Therapists in Tennessee

View cities and counties in Tennessee
Photo of Rev. Kendra Ketter Chavis, Pastoral Counselor, MDiv
Rev. Kendra Ketter Chavis
Pastoral Counselor, MDiv
Nashville, TN 37217
An ideal client is someone looking to grow personally, relationally, and/or professionally, with the Christian framework of hope, love, and accountability. I offer counsel and space to consider the big picture of your life. It is important to note - I do NOT offer psychological diagnoses. That is not a disclaimer but a conviction. I highly encourage time with a licensed therapist for mental health conditions, and the traumas that may have exposed them. I want you whole. However, if it's a matter of the impact on your heart and soul, or for wisdom and spiritual perspective - I would love to walk with you.
An ideal client is someone looking to grow personally, relationally, and/or professionally, with the Christian framework of hope, love, and accountability. I offer counsel and space to consider the big picture of your life. It is important to note - I do NOT offer psychological diagnoses. That is not a disclaimer but a conviction. I highly encourage time with a licensed therapist for mental health conditions, and the traumas that may have exposed them. I want you whole. However, if it's a matter of the impact on your heart and soul, or for wisdom and spiritual perspective - I would love to walk with you.
View
Photo of Khelsea Walker, Licensed Professional Counselor, Mhc, LPC
Khelsea Walker
Licensed Professional Counselor, Mhc, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
New to therapy or seeking to start again? With over 10 years in counseling services I can help you start your journey today. There is a safe space for you here, whether your narrative is searching for personal growth, or insight into life circumstances, having a safe environment that is not only reflective but guided by professional support helps you regain control. As a licensed clinician my goal is to help you understand negative feelings, repressed emotions, and resolve internal psychological conflict.
New to therapy or seeking to start again? With over 10 years in counseling services I can help you start your journey today. There is a safe space for you here, whether your narrative is searching for personal growth, or insight into life circumstances, having a safe environment that is not only reflective but guided by professional support helps you regain control. As a licensed clinician my goal is to help you understand negative feelings, repressed emotions, and resolve internal psychological conflict.
(901) 979-9464 View (901) 979-9464
Photo of Faith Shultz, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Faith Shultz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Online Only
Life is hard, it’s harder when the world doesn't feel like it was made for you. We all need someone to talk to, especially when depression keeps rearing its head and anxiety is an old friend. You deserve to be heard and I'm here to listen. I’m easiest to contact through email, reach out to set up a free phone consultation or an appointment!
Life is hard, it’s harder when the world doesn't feel like it was made for you. We all need someone to talk to, especially when depression keeps rearing its head and anxiety is an old friend. You deserve to be heard and I'm here to listen. I’m easiest to contact through email, reach out to set up a free phone consultation or an appointment!
(865) 737-1943 View (865) 737-1943
Photo of Brooke Rappaport, Psychologist, PhD
Brooke Rappaport
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37204
I love working with women and gender expansive people on concerns such as anxiety, depression, adjustment, life transitions, and trauma. I love guiding people through life transitions, shifts, and identity development. Helping my clients in their personal growth is especially fun for me. Aside from personal growth, I am most experienced working with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and trauma. I help clients understand how systems beyond their individual life impacts why they may be feeling how they are feeling. I help clients work to live authentic and genuine lives that align with their personal values.
I love working with women and gender expansive people on concerns such as anxiety, depression, adjustment, life transitions, and trauma. I love guiding people through life transitions, shifts, and identity development. Helping my clients in their personal growth is especially fun for me. Aside from personal growth, I am most experienced working with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and trauma. I help clients understand how systems beyond their individual life impacts why they may be feeling how they are feeling. I help clients work to live authentic and genuine lives that align with their personal values.
