Therapists in Williamsburg, VA

Photo of Sharon Harper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Williamsburg, VA
Sharon Harper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome to my page! I know this process can seem overwhelming and you might not know what exactly to do. Good news- you are already doing it! Look through these pages, use the filters provided, and then reach out to a therapist or 2 who you feel comfortable with and let the therapist take it from there. Most important is that you find someone who is the right fit for you. If you are thinking that person might be me, Keep reading! (2024 NOTE- I do not have after school or after work hours available)
Welcome to my page! I know this process can seem overwhelming and you might not know what exactly to do. Good news- you are already doing it! Look through these pages, use the filters provided, and then reach out to a therapist or 2 who you feel comfortable with and let the therapist take it from there. Most important is that you find someone who is the right fit for you. If you are thinking that person might be me, Keep reading! (2024 NOTE- I do not have after school or after work hours available)
(757) 345-8500 View (757) 345-8500
Photo of Dr. Johnston M Brendel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Dr. Johnston M Brendel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Not accepting new clients
Unable to Accept New Clients At This Time... Open-minded/progressive, with 25+ years experience, counseling services are designed to assist in gaining insight on issues, concerns and problems resulting from being human in a complex and sometimes difficult world. The focus of my practice is developing skills necessary to meet life’s challenges. Since research supports the therapeutic relationship as best predictor of counseling outcome, I welcome you to explore my bio to see if I’m a possible fit for you (details about me are available on my website: drbrendel.com).
Unable to Accept New Clients At This Time... Open-minded/progressive, with 25+ years experience, counseling services are designed to assist in gaining insight on issues, concerns and problems resulting from being human in a complex and sometimes difficult world. The focus of my practice is developing skills necessary to meet life’s challenges. Since research supports the therapeutic relationship as best predictor of counseling outcome, I welcome you to explore my bio to see if I’m a possible fit for you (details about me are available on my website: drbrendel.com).
(757) 517-3690 View (757) 517-3690
Photo of JPCounseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
JPCounseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. My experience includes treating mood and anxiety disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, and PTSD in adults and adolescents. I also work with gay/lesbian/ bisexual/ and transgendered clients. I work with people to improve their self-esteem, self-confidence, handle anger issues and relationships. My goal is to empower individuals to take control of their lives. I believe people have the ability to heal themselves and talking with someone can make a difference.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. My experience includes treating mood and anxiety disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, and PTSD in adults and adolescents. I also work with gay/lesbian/ bisexual/ and transgendered clients. I work with people to improve their self-esteem, self-confidence, handle anger issues and relationships. My goal is to empower individuals to take control of their lives. I believe people have the ability to heal themselves and talking with someone can make a difference.
(757) 655-0315 View (757) 655-0315
Photo of Stormi Addison, Resident in Counseling in Williamsburg, VA
Stormi Addison
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188  (Online Only)
Life can be difficult to navigate with challenges from the past and ongoing stressors which feels as if we're in a constant state of survival. Sound familiar? You are not alone. Therapy can be a safe space to explore and process these stressors, feelings, thoughts, etc. I work from a person-centered perspective to process your feelings, identify strengths, and help you access the tools you need to take back control to navigate the direction of your life. Through the art of processing information and applying evidence-based interventions, we will work together to meet your therapy goals and get a better grip on life.
Life can be difficult to navigate with challenges from the past and ongoing stressors which feels as if we're in a constant state of survival. Sound familiar? You are not alone. Therapy can be a safe space to explore and process these stressors, feelings, thoughts, etc. I work from a person-centered perspective to process your feelings, identify strengths, and help you access the tools you need to take back control to navigate the direction of your life. Through the art of processing information and applying evidence-based interventions, we will work together to meet your therapy goals and get a better grip on life.
(757) 210-7412 View (757) 210-7412
Photo of Justine Evirs, Pre-Licensed Professional in Williamsburg, VA
Justine Evirs
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, CPRS, CSAC-S
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188  (Online Only)
Are you having thoughts similar to "I think I have a problem with drinking" or "why can't I stop using this drug or doing this behavior" then you are in the right place. I've been there so many times in my life and I became a Substance Abuse Counselor to help people just like you and me. Addiction does not discriminate and can affect any age, race, social class, gender and it doesn't care what you do for a living, how many kids you have, or how many volunteer roles you have. If you are looking for a confidential space to learn more about addiction and recovery this you may have just found it.
