only)
My ideal client is ready to get the root of the challenges they find themselves facing day to day. Maybe you’ve tried other therapies in the past, or you’re a helping professional yourself - I typically work with people who have tried different approaches with no luck, and they’re ready to move toward healing in a measurable way. After working with me, clients tend to understand their systems in a new way, and are able to have more compassion for themselves and others, while still holding their boundaries with self respect. I believe therapy is about building a trusting relationship that leads toward healing and wholeness.
My ideal client is ready to get the root of the challenges they find themselves facing day to day. Maybe you’ve tried other therapies in the past, or you’re a helping professional yourself - I typically work with people who have tried different approaches with no luck, and they’re ready to move toward healing in a measurable way. After working with me, clients tend to understand their systems in a new way, and are able to have more compassion for themselves and others, while still holding their boundaries with self respect. I believe therapy is about building a trusting relationship that leads toward healing and wholeness.
(214) 624-6266 View (214) 624-6266
Photo of Tara McKelvy Parker, Psychologist in Dallas, TX
Tara McKelvy Parker
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75243
Welcome! I am currently accepting new patients for therapy and testing. Testing can be a wonderful starting point for treatment, as it can help clarify diagnoses and pinpoint treatment goals for the purpose of psychotherapy. If you’re not quite sure where to start with treatment, testing may be a good option.
Welcome! I am currently accepting new patients for therapy and testing. Testing can be a wonderful starting point for treatment, as it can help clarify diagnoses and pinpoint treatment goals for the purpose of psychotherapy. If you’re not quite sure where to start with treatment, testing may be a good option.
(469) 557-8204 View (469) 557-8204
Photo of Leigh Barnett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Leigh Barnett
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75243
I specialize in working with adolescents, adults and couples who struggle with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, mood disorders and relationship issues. I will help you learn to cope with present stressors or process past experiences. It is important that we establish goals, and I will actively work to help you meet them. I develop personal and genuine relationships with my clients, which is helpful in developing a plan that is tailored to your individual needs.
I specialize in working with adolescents, adults and couples who struggle with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, mood disorders and relationship issues. I will help you learn to cope with present stressors or process past experiences. It is important that we establish goals, and I will actively work to help you meet them. I develop personal and genuine relationships with my clients, which is helpful in developing a plan that is tailored to your individual needs.
(972) 388-3648 View (972) 388-3648
Photo of Shawna Hedger, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Shawna Hedger
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75254  (Online Only)
My name is Shawna and I have lived in Texas my whole life.I have been practicing as LPC since July 2020, before that I was and LPC intern for over 3 years. I am also a Licensed Social Worker in Texas, and worked in nursing homes for almost 5 years before beginning my masters program to be a counselor.
My name is Shawna and I have lived in Texas my whole life.I have been practicing as LPC since July 2020, before that I was and LPC intern for over 3 years. I am also a Licensed Social Worker in Texas, and worked in nursing homes for almost 5 years before beginning my masters program to be a counselor.
(469) 874-1446 View (469) 874-1446
Photo of Turner Consulting & Therapy Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Turner Consulting & Therapy Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75252
Today you are one step closer to a new you, where you feel empowered and on a path to growth and well being. As a solution focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations in our past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
Today you are one step closer to a new you, where you feel empowered and on a path to growth and well being. As a solution focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations in our past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
(469) 336-2214 View (469) 336-2214
Photo of BPOQe, Doster & Hoffman Therapy and Consultation, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
BPOQe, Doster & Hoffman Therapy and Consultation
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCDC, LMSW, LCSW-S, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75238  (Online Only)
High regards to you as you consider starting the journey of working towards becoming your best self. We are a team of pro-Black, spiritually aware, LGBTQ+ competent and affirming, down to earth therapists. We engage our clients in a holistic and person-centered approach, and value collaboration in the therapy space. Come as you are and we will meet you where you are at. Prioritizing your mental health, or even figuring out what that means can be super daunting. Our goal is to assist you in that process, in whatever way we can within our scope of practice.
High regards to you as you consider starting the journey of working towards becoming your best self. We are a team of pro-Black, spiritually aware, LGBTQ+ competent and affirming, down to earth therapists. We engage our clients in a holistic and person-centered approach, and value collaboration in the therapy space. Come as you are and we will meet you where you are at. Prioritizing your mental health, or even figuring out what that means can be super daunting. Our goal is to assist you in that process, in whatever way we can within our scope of practice.