(615) 551-7967 View (615) 551-7967
Photo of Chris Nelson, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Chris Nelson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
8 Endorsed
Online Only
Something isn't working — and you may not be able to say exactly what. You've managed, accomplished, perhaps sought help before. But a familiar dissatisfaction returns. Relationships repeat their patterns. A symptom persists despite your best efforts to be rid of it. Psychoanalysis begins precisely here: not with a treatment plan, but with a question about what your suffering might be trying to say. This is not short-term or symptom-targeted work. There is no curriculum, no homework, no fixed endpoint. Just your voice, without a filter.
Something isn't working — and you may not be able to say exactly what. You've managed, accomplished, perhaps sought help before. But a familiar dissatisfaction returns. Relationships repeat their patterns. A symptom persists despite your best efforts to be rid of it. Psychoanalysis begins precisely here: not with a treatment plan, but with a question about what your suffering might be trying to say. This is not short-term or symptom-targeted work. There is no curriculum, no homework, no fixed endpoint. Just your voice, without a filter.
(413) 350-1199 View (413) 350-1199
Photo of Kristin Trudeau, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCMHSP, LADAC, CST, CFRC
Kristin Trudeau
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCMHSP, LADAC, CST, CFRC
8 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
Hi, I’m Kristin, and I’m really glad you’re here. If you’re considering therapy, there’s a good chance you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or just tired of holding everything together. Starting therapy can feel scary as hell. My role is to give you a space where you feel heard, respected, and supported without having to pretend you’re fine. My work with individuals & couples/relationships is warm, down-to-earth, and judgment free. Whether you’re working through anxiety, trauma, sex or intimacy concerns, relationship stress, or the unique pressure that comes with being a first responder, we’ll take it one step at a time, together.
Hi, I’m Kristin, and I’m really glad you’re here. If you’re considering therapy, there’s a good chance you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or just tired of holding everything together. Starting therapy can feel scary as hell. My role is to give you a space where you feel heard, respected, and supported without having to pretend you’re fine. My work with individuals & couples/relationships is warm, down-to-earth, and judgment free. Whether you’re working through anxiety, trauma, sex or intimacy concerns, relationship stress, or the unique pressure that comes with being a first responder, we’ll take it one step at a time, together.
(615) 461-4825 View (615) 461-4825
Photo of Lori McDunn, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Lori McDunn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Are you struggling with intimacy and feeling genuine connectedness to others? Have you suspected that you have attachment problems that seem to be repeated patterns in your life? What about sexual intimacy problems? Perhaps these are the topics you wouldn't want to share with anyone, but you'd still like to address. Let me help provide you with psychoeducation and "homework" to see actionable change in the way you relate to others and how pothers relate and connect to you.
Are you struggling with intimacy and feeling genuine connectedness to others? Have you suspected that you have attachment problems that seem to be repeated patterns in your life? What about sexual intimacy problems? Perhaps these are the topics you wouldn't want to share with anyone, but you'd still like to address. Let me help provide you with psychoeducation and "homework" to see actionable change in the way you relate to others and how pothers relate and connect to you.
(731) 246-9167 View (731) 246-9167
Photo of Stephanie Marie Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Stephanie Marie Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Online Only
My ideal client is someone impacted by complex or acute trauma who feels overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected and wants lasting change—not just coping. They may notice that past experiences continue to affect their emotions, relationships, or sense of safety in daily life. I’m a licensed therapist in Tennessee with 17 years of experience, specializing in trauma recovery, stress, and relationship challenges. Using EMDR, CBT, and psychoeducation, I help clients process difficult experiences, build resilience, and move toward a more grounded, fulfilling life.
My ideal client is someone impacted by complex or acute trauma who feels overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected and wants lasting change—not just coping. They may notice that past experiences continue to affect their emotions, relationships, or sense of safety in daily life. I’m a licensed therapist in Tennessee with 17 years of experience, specializing in trauma recovery, stress, and relationship challenges. Using EMDR, CBT, and psychoeducation, I help clients process difficult experiences, build resilience, and move toward a more grounded, fulfilling life.