Are you having thoughts similar to "I think I have a problem with drinking" or "why can't I stop using this drug or doing this behavior" then you are in the right place. I've been there so many times in my life and I became a Substance Abuse Counselor to help people just like you and me. Addiction does not discriminate and can affect any age, race, social class, gender and it doesn't care what you do for a living, how many kids you have, or how many volunteer roles you have. If you are looking for a confidential space to learn more about addiction and recovery this you may have just found it.
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Photo of Lifestyle Wellness Counseling LLC , Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Lifestyle Wellness Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients. My passion is to bring hope and mindful healing to children, adolescents, and adults. Whether you have experienced trauma, grief and loss, situational stress, situational changes, or are just feeling "off," mindful therapy can help. I utilize a variety of therapeutic practice modalities and interventions to best fit the needs and goals of each individual client including CBT, anger management, parent training, and mindfulness-based approaches. I have experience providing counseling services to a variety of individuals, in various settings.
Currently accepting new clients. My passion is to bring hope and mindful healing to children, adolescents, and adults. Whether you have experienced trauma, grief and loss, situational stress, situational changes, or are just feeling "off," mindful therapy can help. I utilize a variety of therapeutic practice modalities and interventions to best fit the needs and goals of each individual client including CBT, anger management, parent training, and mindfulness-based approaches. I have experience providing counseling services to a variety of individuals, in various settings.
(757) 909-6675 View (757) 909-6675
Photo of Penny R. Brockman, Resident in Counseling in Williamsburg, VA
Penny R. Brockman
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Everyone could use a little help getting through life. It's unpredictable, ever-changing, and sometimes very difficult. Whether you are experiencing present day relationship issues, grief, depression, or anxiety or you are reliving trauma from years ago, there is help available through a variety of approaches. I have experience with children, adolescents, adults, and couples and enjoy my time with each of them.
Everyone could use a little help getting through life. It's unpredictable, ever-changing, and sometimes very difficult. Whether you are experiencing present day relationship issues, grief, depression, or anxiety or you are reliving trauma from years ago, there is help available through a variety of approaches. I have experience with children, adolescents, adults, and couples and enjoy my time with each of them.
(757) 231-3286 View (757) 231-3286
Photo of Kat Gernon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Williamsburg, VA
Kat Gernon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CYT-200, CIMHP, CPPS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Not accepting new clients
If you are struggling with a life challenge, I am here to help. My clinical training included working with the following groups: older adults with behavioral disturbances, individuals experiencing serious mental illness, and people suffering from substance use disorders. I graduated with my Master's in Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University in August 2019 and am myself a person in long-term recovery from addiction.
If you are struggling with a life challenge, I am here to help. My clinical training included working with the following groups: older adults with behavioral disturbances, individuals experiencing serious mental illness, and people suffering from substance use disorders. I graduated with my Master's in Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University in August 2019 and am myself a person in long-term recovery from addiction.
(757) 378-0418 View (757) 378-0418
Photo of Deborah K Schueren, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Williamsburg, VA
Deborah K Schueren
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAC, TF-CBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
We're all trying to get through life....and we weren't meant to navigate it alone. Sometimes we just need an ear, a shoulder, or someone to even hold up the proverbial roadmap and walk alongside us to keep it moving forward. Life carries us through many seasons, often resulting in confusion, chaos, anxiety, depression, illness, grief, and traumatic events. Sometimes they happen as children and young adults, resulting in "stuff" we carry into our adulthood; this has an enormous impact on the quality of our lives. The good news is, there's help! You don't have to suffer alone and in silence.
We're all trying to get through life....and we weren't meant to navigate it alone. Sometimes we just need an ear, a shoulder, or someone to even hold up the proverbial roadmap and walk alongside us to keep it moving forward. Life carries us through many seasons, often resulting in confusion, chaos, anxiety, depression, illness, grief, and traumatic events. Sometimes they happen as children and young adults, resulting in "stuff" we carry into our adulthood; this has an enormous impact on the quality of our lives. The good news is, there's help! You don't have to suffer alone and in silence.
(757) 829-7057 View (757) 829-7057
Photo of Alix Price, Psychologist in Williamsburg, VA
Alix Price
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Dr. Alexandra ("Alix") Price is a clinical psychologist who has more than 16 years of experience assessing and treating various mental health diagnoses. She believes in holistic recovery and is particularly passionate about the importance of connection within the therapy relationship. Dr. Price works with adults who are struggling with adjustment disorders, depression, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, grief, life transition problems, women's issues, stress management, and much more.
