Therapists in Knoxville, TN

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Photo of Jamie Harvey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jamie Harvey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Knoxville, TN 37934
Jamie Harvey is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Tennessee who has been practicing since 2012. Jamie utilizes Cognitive Behavioral therapy and other evidence based therapeutic interventions in order to assist the client in processing the challenges that they have faced in their life. She offers a judgement free space to allow clients to heal and continue their journey. Outside of work, Jamie enjoys attending car shows, crafting, and spending time with her family. She loves to read, especially thriller/crimebased books.
Jamie Harvey is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Tennessee who has been practicing since 2012. Jamie utilizes Cognitive Behavioral therapy and other evidence based therapeutic interventions in order to assist the client in processing the challenges that they have faced in their life. She offers a judgement free space to allow clients to heal and continue their journey. Outside of work, Jamie enjoys attending car shows, crafting, and spending time with her family. She loves to read, especially thriller/crimebased books.
(865) 328-1625 View (865) 328-1625
Photo of Katherine Hatcher, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, NCC
Katherine Hatcher
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, NCC
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
There are many challenges we face throughout our lives that can impact our ability to function in various ways. They may affect our personal self-care, interpersonal and family relationships, and work/academic responsibilities. These difficulties can leave us feeling confused, anxious, and isolated. In these seasons, it's especially important to feel a sense of safety and understanding, and to know you are not alone. As a therapist, I want to walk alongside you and provide the support needed to help on your journey towards healing and find what works best for you.
There are many challenges we face throughout our lives that can impact our ability to function in various ways. They may affect our personal self-care, interpersonal and family relationships, and work/academic responsibilities. These difficulties can leave us feeling confused, anxious, and isolated. In these seasons, it's especially important to feel a sense of safety and understanding, and to know you are not alone. As a therapist, I want to walk alongside you and provide the support needed to help on your journey towards healing and find what works best for you.
(865) 269-9502 View (865) 269-9502
Photo of Dr. Nina Beloni, Pre-Licensed Professional, EdD, MS
Dr. Nina Beloni
Pre-Licensed Professional, EdD, MS
5 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37918
Waitlist for new clients
Do you find yourself getting in your own way? I specialize in working with athletes and clients with ADHD and anxiety who are dealing with burnout, perfectionism, life transitions, identity questions, and/or disordered eating. As a practitioner with ADHD, I value creating a safe space for neurodivergent clients to work with someone who has a unique understanding of the barriers that we face when trying to heal. As a former professional athlete and mental performance specialist, I love helping athletes break out of the performance-anxiety pressure cooker to re-connect with their joy, motivation, and focus.
Do you find yourself getting in your own way? I specialize in working with athletes and clients with ADHD and anxiety who are dealing with burnout, perfectionism, life transitions, identity questions, and/or disordered eating. As a practitioner with ADHD, I value creating a safe space for neurodivergent clients to work with someone who has a unique understanding of the barriers that we face when trying to heal. As a former professional athlete and mental performance specialist, I love helping athletes break out of the performance-anxiety pressure cooker to re-connect with their joy, motivation, and focus.
(865) 413-5796 View (865) 413-5796
Photo of Anne Goss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Anne Goss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Knoxville, TN 37922
Over the years Anne has worked with a multitude of issues including, but not limited to, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, personality challenges, crisis prevention, anger management, and relationship challenges. Anne has provided services to individuals, couples, groups, and families in both community and private practice, as well as inpatient and outpatient settings.
Over the years Anne has worked with a multitude of issues including, but not limited to, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, personality challenges, crisis prevention, anger management, and relationship challenges. Anne has provided services to individuals, couples, groups, and families in both community and private practice, as well as inpatient and outpatient settings.
(865) 217-2659 View (865) 217-2659
Photo of Kathleen J Reilly, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Kathleen J Reilly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Knoxville, TN 37918
I believe that with enough stress anyone could become overwhelmed and need help re-grouping. My goal is to help clients identify and access strengths as well as learn new coping skills to have happier relationships; increased self-esteem; and a more fulfilling life. I have experience with all types of clients and issues ranging from adjustment problems (primarily relationships and work) to more complex issues including depression, anxiety, grief, and unresolved childhood abuse.
I believe that with enough stress anyone could become overwhelmed and need help re-grouping. My goal is to help clients identify and access strengths as well as learn new coping skills to have happier relationships; increased self-esteem; and a more fulfilling life. I have experience with all types of clients and issues ranging from adjustment problems (primarily relationships and work) to more complex issues including depression, anxiety, grief, and unresolved childhood abuse.