(615) 552-1815 View (615) 552-1815
Photo of Sarah Bearss, Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC, LPCC, LMHC
Sarah Bearss
Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC, LPCC, LMHC
Online Only
Life can sometimes feel overwhelming, especially when anxiety, past trauma, or relationship challenges begin to take a toll. At Willow Tree Counseling, I provide a safe and confidential space where individuals and couples can explore what they’re going through and begin building healthier patterns, stronger relationships, and a greater sense of balance. I have over 14 years experience working as a therapist with a speciality in trauma and anxiety. Helping you reach your personal goals is my priority.
Life can sometimes feel overwhelming, especially when anxiety, past trauma, or relationship challenges begin to take a toll. At Willow Tree Counseling, I provide a safe and confidential space where individuals and couples can explore what they’re going through and begin building healthier patterns, stronger relationships, and a greater sense of balance. I have over 14 years experience working as a therapist with a speciality in trauma and anxiety. Helping you reach your personal goals is my priority.
(931) 652-1466 View (931) 652-1466
Photo of David Morgan, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
David Morgan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Nashville, TN 37211
David Morgan, LPC/MHSP, LPCC, LPC, CPCS, LMHC, LCPC, NCC, ACS is an Approved Clinical Supervisor and Licensed Professional Counselor-Mental Health Service Provider in multiple states. He has a Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology from Western Carolina University. David has 37 years of mental health counseling experience working with adults, couples, and teens/families.
David Morgan, LPC/MHSP, LPCC, LPC, CPCS, LMHC, LCPC, NCC, ACS is an Approved Clinical Supervisor and Licensed Professional Counselor-Mental Health Service Provider in multiple states. He has a Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology from Western Carolina University. David has 37 years of mental health counseling experience working with adults, couples, and teens/families.
(281) 533-8343 View (281) 533-8343
Photo of Suzanne Davis, Pre-Licensed Professional
Suzanne Davis
Pre-Licensed Professional
2 Endorsed
Brentwood, TN 37027
Maybe you’ve spent so long being strong for everyone else that you feel disconnected, overwhelmed, or stuck. On the outside you function, but inside you feel stretched thin, anxious, or stuck in patterns you can’t quite shift. You’re craving space to breathe, clarity, and a way to feel grounded again. Most of all, you want a warm, steady place to heal, reconnect with yourself, and rebuild a life that feels authentic.
Maybe you’ve spent so long being strong for everyone else that you feel disconnected, overwhelmed, or stuck. On the outside you function, but inside you feel stretched thin, anxious, or stuck in patterns you can’t quite shift. You’re craving space to breathe, clarity, and a way to feel grounded again. Most of all, you want a warm, steady place to heal, reconnect with yourself, and rebuild a life that feels authentic.
(615) 989-2588 View (615) 989-2588
Photo of Tina Magnus, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Tina Magnus
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Maryville, TN 37804
I am not currently accepting couples or families, at this time I am focusing on individual work. I am in the office Monday-Wednesday and also currently can only offer daytime appointments. Book an opening immediately by clicking website and choose a time and I will follow up with you to complete forms. Life can be challenging for all of us. I am here to help and support you through your unique individual challenges. I will also help teach you valuable tools. If applicable to you we can also address emotional regulation so that you are able to handle your current and future challenges in a more healthy manner.
I am not currently accepting couples or families, at this time I am focusing on individual work. I am in the office Monday-Wednesday and also currently can only offer daytime appointments. Book an opening immediately by clicking website and choose a time and I will follow up with you to complete forms. Life can be challenging for all of us. I am here to help and support you through your unique individual challenges. I will also help teach you valuable tools. If applicable to you we can also address emotional regulation so that you are able to handle your current and future challenges in a more healthy manner.
