Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists in Spring Hill, TN

Photo of Caitlin Hollen, Counselor, LPC, MHSP, Assoc
Caitlin Hollen
Counselor, LPC, MHSP, Assoc
1 Endorsed
Spring Hill, TN 37174
I use an eclectic approach drawing from attachment-based theory, EMDR, Brainspotting, CBT, DBT, play therapy, and trauma-focused practices.
Now providing EMDR! I work with children, teens, and adults who often feel different, overwhelmed, or misunderstood. Many come in struggling with anxiety, ADHD, big emotions, or the pressure to fit in, as well as those unsure of how to cope and move forward from a traumatic event/situation. In our work together, I create a supportive, affirming space where you can be yourself while learning practical strategies to manage emotions, improve focus, and navigate relationships. Over time, we build greater self-understanding, confidence, and a way of moving through life that feels more natural and sustainable. I now offer EMDR as well!
I use an eclectic approach drawing from attachment-based theory, EMDR, Brainspotting, CBT, DBT, play therapy, and trauma-focused practices.
Now providing EMDR! I work with children, teens, and adults who often feel different, overwhelmed, or misunderstood. Many come in struggling with anxiety, ADHD, big emotions, or the pressure to fit in, as well as those unsure of how to cope and move forward from a traumatic event/situation. In our work together, I create a supportive, affirming space where you can be yourself while learning practical strategies to manage emotions, improve focus, and navigate relationships. Over time, we build greater self-understanding, confidence, and a way of moving through life that feels more natural and sustainable. I now offer EMDR as well!
(615) 703-2271 View (615) 703-2271
Photo of Ashley Culpepper, Licensed Professional Counselor, A-LPC, MHSP
Ashley Culpepper
Licensed Professional Counselor, A-LPC, MHSP
2 Endorsed
Spring Hill, TN 37174
Life is hard enough, starting therapy shouldn't be too. (Now offering EMDR and Somatic Therapy)
Life is hard enough, starting therapy shouldn't be too. (Now offering EMDR and Somatic Therapy)
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Photo of Sherry Crane - Victory Point, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCSW, L-Coach
Victory Point
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCSW, L-Coach
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life isn’t easy at times. Challenges and struggles can shake your foundation and leave you feeling confused, overwhelmed, disappointed, frustrated, or hurt. As a result you may experience uncomfortable symptoms such as grief, anxiety, depression or relationship struggles. You do not have to navigate these situations or feelings alone; we are here to help you with your journey!
Life isn’t easy at times. Challenges and struggles can shake your foundation and leave you feeling confused, overwhelmed, disappointed, frustrated, or hurt. As a result you may experience uncomfortable symptoms such as grief, anxiety, depression or relationship struggles. You do not have to navigate these situations or feelings alone; we are here to help you with your journey!
(931) 325-2711 View (931) 325-2711
Photo of Kate Lynch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kate Lynch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Spring Hill, TN 37174
Waitlist for new clients
As a married mother of three, I understand the importance of creating balance and finding peace in the midst of a busy life. With years of experience providing therapy to children, preteens, teens, and adults in both outpatient and hospital settings, I am well-equipped to address a wide range of mental health issues. I have successfully worked with clients dealing with significant trauma, borderline personality disorder, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and relationship struggles, among other conditions.
As a married mother of three, I understand the importance of creating balance and finding peace in the midst of a busy life. With years of experience providing therapy to children, preteens, teens, and adults in both outpatient and hospital settings, I am well-equipped to address a wide range of mental health issues. I have successfully worked with clients dealing with significant trauma, borderline personality disorder, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and relationship struggles, among other conditions.
(931) 485-5079 View (931) 485-5079
Photo of Meredith J Sachs, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Meredith J Sachs
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I will find myself integrating many CBT and DBT perspectives into our sessions, as well as Narrative and Solutions-focused techniques.