(469) 306-1531 View (469) 306-1531
Photo of Amber Baker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Amber Baker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75228  (Online Only)
I used to worked for a nonprofit that provided for low income and homeless families. This is where my interest sparked with social work and I received my masters degree from the University of Texas at Arlington with a concentration in mental health and addictions. I have worked at a behavioral health hospital hospital with adults, geriatrics and adolescents with varying stressors, symptoms, mental illness, substance use, etc. since 2017 doing group therapy, family therapy, individual therapy and case management.
I used to worked for a nonprofit that provided for low income and homeless families. This is where my interest sparked with social work and I received my masters degree from the University of Texas at Arlington with a concentration in mental health and addictions. I have worked at a behavioral health hospital hospital with adults, geriatrics and adolescents with varying stressors, symptoms, mental illness, substance use, etc. since 2017 doing group therapy, family therapy, individual therapy and case management.
(214) 972-2214 View (214) 972-2214
Photo of Geraldine Hickerson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Geraldine Hickerson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75204  (Online Only)
Dr. Geraldine Hickerson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 16 years of experience working with teens, adults, and seniors. She specializes in treating PTSD, mood disorders, stress, women's issues, substance use, panic disorder, anger, behavior issues, trauma, and more. Dr. Hickerson obtained her Master's degree in Social Work from Spalding University in her Doctorate of Social Work from Capella University.
Dr. Geraldine Hickerson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 16 years of experience working with teens, adults, and seniors. She specializes in treating PTSD, mood disorders, stress, women's issues, substance use, panic disorder, anger, behavior issues, trauma, and more. Dr. Hickerson obtained her Master's degree in Social Work from Spalding University in her Doctorate of Social Work from Capella University.
(469) 746-3138 View (469) 746-3138
Photo of Nimrat Bindra, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Nimrat Bindra
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75241
Welcome! My name is Nimrat Bindra and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas with over 7 years of clinical experience. I work with individuals and couples to help with stress, anxiety, depression, coping with addictions, and trauma recovery. My theoretical orientation is individualized with a foundation of client-centeredness & strength-based psychology and incorporates modalities including Brainspotting, Positive Psychology, and Internal Family Systems.
Welcome! My name is Nimrat Bindra and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas with over 7 years of clinical experience. I work with individuals and couples to help with stress, anxiety, depression, coping with addictions, and trauma recovery. My theoretical orientation is individualized with a foundation of client-centeredness & strength-based psychology and incorporates modalities including Brainspotting, Positive Psychology, and Internal Family Systems.
(972) 573-6578 View (972) 573-6578
Photo of Madeline Flores, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Madeline Flores
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75243
Madeline Flores is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas who has been practicing since 2022. She has a B.A. in Psychology from Texas Tech University and an M.S. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of North Texas. Madeline focuses firstly on the therapeutic relationship in order to ensure each client feels safe and secure to begin the therapy process. Madeline meets clients where they are at that very moment and works with them to establish short term and long-term goals as well as set them up for success to meeting their therapy goals.
Madeline Flores is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas who has been practicing since 2022. She has a B.A. in Psychology from Texas Tech University and an M.S. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of North Texas. Madeline focuses firstly on the therapeutic relationship in order to ensure each client feels safe and secure to begin the therapy process. Madeline meets clients where they are at that very moment and works with them to establish short term and long-term goals as well as set them up for success to meeting their therapy goals.
(469) 966-8635 View (469) 966-8635
Photo of Michele Heyman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Michele Heyman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75201  (Online Only)
Hi there! I'm Michele Heyman, and I'm thrilled to welcome you to my page. It's a pleasure to have this chance to introduce myself. With licenses in both New Mexico and Texas, I bring over 20 years of experience in professional counseling. Throughout my career, I've specialized in assisting clients with a variety of challenges, including depression, stress, anxiety, communication skills, relationship issues, motivation, self-esteem, and life transitions. I've had the privilege of working with individuals from diverse backgrounds, including first responders, medical professionals, and law enforcement personnel, among others.
