Integrative Therapists in Nashville, TN
Inner Beauty Wellness
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPCMHSP, Temp
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37210
My focus is you and understanding how your mind works. It is challenging trying to identify with your inner light while going through the motions of life. Searching for strength, courage, happiness, and peace without a clear understanding of life purpose, can be overwhelming. Our partnership in your emotional journey will explore your soul, identify the root of your issues and navigate a plan to elevate your self worth through integrative mental health and holistic approaches. My goal is to empower you to live purposely and authentically.
My focus is you and understanding how your mind works. It is challenging trying to identify with your inner light while going through the motions of life. Searching for strength, courage, happiness, and peace without a clear understanding of life purpose, can be overwhelming. Our partnership in your emotional journey will explore your soul, identify the root of your issues and navigate a plan to elevate your self worth through integrative mental health and holistic approaches. My goal is to empower you to live purposely and authentically.
Ellen Wilkins Counseling and Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
Waitlist for new clients
My positive, integrative approach focuses on your strengths, wellness and the capacity to change.
Are you struggling with a difficult, significant person in your life? Do you stuff your feelings, trying to keep the peace then, in frustration, overreact? I have a passion for healthy relationships and believe a strong, therapeutic relationship can provide the context for transformative healing & growth. I work well with people who feel stuck in the way they handle conflict-either avoiding it or repeating unhealthy patterns or behaviors. I can help you expand your awareness about how the past is effecting the present so you can respond to those you love without losing yourself.
My positive, integrative approach focuses on your strengths, wellness and the capacity to change.
Are you struggling with a difficult, significant person in your life? Do you stuff your feelings, trying to keep the peace then, in frustration, overreact? I have a passion for healthy relationships and believe a strong, therapeutic relationship can provide the context for transformative healing & growth. I work well with people who feel stuck in the way they handle conflict-either avoiding it or repeating unhealthy patterns or behaviors. I can help you expand your awareness about how the past is effecting the present so you can respond to those you love without losing yourself.
Cameron Clark
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, P-SEP, ERYT
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
I am a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner, Certified Brainspotting Therapist, and have advanced training in a variety of integrative modalities including EMDR, parts work, inner child work, mindful self compassion, trauma sensitive yoga, and nature based therapies to support you on your healing journey.
I believe a balance of effort and ease is at the heart of our journey toward health and wellness. I bring a compassionately direct and playful approach to the work we do together, allowing the therapeutic relationship to become the container necessary to nurture a loving relationship with yourself.
I am a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner, Certified Brainspotting Therapist, and have advanced training in a variety of integrative modalities including EMDR, parts work, inner child work, mindful self compassion, trauma sensitive yoga, and nature based therapies to support you on your healing journey.
I believe a balance of effort and ease is at the heart of our journey toward health and wellness. I bring a compassionately direct and playful approach to the work we do together, allowing the therapeutic relationship to become the container necessary to nurture a loving relationship with yourself.
Willed by Wellness Counseling & Consulting LLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212 (Online Only)
At WBW, our approach to therapy with clients is integrative in nature in that we incorporate techniques from various theories to adjust to clients' individual needs.
Willed by Wellness, LLC was founded by Dr. Courtney Williams and is designed to serve Black womxn and girls specifically on issues of mental health and wellness. We offer services and resources, culturally-responsive for this population. Our clients are aged 13 years old and older. Clients who work with us navigate a wide range of challenges from relationship concerns, mood disorders, grief, role transitions, etc. We offer consultation services and trainings to companies who work with this population. Dr. Williams is a PsyPact approved provider, meaning she can offer telehealth services in over 31 states, APIT 14940
At WBW, our approach to therapy with clients is integrative in nature in that we incorporate techniques from various theories to adjust to clients' individual needs.