(865) 935-9966 View (865) 935-9966
Photo of Regina Reed-Davis - Heart, Mind & Soul Counseling , Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Heart, Mind & Soul Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Knoxville, TN 37934
FOCUS: Trauma Recovery, Divorce Recovery, Relationship Counseling, Emotionally Focused Counseling, Gottman Couples Counseling, Certificated EMDR therapist, Cognitive Behavioral therapy, Faith-Based Christian counseling, and Prepare & Enrich Premarital Counseling.
FOCUS: Trauma Recovery, Divorce Recovery, Relationship Counseling, Emotionally Focused Counseling, Gottman Couples Counseling, Certificated EMDR therapist, Cognitive Behavioral therapy, Faith-Based Christian counseling, and Prepare & Enrich Premarital Counseling.
(865) 421-7181 View (865) 421-7181
Photo of Ashley Curry - Down To Earth Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Down To Earth Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
4 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37909
Down To Earth Services is actively accepting new clients for medication management and counseling services! Sometimes, no matter how independent we are, we need help. We have a passion for supporting people who are seeking help managing high stress, life changes, anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms. We have a "down to earth" group of people who you will find to be genuine and transparent. We currently offer individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy and medication management.
Down To Earth Services is actively accepting new clients for medication management and counseling services! Sometimes, no matter how independent we are, we need help. We have a passion for supporting people who are seeking help managing high stress, life changes, anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms. We have a "down to earth" group of people who you will find to be genuine and transparent. We currently offer individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy and medication management.
(865) 375-0786 View (865) 375-0786
Photo of Thomas Langer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
Thomas Langer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
Knoxville, TN 37932
Thomas obtained his Master of Science degree in Clinical Social Work from the University of Tennessee and was awarded the Graduate Trauma Treatment Certificate. He holds a second master’s degree from the London School of Economics and Political Science in International Development and Humanitarian Emergencies and received his Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies with a minor in Human Rights from the University of Iowa.Thomas obtained his Master of Science degree in Clinical Social Work from the University of Tennessee and was awarded the Graduate Trauma Treatment Certificate. He holds a second master’s degree from the Lo
Thomas obtained his Master of Science degree in Clinical Social Work from the University of Tennessee and was awarded the Graduate Trauma Treatment Certificate. He holds a second master’s degree from the London School of Economics and Political Science in International Development and Humanitarian Emergencies and received his Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies with a minor in Human Rights from the University of Iowa.Thomas obtained his Master of Science degree in Clinical Social Work from the University of Tennessee and was awarded the Graduate Trauma Treatment Certificate. He holds a second master’s degree from the Lo
(865) 503-4695 View (865) 503-4695
Photo of Melissa Ogle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Melissa Ogle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Knoxville, TN 37922
Melissa Ogle helps adolescents, teens, and adults across Tennessee navigate complex emotional and life challenges with compassionate, evidence-based care at LifeStance Health. She provides individual, couples, and family therapy for concerns such as anxiety, depression, and trauma, creating a supportive environment where clients can feel understood while developing practical skills for lasting change.Melissa Ogle helps adolescents, teens, and adults across Tennessee navigate complex emotional and life challenges with compassionate, evidence-based care at LifeStance Health. She provides individual, couples, and family therapy for con
Melissa Ogle helps adolescents, teens, and adults across Tennessee navigate complex emotional and life challenges with compassionate, evidence-based care at LifeStance Health. She provides individual, couples, and family therapy for concerns such as anxiety, depression, and trauma, creating a supportive environment where clients can feel understood while developing practical skills for lasting change.Melissa Ogle helps adolescents, teens, and adults across Tennessee navigate complex emotional and life challenges with compassionate, evidence-based care at LifeStance Health. She provides individual, couples, and family therapy for con
(865) 420-7484 View (865) 420-7484
Photo of Brett Gleason, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Brett Gleason
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
I am a licensed professional counselor that specializes in working with children with emotional and behavioral issues including those who come from hard places and have experienced various types of trauma. I operate from an attachment perspective to help children, parents and families strengthen their relationships to get their deepest needs met. Being an adoptive father I have a particular heart for adoption and foster care.
I am a licensed professional counselor that specializes in working with children with emotional and behavioral issues including those who come from hard places and have experienced various types of trauma. I operate from an attachment perspective to help children, parents and families strengthen their relationships to get their deepest needs met. Being an adoptive father I have a particular heart for adoption and foster care.
(865) 240-2253 View (865) 240-2253
Photo of Jessica Newman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LMSW
Jessica Newman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LMSW
Knoxville, TN 37922
Jessica Newman is a Licensed Master Social Worker in Tennessee. Jessica obtained her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology with a Focus in Counseling at Maryville College and her Master of Science in Social Work at the University of Tennessee. Jessica believes mental health is not a destination but instead an ever-evolving journey. This journey involves the integration of our mind, body, and spirit, with the goal of total wellness and assisting clients with development of vitality for life.