Hi there! I'm Michele Heyman, and I'm thrilled to welcome you to my page. It's a pleasure to have this chance to introduce myself. With licenses in both New Mexico and Texas, I bring over 20 years of experience in professional counseling. Throughout my career, I've specialized in assisting clients with a variety of challenges, including depression, stress, anxiety, communication skills, relationship issues, motivation, self-esteem, and life transitions. I've had the privilege of working with individuals from diverse backgrounds, including first responders, medical professionals, and law enforcement personnel, among others.
(469) 373-9183 View (469) 373-9183
Photo of Renita Young, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Renita Young
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75252
Life hits us all differently. It helps to have compassionate and non-judgmental support as you work through life issues and transitions. My focus is on helping people heal. I understand that life has many ups and downs so I aim to create a safe space where people can have fun and heal.
Life hits us all differently. It helps to have compassionate and non-judgmental support as you work through life issues and transitions. My focus is on helping people heal. I understand that life has many ups and downs so I aim to create a safe space where people can have fun and heal.
(469) 382-4029 View (469) 382-4029
Photo of Online Virtual Therapy With Amoreena Berg, Marriage & Family Therapist in Dallas, TX
Online Virtual Therapy With Amoreena Berg
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75248
FREE consultations! Are you feeling stuck in negative thoughts, intense emotions, or behavioral patterns that don't serve your best interest? I believe the process of change through therapy should not only involve self-understanding and insight into the past, but beyond that it should also focus on helping clients to learn skills for present-time challenges. Therefore my approach helps clients to develop specific skills for thinking and acting in constructive ways. I am a proponent of therapist actively collaborating with a client to help him/her find ways to manage life better.
FREE consultations! Are you feeling stuck in negative thoughts, intense emotions, or behavioral patterns that don't serve your best interest? I believe the process of change through therapy should not only involve self-understanding and insight into the past, but beyond that it should also focus on helping clients to learn skills for present-time challenges. Therefore my approach helps clients to develop specific skills for thinking and acting in constructive ways. I am a proponent of therapist actively collaborating with a client to help him/her find ways to manage life better.
(858) 295-7878 View (858) 295-7878
Photo of Cara Canady, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Cara Canady
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75240
Have you found life harder to deal with or struggled to get it to a stable point? If you are struggling to find your life meaning, your voice in your relationships, or the courage to find your true self in your community it may be time to make positive changes in your life. My focus is to meet you, your partner, or family where you are to address your needs and help facilitate the changes you want!
Have you found life harder to deal with or struggled to get it to a stable point? If you are struggling to find your life meaning, your voice in your relationships, or the courage to find your true self in your community it may be time to make positive changes in your life. My focus is to meet you, your partner, or family where you are to address your needs and help facilitate the changes you want!
(469) 290-3722 View (469) 290-3722
Photo of The Center in Lakewood & Lake Highlands, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
The Center in Lakewood & Lake Highlands
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75214
The Center provides comprehensive and compassionate mental health care for individuals of all ages. Our team of 35+ experienced therapists specializes in working with children, teens, and adults, and we are dedicated to helping our clients improve their overall well-being. Whether you are dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, or other mental health issues, we are here to support you on your journey towards healing and growth. Our evidence-based therapy approaches are tailored to meet your unique needs and goals, and we offer a safe and supportive environment to help you find your way through the difficulties that life may bring.
The Center provides comprehensive and compassionate mental health care for individuals of all ages. Our team of 35+ experienced therapists specializes in working with children, teens, and adults, and we are dedicated to helping our clients improve their overall well-being. Whether you are dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, or other mental health issues, we are here to support you on your journey towards healing and growth. Our evidence-based therapy approaches are tailored to meet your unique needs and goals, and we offer a safe and supportive environment to help you find your way through the difficulties that life may bring.
(469) 904-0438 View (469) 904-0438
Photo of Yu-Fen Lin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Yu-Fen Lin
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75208
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (TX# 62590), Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor, counseling educator, and a pastor. I specialize in individual counseling, couple counseling, group counseling, and supervision in counseling. I work well with clients who are challenged by low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, bipolar, trauma, and relationship problems. I also provide bilingual counseling services to Asians, Asian Americans, and international students who speak Mandarin and Taiwanese. For LPC-Interns who are seeking for supervision under a LPC-Supervisior, I am the one.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (TX# 62590), Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor, counseling educator, and a pastor. I specialize in individual counseling, couple counseling, group counseling, and supervision in counseling. I work well with clients who are challenged by low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, bipolar, trauma, and relationship problems. I also provide bilingual counseling services to Asians, Asian Americans, and international students who speak Mandarin and Taiwanese. For LPC-Interns who are seeking for supervision under a LPC-Supervisior, I am the one.