Willed by Wellness, LLC was founded by Dr. Courtney Williams and is designed to serve Black womxn and girls specifically on issues of mental health and wellness. We offer services and resources, culturally-responsive for this population. Our clients are aged 13 years old and older. Clients who work with us navigate a wide range of challenges from relationship concerns, mood disorders, grief, role transitions, etc. We offer consultation services and trainings to companies who work with this population. Dr. Williams is a PsyPact approved provider, meaning she can offer telehealth services in over 31 states, APIT 14940
Ashley Lanaux
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPCMHSP, (temp)
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
I utilize an integrative, creative approach through evidence-based practices to create an individualized treatment plan that is specifically tailored to you as there is no one size fits all approach to therapy.
I believe that we are always learning and growing. What may have served us in the past may no longer serve our best interests today. You are the expert on your life, and I cannot wait to meet you. My goal as your therapist is to learn more about you, your worldview, the experiences that have lead you to this moment, and explore what brought you into therapy.
I utilize an integrative, creative approach through evidence-based practices to create an individualized treatment plan that is specifically tailored to you as there is no one size fits all approach to therapy.
I believe that we are always learning and growing. What may have served us in the past may no longer serve our best interests today. You are the expert on your life, and I cannot wait to meet you. My goal as your therapist is to learn more about you, your worldview, the experiences that have lead you to this moment, and explore what brought you into therapy.
Jennifer Mason
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37215
Waitlist for new clients
My approach to therapy can be considered interactive and integrative.
Navigating life’s inherent difficulties can be challenging. Sometimes therapy can help. From confronting issues such as loss/grief, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal problems, to facing significant life decisions or struggling with marital/relationship concerns, many factors can prevent any of us from engaging in our lives more fully. Whether you are new to therapy or you're returning to work through a new or lingering issue, creating a safe place to explore, understand, and respond to your concerns is crucial. Utilizing warmth and transparency, I hope to cultivate a trusting partnership with you.
My approach to therapy can be considered interactive and integrative.
Navigating life’s inherent difficulties can be challenging. Sometimes therapy can help. From confronting issues such as loss/grief, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal problems, to facing significant life decisions or struggling with marital/relationship concerns, many factors can prevent any of us from engaging in our lives more fully. Whether you are new to therapy or you're returning to work through a new or lingering issue, creating a safe place to explore, understand, and respond to your concerns is crucial. Utilizing warmth and transparency, I hope to cultivate a trusting partnership with you.
Cory Bishop
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
Through an integrative, person-centered, and holistic counseling approach, Cory equips and empowers his clients to confidently move toward their own goals. His endless curiosity and desire to learn from and connect with others drives him to take clients from all walks of life: children, teenagers, individuals, and couples. From relationship issues, family dysfunction, difficult transitions and symptoms of anxiety or depression; to emotional literacy, relational tune-ups, spirituality, and exploring the problems you can’t quite put your finger on, Cory genuinely desires to walk alongside you in your healing journey.
Through an integrative, person-centered, and holistic counseling approach, Cory equips and empowers his clients to confidently move toward their own goals. His endless curiosity and desire to learn from and connect with others drives him to take clients from all walks of life: children, teenagers, individuals, and couples. From relationship issues, family dysfunction, difficult transitions and symptoms of anxiety or depression; to emotional literacy, relational tune-ups, spirituality, and exploring the problems you can’t quite put your finger on, Cory genuinely desires to walk alongside you in your healing journey.
Jessie Risman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
I am passionate about the heart and deeply committed to seeing you live more fully by engaging yours. Because your needs are as unique and valuable as your story, my therapy is grounded in Person-Centered Theory. I trust you to be the expert on your own life, and thus the expert in the room. My approach to therapy is integrative and trauma-informed. While drawing from Somatic and Attachment Focused EMDR and Play and Expressive Arts Therapy, my focus remains on the most powerful tool, the relationship. From my own healing journey, I have come to believe we're wounded in the context of relationship, and we heal in relationship, too.