(865) 276-8832 View (865) 276-8832
Photo of Megan Moss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Megan Moss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
6 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215
Are you feeling stuck but not sure where to start? I help clients struggling with body image, relational trauma, and anxiety find the root of the issue and make a plan to get unstuck. People reach out to me because they’re constantly comparing their body to others and struggling to feel desirable. Others reach out because they can’t trust themself or they’re unable to trust closeness after being hurt. These struggles often overlap, with shame about your body driving disordered eating and past relational wounds making connection feel risky. Change is possible and therapy can help you reclaim safety in your body and relationships!
Are you feeling stuck but not sure where to start? I help clients struggling with body image, relational trauma, and anxiety find the root of the issue and make a plan to get unstuck. People reach out to me because they’re constantly comparing their body to others and struggling to feel desirable. Others reach out because they can’t trust themself or they’re unable to trust closeness after being hurt. These struggles often overlap, with shame about your body driving disordered eating and past relational wounds making connection feel risky. Change is possible and therapy can help you reclaim safety in your body and relationships!
(615) 994-8242 View (615) 994-8242
Photo of Susan Stirewalt, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Susan Stirewalt
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Online Only
Availability for new clients! I’m a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC-MHSP) and National Certified Counselor with experience across outpatient, community mental health, and skilled nursing settings. I work with adults navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions. You might feel stuck in the past, easily overwhelmed by reminders of what you’ve been through, or find it hard to feel fully present. During life transitions, even positive changes can bring uncertainty, stress, or a sense of losing your footing. I offer a calm, supportive space where you can begin to process these experiences at your own pace.
Availability for new clients! I’m a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC-MHSP) and National Certified Counselor with experience across outpatient, community mental health, and skilled nursing settings. I work with adults navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions. You might feel stuck in the past, easily overwhelmed by reminders of what you’ve been through, or find it hard to feel fully present. During life transitions, even positive changes can bring uncertainty, stress, or a sense of losing your footing. I offer a calm, supportive space where you can begin to process these experiences at your own pace.
(865) 345-8171 View (865) 345-8171
Photo of Angelia P Roberts, Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Angelia P Roberts
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I frequently work with my clients using a rational and cognitive strength-based approach. I enjoy serving children, adults, couples, individuals and families. Approaches I lean into include Narrative Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Attachment Theory, Solution Focused. I believe in striving to achieve a fulfilling balance as a healthy human in today's society. I hold my clients accountable in making progress towards their goals. I encourage emotional exploration and expression as part of developing insights into barriers to healthy emotional experiences.
I frequently work with my clients using a rational and cognitive strength-based approach. I enjoy serving children, adults, couples, individuals and families. Approaches I lean into include Narrative Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Attachment Theory, Solution Focused. I believe in striving to achieve a fulfilling balance as a healthy human in today's society. I hold my clients accountable in making progress towards their goals. I encourage emotional exploration and expression as part of developing insights into barriers to healthy emotional experiences.
(615) 637-9082 View (615) 637-9082
Photo of Merna A Elsols, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RPT™
Merna A Elsols
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RPT™
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Healing happens when we attend to our attachment wounds, address our inner parts' needs, and adopt healthy communication patterns and boundaries. When we feel heard in safe spaces, we can begin to unpack past hurts, explore our needs, and express our feelings. I utilize an integrative and supportive approach to honor clients' stories and needs, establish and reignite meaningful relationships, and practice mindful emotional expression. My goal is to support clients as they explore past memories, enhance present connections, and process their hopes for the future.
Healing happens when we attend to our attachment wounds, address our inner parts' needs, and adopt healthy communication patterns and boundaries. When we feel heard in safe spaces, we can begin to unpack past hurts, explore our needs, and express our feelings. I utilize an integrative and supportive approach to honor clients' stories and needs, establish and reignite meaningful relationships, and practice mindful emotional expression. My goal is to support clients as they explore past memories, enhance present connections, and process their hopes for the future.