I am currently accepting new clients with week-of availability! I am a licensed therapist with many years of experience in both acute inpatient and traditional outpatient settings. My mission in my career is to walk alongside you on your journey towards healing and growth. I seek to form collaborative and trusting relationships with my clients, and I believe that every single person makes sense in light of their own unique story. My evidence-based approaches include addressing one’s emotional, mental, and physical well-being. My ideal client is age 16+, located in Tennessee, and seeking individual therapy.
I will find myself integrating many CBT and DBT perspectives into our sessions, as well as Narrative and Solutions-focused techniques.
I am currently accepting new clients with week-of availability! I am a licensed therapist with many years of experience in both acute inpatient and traditional outpatient settings. My mission in my career is to walk alongside you on your journey towards healing and growth. I seek to form collaborative and trusting relationships with my clients, and I believe that every single person makes sense in light of their own unique story. My evidence-based approaches include addressing one’s emotional, mental, and physical well-being. My ideal client is age 16+, located in Tennessee, and seeking individual therapy.
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Photo of Frances Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Frances Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Spring Hill, TN 37174
I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) for more than 30 years. Working with people is my passion. I truly believe that personal growth and personal development are possible. It is an honor and a privilege to work with clients toward their goals and toward their healing and recovery. I strive to offer a safe. respectful. environment.
I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) for more than 30 years. Working with people is my passion. I truly believe that personal growth and personal development are possible. It is an honor and a privilege to work with clients toward their goals and toward their healing and recovery. I strive to offer a safe. respectful. environment.
(615) 553-6416 View (615) 553-6416
Photo of Kate Germek - Peaceful Living Therapy, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADACII, MAEd
Peaceful Living Therapy
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADACII, MAEd
Online Only
Are you struggling and looking for peace in your life? Do you need a safe space to talk and process things going on in your past and present, and set goals for your future? Life takes us by surprise sometimes and it is messy, unhinged, and confusing. You are not alone and I am here to help. It changes if you change it, and I am here to help support you in your journey. I have helped guide adolescents and adults for 20 years working with substance use, anxiety, depression, PTSD, family conflict, duel diagnosis, self esteem issues, body positivity, gender identity, family dynamics, anger issues/ impulse control, and codependency.
Are you struggling and looking for peace in your life? Do you need a safe space to talk and process things going on in your past and present, and set goals for your future? Life takes us by surprise sometimes and it is messy, unhinged, and confusing. You are not alone and I am here to help. It changes if you change it, and I am here to help support you in your journey. I have helped guide adolescents and adults for 20 years working with substance use, anxiety, depression, PTSD, family conflict, duel diagnosis, self esteem issues, body positivity, gender identity, family dynamics, anger issues/ impulse control, and codependency.
(931) 202-9944 View (931) 202-9944
Photo of Julie A Krager, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Julie A Krager
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Spring Hill, TN 37174
Are you looking for support with relationships? Grief processing? Complex trauma, or Life-Transitions? I'm here to help you navigate goals to create the life you want. If you feel stuck, lost; anxious, or depressed there is hope. We can map out the path that leads to the life you want. Often toxic patterns from the past can influence the present and future. Let's get started building the life you desire.
Are you looking for support with relationships? Grief processing? Complex trauma, or Life-Transitions? I'm here to help you navigate goals to create the life you want. If you feel stuck, lost; anxious, or depressed there is hope. We can map out the path that leads to the life you want. Often toxic patterns from the past can influence the present and future. Let's get started building the life you desire.
(615) 471-6135 View (615) 471-6135
Photo of Troy Elisha Burnette, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP
Troy Elisha Burnette
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Starting therapy can feel vulnerable—especially when you’ve been carrying a lot for a long time. I approach this work with clinical training and a real, human understanding of how mental health can impact everyday life. I provide online therapy (telehealth) for ages 16+ across Tennessee and Florida with weekday daytime appointments. Together we’ll focus on clear goals, practical skills, and steady progress—not just talking in circles. Whether you’re navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, mood changes, or life transitions, we’ll work toward steadier footing and more workable next steps.