I am passionate about the heart and deeply committed to seeing you live more fully by engaging yours. Because your needs are as unique and valuable as your story, my therapy is grounded in Person-Centered Theory. I trust you to be the expert on your own life, and thus the expert in the room. My approach to therapy is integrative and trauma-informed. While drawing from Somatic and Attachment Focused EMDR and Play and Expressive Arts Therapy, my focus remains on the most powerful tool, the relationship. From my own healing journey, I have come to believe we're wounded in the context of relationship, and we heal in relationship, too.
Elizabeth Baum
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37207
I work with adolescents and adults (individual and couples) from an integrative lens drawing on Psychodynamic, Attachment, Polyvagal, and Person Centered Theories.
I am passionate about the ability therapy has to change lives for the better - how it helps people heal and build authentic, real relationships. I believe in empathy, vulnerability, authenticity, and trying to stay in the present moment. I am both creative and analytical and am excited when therapy is referred to as "a science and an art.” I believe in exploring the mind-body connection, especially the impact of breathwork in dealing with anxiety and stress. I love the power of understanding ourselves and how our minds work to create change. I work particularly well with anxiety, perfectionism & religious injury to name a few.
I work with adolescents and adults (individual and couples) from an integrative lens drawing on Psychodynamic, Attachment, Polyvagal, and Person Centered Theories.
I am passionate about the ability therapy has to change lives for the better - how it helps people heal and build authentic, real relationships. I believe in empathy, vulnerability, authenticity, and trying to stay in the present moment. I am both creative and analytical and am excited when therapy is referred to as "a science and an art.” I believe in exploring the mind-body connection, especially the impact of breathwork in dealing with anxiety and stress. I love the power of understanding ourselves and how our minds work to create change. I work particularly well with anxiety, perfectionism & religious injury to name a few.
Allison Dowsley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37204
Hazel House, PLLC is a holistic, integrative center that uses multiple modalities to treat people affected by trauma, addiction, mental health concerns, and stress. Our mission is to facilitate the natural healing process in each individual who seeks our care, by offering compassionate connection alongside skilled interventions targeting body, mind, and spirit. Services include: Counseling / Therapy, Yoga, Acupuncture, Health Coaching / Functional Nutrition, Holistic Bodywork, Neurofeedback, and other natural treatments.
Hazel House, PLLC is a holistic, integrative center that uses multiple modalities to treat people affected by trauma, addiction, mental health concerns, and stress. Our mission is to facilitate the natural healing process in each individual who seeks our care, by offering compassionate connection alongside skilled interventions targeting body, mind, and spirit. Services include: Counseling / Therapy, Yoga, Acupuncture, Health Coaching / Functional Nutrition, Holistic Bodywork, Neurofeedback, and other natural treatments.
Kori Meyers
Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215 (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach is client-centered and integrative in nature, while being deeply influenced by attachment theory and emotions. I welcome and celebrate all people in all bodies. I am an LGBTQIA+ advocate and ally.
My therapeutic approach is client-centered and integrative in nature, while being deeply influenced by attachment theory and emotions. I welcome and celebrate all people in all bodies. I am an LGBTQIA+ advocate and ally.
15 Second Videos
Willed by Wellness Counseling & Consulting LLC
Jessie Risman
Meg Bearman
Matt Samek
Julie F Mangus
Laurie Cape
Tara Forrest Greene
Elly Haddad
Ashley Leary
Mary Keith Skinner
Shari Anderson
Shantell Johnson-Jones
Michelle Stafford
Keeley Fritsch
J. Gregory Briggs, Ph.D., LMFT
Colleen Lynch
Matt Mills
Caroline Reed Horton
Jonathan Rudiger
Julie Cousin
Anita Joy Martin
Amber Kowing Hayzlett
Tyler Toledo
Jeremy Henderson-Teelucksingh
Julie Eisenbeck
Campbell Hopkins
Tom Rhodes
Lindsey Stevens
HopeNation
Extriara Gates - Success Brand Counseling
Christy Collier
Rebecca Pearce
Kim Ratcliffe
Chelsea Doyscher
Lucy Kozak Cesnik
Dan LaVelle
Dwight A. Hughes
Lindsey Magner
Kyra Rane Weyenberg
Catherine Harris
Kristen Bishop - Austin & Olive Counseling
Sandi Anders
Blake Butterfield
Tassel Faith Shanebrook
King A Counts
Sam DiMartino
Brooke Word
The Briggs Institute, Inc.