Jessica Newman is a Licensed Master Social Worker in Tennessee. Jessica obtained her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology with a Focus in Counseling at Maryville College and her Master of Science in Social Work at the University of Tennessee. Jessica believes mental health is not a destination but instead an ever-evolving journey. This journey involves the integration of our mind, body, and spirit, with the goal of total wellness and assisting clients with development of vitality for life.
(865) 328-1969 View (865) 328-1969
Photo of Kimberly Hendrix, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Kimberly Hendrix
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I have special training in assessing patient mental health and treating cognitive, psychological, and behavioral disorders using a wide variety of therapy techniques. I help clients work through trauma, divorce, and relationship concerns. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a special therapy to assist in trauma that is an additional therapy tool we may use. I am a very compassionate and humble therapist. We will look at some possible past and current factors that could be affecting your current situation.
I have special training in assessing patient mental health and treating cognitive, psychological, and behavioral disorders using a wide variety of therapy techniques. I help clients work through trauma, divorce, and relationship concerns. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a special therapy to assist in trauma that is an additional therapy tool we may use. I am a very compassionate and humble therapist. We will look at some possible past and current factors that could be affecting your current situation.
(865) 205-8611 View (865) 205-8611
Photo of Melissa Herb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Melissa Herb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I will help you through healing, improving, achieving goals, and finding purpose in life. I'm here to assist you in developing skills that will improve your ability to be mindful, regulate emotions, tolerate distress, and be effective in your relationships. Learning these skills builds confidence, and assurance of self, and opens alternatives to getting out of the immediate stuck patterns. As your therapist, I help you to learn and practice these skills. To help ignite motivation, we will use music, art, poetry, and writing.
I will help you through healing, improving, achieving goals, and finding purpose in life. I'm here to assist you in developing skills that will improve your ability to be mindful, regulate emotions, tolerate distress, and be effective in your relationships. Learning these skills builds confidence, and assurance of self, and opens alternatives to getting out of the immediate stuck patterns. As your therapist, I help you to learn and practice these skills. To help ignite motivation, we will use music, art, poetry, and writing.
(865) 813-8401 View (865) 813-8401
Photo of Collin Killough, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MFT-I
Collin Killough
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MFT-I
6 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37932
Hi, I’m Collin, a Marriage and Family Therapist passionate about helping people heal, grow, and rediscover hope. I work with children, teens, and adults who are feeling stuck in patterns of anxiety, disconnection, or conflict. My goal is to create a warm, judgment-free space where you can feel safe, seen, and supported as you explore your story. Whether you’re walking through the pain of relationship struggles, navigating stress and overwhelm, or learning to manage ADHD, depression, or anxiety, we’ll move at your pace. I believe healing starts with understanding, not pressure or perfection, and I’ll meet you right where you are.
Hi, I’m Collin, a Marriage and Family Therapist passionate about helping people heal, grow, and rediscover hope. I work with children, teens, and adults who are feeling stuck in patterns of anxiety, disconnection, or conflict. My goal is to create a warm, judgment-free space where you can feel safe, seen, and supported as you explore your story. Whether you’re walking through the pain of relationship struggles, navigating stress and overwhelm, or learning to manage ADHD, depression, or anxiety, we’ll move at your pace. I believe healing starts with understanding, not pressure or perfection, and I’ll meet you right where you are.
(423) 220-4464 View (423) 220-4464
Photo of Alex Thompson - Kindred Therapy LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, ADS, CSTS
Kindred Therapy LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, ADS, CSTS
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37909
Accepting new clients. Do you ever feel like you're drowning in emotions, barely able to catch your breath? Are you tired of not feeling heard or constantly struggling with thoughts like “I’m not good enough”? Maybe you’re feeling overwhelmed by daily life, lacking motivation, or disconnected from support. You might be dealing with anxiety, depression, PTSD, trauma, grief, or the everyday struggles of parenting—even if you haven’t been officially diagnosed. If this sounds like you, you’re not alone. These feelings are more common than ever—and they don’t make you weak or broken. Healing is possible and we want to help.
Accepting new clients. Do you ever feel like you're drowning in emotions, barely able to catch your breath? Are you tired of not feeling heard or constantly struggling with thoughts like “I’m not good enough”? Maybe you’re feeling overwhelmed by daily life, lacking motivation, or disconnected from support. You might be dealing with anxiety, depression, PTSD, trauma, grief, or the everyday struggles of parenting—even if you haven’t been officially diagnosed. If this sounds like you, you’re not alone. These feelings are more common than ever—and they don’t make you weak or broken. Healing is possible and we want to help.