Starting therapy can feel vulnerable—especially when you’ve been carrying a lot for a long time. I approach this work with clinical training and a real, human understanding of how mental health can impact everyday life. I provide online therapy (telehealth) for ages 16+ across Tennessee and Florida with weekday daytime appointments. Together we’ll focus on clear goals, practical skills, and steady progress—not just talking in circles. Whether you’re navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, mood changes, or life transitions, we’ll work toward steadier footing and more workable next steps.
(629) 209-5759 View (629) 209-5759
Photo of Meredith M Ball, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPC
Meredith M Ball
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPC
Spring Hill, TN 37174
I enjoy working with men, women, and couples experiencing life transitions and crises. Many of my adult clients are not experiencing a crisis currently. Still, they are trying to unravel the effects of a dysfunctional childhood or lost relationship, which might show up today as hypervigilance, depression, anger, or reactivity. My approach incorporates healing for the mind, soul, and body. Trauma rewires the brain for survival, and many of my clients are ready to quit living in survival mode and re-train their brains to live authentically.
I enjoy working with men, women, and couples experiencing life transitions and crises. Many of my adult clients are not experiencing a crisis currently. Still, they are trying to unravel the effects of a dysfunctional childhood or lost relationship, which might show up today as hypervigilance, depression, anger, or reactivity. My approach incorporates healing for the mind, soul, and body. Trauma rewires the brain for survival, and many of my clients are ready to quit living in survival mode and re-train their brains to live authentically.
(615) 544-3808 View (615) 544-3808
Photo of Melissa Hudgens - Melissa Hudgens at Stone Counseling & Consulting, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, LADACII, QCS
Melissa Hudgens at Stone Counseling & Consulting
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, LADACII, QCS
2 Endorsed
Spring Hill, TN 37174
Life can be messy and full of challenges. Having the right guide through those challenges can help you not just overcome them but excel to live the life you desire. My therapy style is warm, collaborative, interactive and informed by evidence-based approaches. I offer compassionate care and direction in addition to a safe and honest environment that will foster self-knowledge, growth, and healing. Treatment approaches are tailored for each client to explore problematic behaviors and painful feelings while building skills for lasting change.
Life can be messy and full of challenges. Having the right guide through those challenges can help you not just overcome them but excel to live the life you desire. My therapy style is warm, collaborative, interactive and informed by evidence-based approaches. I offer compassionate care and direction in addition to a safe and honest environment that will foster self-knowledge, growth, and healing. Treatment approaches are tailored for each client to explore problematic behaviors and painful feelings while building skills for lasting change.
(615) 703-2891 View (615) 703-2891
Photo of Brenda Anderson Menzies, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Brenda Anderson Menzies
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Serves Area
I use a variety of treatment modalities including CBT, DBT, EMDR, and Gestalt therapies.
Counseling individuals and couples who are looking to improve their relationships, increase self awareness, and move towards greater levels of success and happiness in their personal and professional lives is my greatest source of fulfillment as a therapist. Modern life presents all of us with many challenges including anxiety, depression, and issues with core beliefs. Having an experienced, compassionate therapist to help navigate the journey of personal growth can make all the difference.
I use a variety of treatment modalities including CBT, DBT, EMDR, and Gestalt therapies.
Counseling individuals and couples who are looking to improve their relationships, increase self awareness, and move towards greater levels of success and happiness in their personal and professional lives is my greatest source of fulfillment as a therapist. Modern life presents all of us with many challenges including anxiety, depression, and issues with core beliefs. Having an experienced, compassionate therapist to help navigate the journey of personal growth can make all the difference.
(615) 205-7558 View (615) 205-7558
Photo of Leiah Drew Hightower - The Therapeutic Studio, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
The Therapeutic Studio, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Our licensed and seasoned therapists design an evidenced-based treatment plan derived from ABA, Brainspotting, EMDR, Narrative Therapy, Attachment Theory, CBT, DBT and Internal Family Systems.