Kacey L Holley
Exhale Family Therapy and Wellness, PC
Juliana Breeden
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
My approach is holistic and integrative, focused in Internal Family Systems, Mindfulness practices, Emotionally Focused Therapy, and EMDR which are evidence based and shown to help individuals and couples find healing.
Hello! My name is Juliana and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Nashville, TN, where I offer individual, couples, and family therapy. I am passionate about bringing hope into the lives of those with mental health issues and distress in their relationships. Whether a life transition has you feeling anxious and unsteady, or relationship problems are all consuming, I am committed to creating a safe space for you to process and explore your thoughts and emotions. It is possible to reframe and rewrite the stories that become our reality, and I am here to help with that revision process.
My approach is holistic and integrative, focused in Internal Family Systems, Mindfulness practices, Emotionally Focused Therapy, and EMDR which are evidence based and shown to help individuals and couples find healing.
Hello! My name is Juliana and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Nashville, TN, where I offer individual, couples, and family therapy. I am passionate about bringing hope into the lives of those with mental health issues and distress in their relationships. Whether a life transition has you feeling anxious and unsteady, or relationship problems are all consuming, I am committed to creating a safe space for you to process and explore your thoughts and emotions. It is possible to reframe and rewrite the stories that become our reality, and I am here to help with that revision process.
Rebekah Garcia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
I utilize an integrative approach that's uniquely catered to you.
I believe in you. And I believe that everyone deserves to live a life full of meaning, purpose, hope, dignity and respect. We are all more than the worst things that have been done to us, and we are more than the worst things we have done. As a therapist, I create a space where it's safe to explore your story, and where you are encouraged to discover, grow, & give voice to your true self. Also, for those who are interested, I am able to incorporate my training as spiritual director to provide a non-judgmental space beyond ideology, that explores one's spiritual story, in order to provide full body, mind, and soul care.
I utilize an integrative approach that's uniquely catered to you.
I believe in you. And I believe that everyone deserves to live a life full of meaning, purpose, hope, dignity and respect. We are all more than the worst things that have been done to us, and we are more than the worst things we have done. As a therapist, I create a space where it's safe to explore your story, and where you are encouraged to discover, grow, & give voice to your true self. Also, for those who are interested, I am able to incorporate my training as spiritual director to provide a non-judgmental space beyond ideology, that explores one's spiritual story, in order to provide full body, mind, and soul care.
Brooke Casella
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
I have an integrative approach to therapy drawing from Attachment Therapy, EFT, and IFS (internal family systems), while valuing the therapeutic relationship above all.
Every human at one point or another needs help on their journey in life. Perhaps you are feeling stuck or disconnected, experiencing a loss, or in the midst of a life transition. Maybe life feels overwhelming or your ways of being (beliefs and strategies) are no longer working for you or you are just longing for things to be different but aren’t sure where to even start. It takes great courage to find a counselor and begin the process of healing and wholeness that can come through therapy. I understand this as I have experienced my own transformative growth and healing through personal therapy.
I have an integrative approach to therapy drawing from Attachment Therapy, EFT, and IFS (internal family systems), while valuing the therapeutic relationship above all.
Every human at one point or another needs help on their journey in life. Perhaps you are feeling stuck or disconnected, experiencing a loss, or in the midst of a life transition. Maybe life feels overwhelming or your ways of being (beliefs and strategies) are no longer working for you or you are just longing for things to be different but aren’t sure where to even start. It takes great courage to find a counselor and begin the process of healing and wholeness that can come through therapy. I understand this as I have experienced my own transformative growth and healing through personal therapy.