(865) 375-8991 View (865) 375-8991
Photo of Stephanie Swain Weatherstone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEDS-C
Stephanie Swain Weatherstone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEDS-C
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
I am a Certified Eating Disorders Specialist (CEDS-C) and approved consultant, seeing patients in person and via telehealth. I offer individual, family, and group therapy at my practice. I am regularly inspired by the individuals and families I see for therapy, and am humbled by the fact I am someone with whom they choose to share their greatest pain, their deepest secrets, and meaningful epiphanies about the world in which they live. Every person is different, every situation is different, and the number of variables present are infinite. I enjoy taking this journey with patients as they work to regain a feeling of being whole.
I am a Certified Eating Disorders Specialist (CEDS-C) and approved consultant, seeing patients in person and via telehealth. I offer individual, family, and group therapy at my practice. I am regularly inspired by the individuals and families I see for therapy, and am humbled by the fact I am someone with whom they choose to share their greatest pain, their deepest secrets, and meaningful epiphanies about the world in which they live. Every person is different, every situation is different, and the number of variables present are infinite. I enjoy taking this journey with patients as they work to regain a feeling of being whole.
(865) 551-6708 View (865) 551-6708
Photo of Amy Canfield, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Amy Canfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Waitlist for new clients
Waiting List. Are you struggling with anxiety and/or depression, adjusting to life changes and stressors, or finding it difficult to maintain healthy relationships? Do you have a history of complex family dynamics or complex trauma, and you're struggling to understand how to make sense of these experiences and feel more secure in yourself and relationships with others? The complexity of these experiences can impact many areas of one's life, most importantly one's relationship to self and the mind-body connection. My goal is to help you make sense of and heal from the past, and reconnect with yourself.
Waiting List. Are you struggling with anxiety and/or depression, adjusting to life changes and stressors, or finding it difficult to maintain healthy relationships? Do you have a history of complex family dynamics or complex trauma, and you're struggling to understand how to make sense of these experiences and feel more secure in yourself and relationships with others? The complexity of these experiences can impact many areas of one's life, most importantly one's relationship to self and the mind-body connection. My goal is to help you make sense of and heal from the past, and reconnect with yourself.
(865) 672-0536 View (865) 672-0536
Photo of Ashley Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, MEd
Ashley Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, MEd
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37918
Coming to counseling can be a scary hurdle to cross. Here you are! I'm so proud of you already. Together, we can work on healing from trauma, processing grief and loss, building your relationship with your partner, or learning how to respond to others better. Compassion, patience, and kindness will always be present when you walk into my office. You will put in the work both in office and at home to continue to strive to be the best version of yourself that you can be.
Coming to counseling can be a scary hurdle to cross. Here you are! I'm so proud of you already. Together, we can work on healing from trauma, processing grief and loss, building your relationship with your partner, or learning how to respond to others better. Compassion, patience, and kindness will always be present when you walk into my office. You will put in the work both in office and at home to continue to strive to be the best version of yourself that you can be.
(865) 830-3317 View (865) 830-3317
Photo of Carletta Rando Smelcer - Lyons View Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, MHSP
Lyons View Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, MHSP
Knoxville, TN 37919
Dr. Smelcer has over 18 years of clinical experience specializing in treating depression, anxiety, addiction disorders including behavioral addictions, trauma, grief, sexual identity concerns, premarital, life transitions, ADHD, LGBTQ and childhood disorders. The clinical team at Lyons View Counseling is passionate about helping clients gain insight and build from their strengths to make changes that improve their overall functioning.
Dr. Smelcer has over 18 years of clinical experience specializing in treating depression, anxiety, addiction disorders including behavioral addictions, trauma, grief, sexual identity concerns, premarital, life transitions, ADHD, LGBTQ and childhood disorders. The clinical team at Lyons View Counseling is passionate about helping clients gain insight and build from their strengths to make changes that improve their overall functioning.
(865) 344-6076 View (865) 344-6076
Photo of Mannie (Amanda) D Switzer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Mannie (Amanda) D Switzer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37909
Waitlist for new clients
I am honored to practice on the territory of the Tsalagi and Tsahoya people. I am a grateful guest on their territory. In order to create a safe place for healing and growth, authenticity and acknowledgement of what is here now is essential. Whether you are looking to start therapy for the first time or you are trying it again, our time together is centered around your experience and ways you hope to move through the world.
I am honored to practice on the territory of the Tsalagi and Tsahoya people. I am a grateful guest on their territory. In order to create a safe place for healing and growth, authenticity and acknowledgement of what is here now is essential. Whether you are looking to start therapy for the first time or you are trying it again, our time together is centered around your experience and ways you hope to move through the world.
(865) 217-2527 View (865) 217-2527

See more therapy options for Knoxville

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Knoxville, TN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Knoxville, TN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
92% Social Anxiety
92% Health Anxiety
92% Driving Anxiety
84% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
73% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
74% Cigna and Evernorth
71% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Knoxville, TN see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Knoxville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.