We are a group practice, and we specialize integrative care: Leiah Drew Hightower, MA, LPC-MHSP; Allison Battles, MA, LPC-MHSP; Haley Rittenhouse, MA, LPC-MHSP, ATR-BC; Andria Jordan-Myers, MA, LCSW; Gabriela Aguirre-Iriarte MS, MA, LPC-MHSP, RPT-S; Dr. Marcy Webb, EdD, LPC-MHSP; Samantha Lacheta, MA, LPC-MHSP, Anneke Seely, MA; Abby Van Eman, MA,A-LPC-MHSP
Our licensed and seasoned therapists design an evidenced-based treatment plan derived from ABA, Brainspotting, EMDR, Narrative Therapy, Attachment Theory, CBT, DBT and Internal Family Systems.
We are a group practice, and we specialize integrative care: Leiah Drew Hightower, MA, LPC-MHSP; Allison Battles, MA, LPC-MHSP; Haley Rittenhouse, MA, LPC-MHSP, ATR-BC; Andria Jordan-Myers, MA, LCSW; Gabriela Aguirre-Iriarte MS, MA, LPC-MHSP, RPT-S; Dr. Marcy Webb, EdD, LPC-MHSP; Samantha Lacheta, MA, LPC-MHSP, Anneke Seely, MA; Abby Van Eman, MA,A-LPC-MHSP
(615) 488-8860 View (615) 488-8860
Photo of Scarlett Bright, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Scarlett Bright
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Serves Area
To thine own self be true, and it must follow... thou canst not then be false to any man... Shakespeare. Integrity! I am passionate about making a positive impact on the people and world around me. Throughout my personal, academic and professional journey adversity and opportunity alike have challenged and shaped my character and values as well as my skills and abilities. I value diversity, individuality, and authenticity. I strive to create a safe, accepting therapeutic environment so that clients may explore, understand, accept, heal and grow into the best version of themselves. Become the person you were born to be.
To thine own self be true, and it must follow... thou canst not then be false to any man... Shakespeare. Integrity! I am passionate about making a positive impact on the people and world around me. Throughout my personal, academic and professional journey adversity and opportunity alike have challenged and shaped my character and values as well as my skills and abilities. I value diversity, individuality, and authenticity. I strive to create a safe, accepting therapeutic environment so that clients may explore, understand, accept, heal and grow into the best version of themselves. Become the person you were born to be.
(615) 235-6293 View (615) 235-6293
Photo of Katie Ploeger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Katie Ploeger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I often incorporate play therapy (yes—even for young adults!), CBT, DBT, and somatic approaches to help clients better understand themselves, strengthen the connection between their mind and body, process difficult emotions, and develop coping skills they will actually use!
Hi I’m Katie! I love working with tweens, teens, and young adults (ages 9-25) who are trying to figure out who they are while navigating some of life's hardest seasons. Whether you or your child is struggling with anxiety or stress, depression, body image or your self-esteem, or navigating changing friendships, you don’t have to work through it alone. I believe healing begins with feeling truly seen, understood, and accepted. Building a genuine therapeutic relationship is at the heart of my work, and I consider it a privilege to walk alongside my clients as they discover greater confidence, self-compassion, and a sense of calm.
I often incorporate play therapy (yes—even for young adults!), CBT, DBT, and somatic approaches to help clients better understand themselves, strengthen the connection between their mind and body, process difficult emotions, and develop coping skills they will actually use!
Hi I’m Katie! I love working with tweens, teens, and young adults (ages 9-25) who are trying to figure out who they are while navigating some of life's hardest seasons. Whether you or your child is struggling with anxiety or stress, depression, body image or your self-esteem, or navigating changing friendships, you don’t have to work through it alone. I believe healing begins with feeling truly seen, understood, and accepted. Building a genuine therapeutic relationship is at the heart of my work, and I consider it a privilege to walk alongside my clients as they discover greater confidence, self-compassion, and a sense of calm.