Marie Gilland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215 (Online Only)
My treatment approach is integrative, including cognitive-behavioral (CBT), Trauma-Informed, and Culturally Sensitive modalities.
I view therapy as an interactive process leading to the possibility of starting a journey that can guide you through your difficulties, enrich your understanding of yourself, and overcome the things that no longer serve you to cultivate a more grounded and fulfilling life. Centered in honesty and compassion, I will work with you to gain a deeper understanding of working through internal and current difficulties, help nurture your capacity for change, and acquire practical skills to shift the patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that inhibits your growth and a more positive engagement in life and relationships.
My treatment approach is integrative, including cognitive-behavioral (CBT), Trauma-Informed, and Culturally Sensitive modalities.
I view therapy as an interactive process leading to the possibility of starting a journey that can guide you through your difficulties, enrich your understanding of yourself, and overcome the things that no longer serve you to cultivate a more grounded and fulfilling life. Centered in honesty and compassion, I will work with you to gain a deeper understanding of working through internal and current difficulties, help nurture your capacity for change, and acquire practical skills to shift the patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that inhibits your growth and a more positive engagement in life and relationships.
Rhea D Harrison
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
My therapeutic style uses an integrative approach, that includes multicultural, client-centered approach.
Hey, Hey! Look at you, pursuing therapy! My name is Rhea D. Harrison, I am a second-year practicum student in the Counseling Psychology Doctoral Program at Tennessee State University. I enjoy working with adolescents and young adults as they transition into the most significant times in their lives. My clinical experience includes providing individual psychotherapy and group therapy to adolescents, college students, and young adults from low-income backgrounds. I provide services for Black womxn and girls, while also using a multicultural approach to respect the various intersections that clients identify with.
My therapeutic style uses an integrative approach, that includes multicultural, client-centered approach.
Hey, Hey! Look at you, pursuing therapy! My name is Rhea D. Harrison, I am a second-year practicum student in the Counseling Psychology Doctoral Program at Tennessee State University. I enjoy working with adolescents and young adults as they transition into the most significant times in their lives. My clinical experience includes providing individual psychotherapy and group therapy to adolescents, college students, and young adults from low-income backgrounds. I provide services for Black womxn and girls, while also using a multicultural approach to respect the various intersections that clients identify with.
Samara Silvester
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
I am honored to join my clients on their unique journeys, offering a safe holding environment to facilitate connection, healing, and growth. I favor a client-centered and integrative approach, providing empathy and unconditional positive regard as clients navigate a variety of concerns. I am passionate in my commitment to walk alongside clients as they develop the skills to foster more authentic and meaningful connections with both self and others.
I am honored to join my clients on their unique journeys, offering a safe holding environment to facilitate connection, healing, and growth. I favor a client-centered and integrative approach, providing empathy and unconditional positive regard as clients navigate a variety of concerns. I am passionate in my commitment to walk alongside clients as they develop the skills to foster more authentic and meaningful connections with both self and others.
Missy Caldwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
Whether Missy is serving clients by holding space to listen, coupled with cognitive support, or providing integrative methods in practice such as yogic breath work or relaxation techniques, Missy is open to the journey of self discovery and she is gifted in partnering with and empowering others along the path to well being.
Missy has worked in the field of mental health for over fifteen years as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. She is experienced in working with individuals, couples and youth in the areas of trauma, attachment, depression, anxiety, grief, relational issues, body image, personal growth and self care. In addition to being a mental health clinician, Missy is a registered yoga teacher, with well over 500 hours of training, and an additional 300 hour certification in yoga therapy.
Whether Missy is serving clients by holding space to listen, coupled with cognitive support, or providing integrative methods in practice such as yogic breath work or relaxation techniques, Missy is open to the journey of self discovery and she is gifted in partnering with and empowering others along the path to well being.