(972) 774-6426 x805 View (972) 774-6426 x805
Photo of Ellie Mental Health - Carrollton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Ellie Mental Health - Carrollton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75287
We are here to fill the gap in access to care and destigmatize mental health! Ellie Mental Health Carrollton strives to fill the gaps in access to mental health through authentically fostering inclusive spaces that compassionately celebrate the diversity of our communities while staying determined to use every resources to provide equitable wellness outcomes for all.
We are here to fill the gap in access to care and destigmatize mental health! Ellie Mental Health Carrollton strives to fill the gaps in access to mental health through authentically fostering inclusive spaces that compassionately celebrate the diversity of our communities while staying determined to use every resources to provide equitable wellness outcomes for all.
(972) 426-2959 View (972) 426-2959
Photo of Bianca Hemphill, Psychological Associate in Dallas, TX
Bianca Hemphill
Psychological Associate, MA, LPA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75206
I've worked with children & adolescents in clinical outpatient settings, including individual, family, & group therapy, and intensive in-home services. I have provided community support services to adults with mental health & substance abuse diagnoses to help increase self-sufficiency. I've worked in research settings studying the effects of domestic violence on children and evaluating the effectiveness of Systems of Care for children with severe emotional / behavioral disturbances. I have experience with psychological testing, including intellectual / personality assessment and tests of academic achievement. I use psychological assessment for diagnostic clarification, level of care determinations, and providing other therapeutic recommendations.
I've worked with children & adolescents in clinical outpatient settings, including individual, family, & group therapy, and intensive in-home services. I have provided community support services to adults with mental health & substance abuse diagnoses to help increase self-sufficiency. I've worked in research settings studying the effects of domestic violence on children and evaluating the effectiveness of Systems of Care for children with severe emotional / behavioral disturbances. I have experience with psychological testing, including intellectual / personality assessment and tests of academic achievement. I use psychological assessment for diagnostic clarification, level of care determinations, and providing other therapeutic recommendations.
(469) 382-3541 View (469) 382-3541
Photo of Teresa R Hillenbrand, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Teresa R Hillenbrand
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75214
Hi, I am Teresa Hillenbrand, a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 30 years of experience. I work with a wide range of clients including individuals, couples, and parents in several areas of treatment including depression, anxiety, and trauma. If appropriate, I use Dr. Steven Porges’ science-based discoveries in neurology which help explain the mind-body relationship, and how to move forward. I am also certified in the Safe and Sound Protocol, have counseled veterans with PTSD using the "Strong Star CPT", and utilize Internal Family Systems therapy.
Hi, I am Teresa Hillenbrand, a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 30 years of experience. I work with a wide range of clients including individuals, couples, and parents in several areas of treatment including depression, anxiety, and trauma. If appropriate, I use Dr. Steven Porges’ science-based discoveries in neurology which help explain the mind-body relationship, and how to move forward. I am also certified in the Safe and Sound Protocol, have counseled veterans with PTSD using the "Strong Star CPT", and utilize Internal Family Systems therapy.
(830) 549-6877 View (830) 549-6877
Photo of Ashley Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Ashley Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75206
Throughout my experience as a counselor, I have noticed that our shame is the foundational and often times our biggest barrier to success. My approach is to help client's identify and replace these shame-based thoughts and become more aware of how these thoughts impact the way they see themselves, others, and the world around them. Once you can view your authentic self as someone that is worthy, goals can be clearly defined, progress can be made, and healing can be obtainable. While this isn't the only consideration in counseling, it is one of great importance.
Throughout my experience as a counselor, I have noticed that our shame is the foundational and often times our biggest barrier to success. My approach is to help client's identify and replace these shame-based thoughts and become more aware of how these thoughts impact the way they see themselves, others, and the world around them. Once you can view your authentic self as someone that is worthy, goals can be clearly defined, progress can be made, and healing can be obtainable. While this isn't the only consideration in counseling, it is one of great importance.
(972) 737-0762 View (972) 737-0762

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Dallas, TX

3,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Dallas, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
73% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Dallas, TX see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Dallas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.