(615) 241-0136 View (615) 241-0136
Photo of Jared S. Roe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MBA, LCSW, FACHE
Jared S. Roe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MBA, LCSW, FACHE
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I utilize CBT and DBT to dismantle perfectionism and build emotional regulation, while Motivational Interviewing fuels your drive for change.
Hi there! I’m Jared, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in the intersection of high-performance or achievement and authentic identity. To the outside world, you may appear to "have it all together," yet internally, you may be battling the exhaustion of burnout or the weight of expectations that have stripped the joy from your relationships. I provide a supportive, objective space to help you navigate these pressures. You are the expert on your life; my role is to provide the clinical strategy and partnership to help you reclaim your peace and thrive—both internally and in relationships.
I utilize CBT and DBT to dismantle perfectionism and build emotional regulation, while Motivational Interviewing fuels your drive for change.
Hi there! I’m Jared, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in the intersection of high-performance or achievement and authentic identity. To the outside world, you may appear to "have it all together," yet internally, you may be battling the exhaustion of burnout or the weight of expectations that have stripped the joy from your relationships. I provide a supportive, objective space to help you navigate these pressures. You are the expert on your life; my role is to provide the clinical strategy and partnership to help you reclaim your peace and thrive—both internally and in relationships.
(615) 235-0742 View (615) 235-0742
New Moon Rising Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
8 Endorsed
Serves Area
Accepting New Clients, Flexible Pricing, Evening + Weekends Available. Are you finding it challenging to manage stress or anxiety? Do you feel like you're constantly running on empty, lacking the energy and motivation to truly enjoy life? Or perhaps you're longing for a sense of purpose and fulfillment, but you're not sure where to start? If you're feeling overwhelmed by the demands of daily life, struggling to find balance, or simply seeking a deeper sense of well-being, you're in the right place. Our dynamic team of clinicians utilizes evidence-based approaches including EMDR, Brainspotting, Somatic Experiencing, IFS, and more.
Accepting New Clients, Flexible Pricing, Evening + Weekends Available. Are you finding it challenging to manage stress or anxiety? Do you feel like you're constantly running on empty, lacking the energy and motivation to truly enjoy life? Or perhaps you're longing for a sense of purpose and fulfillment, but you're not sure where to start? If you're feeling overwhelmed by the demands of daily life, struggling to find balance, or simply seeking a deeper sense of well-being, you're in the right place. Our dynamic team of clinicians utilizes evidence-based approaches including EMDR, Brainspotting, Somatic Experiencing, IFS, and more.
(615) 802-5739 View (615) 802-5739
Photo of Stevie Harris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stevie Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
By building on your strengths and using tools from Motivational Interviewing, CBT, and DBT, you’ll unlock self-love, set healthier boundaries, and find your voice.
Somewhere along the line, you lost touch with yourself. It was such a gradual shift, you hardly noticed it happening. Each time you tried to speak up at work, that critical voice in your head would chime in—"You're embarrassing yourself." Eventually, you just stopped speaking. After dates, you'd replay every moment in your head until the anxiety made you feel sick. So, you figured dating just wasn’t worth the stress. Bit by bit, you pulled back—from people, from opportunities, from joy. You stopped taking risks, stopped feeling deeply. And with each passing day, your world became a little smaller.
By building on your strengths and using tools from Motivational Interviewing, CBT, and DBT, you’ll unlock self-love, set healthier boundaries, and find your voice.
Somewhere along the line, you lost touch with yourself. It was such a gradual shift, you hardly noticed it happening. Each time you tried to speak up at work, that critical voice in your head would chime in—"You're embarrassing yourself." Eventually, you just stopped speaking. After dates, you'd replay every moment in your head until the anxiety made you feel sick. So, you figured dating just wasn’t worth the stress. Bit by bit, you pulled back—from people, from opportunities, from joy. You stopped taking risks, stopped feeling deeply. And with each passing day, your world became a little smaller.