(629) 265-9801 View (629) 265-9801
Photo of Wendi S Read - Wendi Bucher (Read), New Day Counseling, MA, CTIC, CMR, CST, CSC
My work is rooted in compassion, truth, and practical guidance. I help individuals break cycles, rebuild trust with themselves, and restore the relationships that matter most. Whether you’re healing from narcissistic abuse, seeking deeper intimacy, or trying to reconnect with your sense of purpose, I’m here to walk beside you with steady, faith‑grounded support Healing begins the moment you decide you’re ready for something different. When faith becomes the anchor, transformation stops being a distant hope and becomes a real, attainable path forward.
My work is rooted in compassion, truth, and practical guidance. I help individuals break cycles, rebuild trust with themselves, and restore the relationships that matter most. Whether you’re healing from narcissistic abuse, seeking deeper intimacy, or trying to reconnect with your sense of purpose, I’m here to walk beside you with steady, faith‑grounded support Healing begins the moment you decide you’re ready for something different. When faith becomes the anchor, transformation stops being a distant hope and becomes a real, attainable path forward.
(423) 482-8269 View (423) 482-8269
Photo of Christopher Byrnes, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Christopher Byrnes
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Chattanooga, TN 37421
Mental illnesses, addictions and relationship problems - I have found that these three arenas are where most of our pain centers. And also where so much work has been done. You've gotten this far, and I'd consider it a privilege to fight the next battle alongside you.
Mental illnesses, addictions and relationship problems - I have found that these three arenas are where most of our pain centers. And also where so much work has been done. You've gotten this far, and I'd consider it a privilege to fight the next battle alongside you.
(423) 855-0402 x5 View (423) 855-0402 x5
Photo of David Vickery, Psychologist, PhD
David Vickery
Psychologist, PhD
Franklin, TN 37067
Let's talk about what is right about you......Let's name the good and let's begin the change. Most of us need help doing this as our day to day lives emphasize the negative and consequently we forget who we truly are. What does your "Best Self" look like and how do we get there. It is our hope at Positive Psychology Group that we may be of some help should you have retreated from an active participation in life by helping you rekindle the joy in life that has somehow been hidden and suppressed.
Let's talk about what is right about you......Let's name the good and let's begin the change. Most of us need help doing this as our day to day lives emphasize the negative and consequently we forget who we truly are. What does your "Best Self" look like and how do we get there. It is our hope at Positive Psychology Group that we may be of some help should you have retreated from an active participation in life by helping you rekindle the joy in life that has somehow been hidden and suppressed.
(615) 203-8064 View (615) 203-8064
Photo of Deborah E Doineau, Psychologist, EdD
Deborah E Doineau
Psychologist, EdD
Nashville, TN 37212
My clientele consists of children, adolescents, and adults. I use a variety of approaches in working with my clients in an attempt to find the most efficacious approach to meet the particular client's needs. As a psychologist, I also perform psychological evaluations for diagnostic purposes. For example, I evaluate cognitive ability, learning disorders, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, and many other issues. Finding oneself can be a daunting task in our complex society. I aspire to help my clients achieve self understanding, a sense of efficacy, and develop tools to assist them in navigating life's challenges on their own.
My clientele consists of children, adolescents, and adults. I use a variety of approaches in working with my clients in an attempt to find the most efficacious approach to meet the particular client's needs. As a psychologist, I also perform psychological evaluations for diagnostic purposes. For example, I evaluate cognitive ability, learning disorders, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, and many other issues. Finding oneself can be a daunting task in our complex society. I aspire to help my clients achieve self understanding, a sense of efficacy, and develop tools to assist them in navigating life's challenges on their own.
(615) 745-1058 View (615) 745-1058

See more therapy options for Tennessee

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$139

Therapists in Tennessee who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
91% Social Anxiety
91% Health Anxiety
91% Driving Anxiety
83% Depression
71% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
78% Cigna and Evernorth
68% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Tennessee see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tennessee?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.