Missy has worked in the field of mental health for over fifteen years as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. She is experienced in working with individuals, couples and youth in the areas of trauma, attachment, depression, anxiety, grief, relational issues, body image, personal growth and self care. In addition to being a mental health clinician, Missy is a registered yoga teacher, with well over 500 hours of training, and an additional 300 hour certification in yoga therapy.
Angie de Meistre
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
Waitlist for new clients
I employ an integrative and holistic Attachment and Mindfulness-based therapeutic framework rooted in Narrative, Restoration (RT), and Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) modalities to support and help co-create opportunities for healing for women (19+), families, and couples navigating the perinatal and postpartum period, pregnancy and infant loss, and infertility. Additionally, I have experience working with relationship stress, seismic life transitions, grief and loss, family conflict, anxiety, depression, chronic illnesses and major medical diagnoses, and trauma.
I employ an integrative and holistic Attachment and Mindfulness-based therapeutic framework rooted in Narrative, Restoration (RT), and Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) modalities to support and help co-create opportunities for healing for women (19+), families, and couples navigating the perinatal and postpartum period, pregnancy and infant loss, and infertility. Additionally, I have experience working with relationship stress, seismic life transitions, grief and loss, family conflict, anxiety, depression, chronic illnesses and major medical diagnoses, and trauma.
Thomas David Neilson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
My approach to psychological healing is integrative, mixing psychodynamic, mind/body, transpersonal, mindfulness, and CBT approaches to psychotherapy. My philosophy of therapy stresses respect for the client and the client’s experience. Therapy often involves the exploration of family of origin issues and the impact of old conditioning on current functioning. I also emphasize the importance of developing existing personal strengths and resources. I often use a personality system called the Enneagram to clarify client strengths and issues. I have expertise in mindfulness. See my website, www.musiccitytherapy.com.
My approach to psychological healing is integrative, mixing psychodynamic, mind/body, transpersonal, mindfulness, and CBT approaches to psychotherapy. My philosophy of therapy stresses respect for the client and the client’s experience. Therapy often involves the exploration of family of origin issues and the impact of old conditioning on current functioning. I also emphasize the importance of developing existing personal strengths and resources. I often use a personality system called the Enneagram to clarify client strengths and issues. I have expertise in mindfulness. See my website, www.musiccitytherapy.com.
See more therapy options for Nashville
Integrative Therapists
What is integrative therapy?
Integrative therapy is a type of therapy that combines ideas and techniques from different therapeutic approaches depending on the needs of the individual client. By merging elements of different treatments, an integrative therapist aims to offer a more flexible approach than those who practice just one type of therapy.
How does integrative therapy work?
Integrative therapy approaches a client’s mental, physical, and emotional health in a holistic way to discover the sources of their unhealthy behavior patterns or other challenges and considers the approach most likely to lead to improvement. Among the techniques an integrative therapist may practice are cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, EMDR, mindfulness, art or music therapy, psychodynamic therapy, breathwork, family systems therapy, gestalt therapy, and trauma-informed therapy. An integrative therapist regularly evaluates the client’s progress and is prepared to pivot to a different approach if progress stalls.
How long does integrative therapy last?
As with most forms of talk therapy, there is no set duration or end point for integrative therapy; people who find they are making progress typically continue until they feel they’ve addressed the issues that spurred them to seek treatment. New patients should understand that it may take some time for a therapist to land on a treatment approach that best meets their needs, but once they do, they should expect sessions to extend for a number of months, typically including at least 12 sessions.
How effective is integrative therapy?
There are hundreds of types of talk therapy, and research shows that while they vary in form, goals, and frequency, many if not all can produce similarly successful outcomes. But a single approach does not always deliver the greatest, or speediest, benefit, and so even therapists primarily trained in one model will use tools, language, techniques, or exercises from others to shape an effective treatment plan.