(629) 356-5321 View (629) 356-5321
Photo of Mary Ann (Wagster) Marcelli, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Mary Ann (Wagster) Marcelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
6 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a clinical social worker committed to compassionately supporting clients in achieving greater self-understanding and holistic well-being. Many people feel stuck in patterns that no longer serve them or are struggling to navigate shifts in relationships, work, or phase of life. I create a calm, open therapeutic space to explore what feels unmanageable, gain clarity, and uncover the inner narratives holding you back. I work with clients open and interested in self-reflection and a deeper self-understanding in pursuit of healing.
I am a clinical social worker committed to compassionately supporting clients in achieving greater self-understanding and holistic well-being. Many people feel stuck in patterns that no longer serve them or are struggling to navigate shifts in relationships, work, or phase of life. I create a calm, open therapeutic space to explore what feels unmanageable, gain clarity, and uncover the inner narratives holding you back. I work with clients open and interested in self-reflection and a deeper self-understanding in pursuit of healing.
(615) 307-1687 View (615) 307-1687
Photo of Lisa Sanchez, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Lisa Sanchez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Serves Area
Hi there and thank you for considering me! My name is Lisa. Along with 20 years of professional experience, I have my Master of Professional Counseling and am a LPC-MHSP. I have been married since 1991 and have 3 grown children. I am passionate about supporting and helping my clients in healing through difficult times and periods of feeling stuck. Asking for help can be difficult and scary, but I can assure you that I will always be a Safe Place for you to share your thoughts and feelings freely. Because I know the benefits of speaking with someone, I’m so excited to start this healing journey with you.
Hi there and thank you for considering me! My name is Lisa. Along with 20 years of professional experience, I have my Master of Professional Counseling and am a LPC-MHSP. I have been married since 1991 and have 3 grown children. I am passionate about supporting and helping my clients in healing through difficult times and periods of feeling stuck. Asking for help can be difficult and scary, but I can assure you that I will always be a Safe Place for you to share your thoughts and feelings freely. Because I know the benefits of speaking with someone, I’m so excited to start this healing journey with you.
(629) 289-2731 View (629) 289-2731

See more therapy options for Spring Hill

Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists
Who is DBT for?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is designed for people who experience extreme emotional suffering because they lack the skills of emotion regulation and distress tolerance. The basic affliction can underlie a wide range of conditions, from borderline and other personality disorders to PTSD and treatment-resistant anxiety and depression. The therapy is helpful to those whose emotional reactivity is so intense it is disruptive to everyday functioning and leads to frequent crises.

Why do people need DBT?
The ability to regulate emotions is a core psychological skill that enables people to function in life and pay attention to the world outside themselves; it is consistently associated with well-being. DBT is designed to help people learn how to manage and regulate their emotions. Originally developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder whose extreme emotional suffering led to self-harming behavior and suicide attempts, the therapy is now applied to other conditions involving emotion dysregulation, particularly when other treatments have failed.

What happens in DBT?
Individuals meet weekly with their therapist to discuss their experiences relating to moods, behavior, and skills. Using checklists they maintain, they review emotional experiences and positive practices they engage in. The diaries help individuals discern what led up to a specific problem encountered, this is followed by discussion of the consequences of their actions. In addition, individuals may meet in class-like small groups to learn skills such as mindfulness, emotion regulation and distress tolerance.

How long does DBT last?
Because it is intended to establish long-lasting behavioral change among those with persistent problems, DBT is designed to last six months to a year. DBT includes both weekly sessions of individual therapy and weekly skills-training sessions conducted in small groups. Studies of DBT have documented improvement within a year of treatment, particularly in controlling self-harmful behavior; nevertheless, individuals may require therapy for several years.