Dr. Alexandra ("Alix") Price is a clinical psychologist who has more than 16 years of experience assessing and treating various mental health diagnoses. She believes in holistic recovery and is particularly passionate about the importance of connection within the therapy relationship. Dr. Price works with adults who are struggling with adjustment disorders, depression, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, grief, life transition problems, women's issues, stress management, and much more.
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Photo of Meghan Dana Freeman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Williamsburg, VA
Meghan Dana Freeman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Whether your life is going "pretty well" and yet you still feel empty or overwhelmed, or you're facing a crisis, counseling can help. I have experience providing outpatient, in-home, and crisis counseling to children, adolescents, adults, and families. Depression, anxiety, perfectionism, self-harm, and feelings of purposelessness are some of the issues my clients identify. I have specialized training in the treatment of postpartum mood and anxiety disorders. As a mother of four, I'm passionate about supporting mothers. I'm also a military spouse and have spent the past ten years working within the military community.
Whether your life is going "pretty well" and yet you still feel empty or overwhelmed, or you're facing a crisis, counseling can help. I have experience providing outpatient, in-home, and crisis counseling to children, adolescents, adults, and families. Depression, anxiety, perfectionism, self-harm, and feelings of purposelessness are some of the issues my clients identify. I have specialized training in the treatment of postpartum mood and anxiety disorders. As a mother of four, I'm passionate about supporting mothers. I'm also a military spouse and have spent the past ten years working within the military community.
(757) 230-2029 View (757) 230-2029
Photo of Ie Wellness Center Residents in Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Ie Wellness Center Residents in Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, RC, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Ie Wellness Center provides a range of treatment modalities to their clients, who range from toddlers to adults primarily experiencing life transitions, anxiety, depression, ADHD, behavioral concerns, and more.
Ie Wellness Center provides a range of treatment modalities to their clients, who range from toddlers to adults primarily experiencing life transitions, anxiety, depression, ADHD, behavioral concerns, and more.
(757) 996-5382 View (757) 996-5382
Photo of OCD Associates, Psychologist in Williamsburg, VA
OCD Associates
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185  (Online Only)
We specialize in Rumination-Focused ERP for OCD and anxiety disorders. This approach focuses on treating compulsive rumination, and provides a highly systematic yet gentler approach to exposure therapy. RF-ERP can be helpful to patients who have not made significant progress in other types of treatment, including individuals with Pure O or Sensorimotor OCD.
We specialize in Rumination-Focused ERP for OCD and anxiety disorders. This approach focuses on treating compulsive rumination, and provides a highly systematic yet gentler approach to exposure therapy. RF-ERP can be helpful to patients who have not made significant progress in other types of treatment, including individuals with Pure O or Sensorimotor OCD.
(757) 529-8305 View (757) 529-8305
Photo of Karina Villarroel, Pre-Licensed Professional in Williamsburg, VA
Karina Villarroel
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Not accepting new clients
I am a first-year practicum student in the Clinical Mental Health Counseling master’s program at the College of William and Mary with a specialization in couples, marriage, and family counseling. I am under the supervision of Dr. Jordan Luck LPC, LMFT, CSAC. I have a person-centered approach, meaning that I work collaboratively with clients to reach their goals while keeping them at the center of the process. I also believe that the connections or attachments that we have in our lives play a large part in our wellbeing. In our time together, I hope to help you work on building healthy connections and communication skills.
I am a first-year practicum student in the Clinical Mental Health Counseling master’s program at the College of William and Mary with a specialization in couples, marriage, and family counseling. I am under the supervision of Dr. Jordan Luck LPC, LMFT, CSAC. I have a person-centered approach, meaning that I work collaboratively with clients to reach their goals while keeping them at the center of the process. I also believe that the connections or attachments that we have in our lives play a large part in our wellbeing. In our time together, I hope to help you work on building healthy connections and communication skills.
(757) 997-7499 View (757) 997-7499
Photo of L Breanne Bass, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Williamsburg, VA
L Breanne Bass
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker(LCSW), my primary population is adolescents and those transitioning to adulthood. I enjoy getting to know each client individually to learn the best approach to individualize their therapy experience. This often includes strength-based approaches, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution Focused approaches to aid clients work through individual goals, barriers, and strengths. While I primarily utilize in-person sessions with children, I do offer virtual sessions for teens and young adults who may not be local to Williamsburg, or have transportation barriers.
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker(LCSW), my primary population is adolescents and those transitioning to adulthood. I enjoy getting to know each client individually to learn the best approach to individualize their therapy experience. This often includes strength-based approaches, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution Focused approaches to aid clients work through individual goals, barriers, and strengths. While I primarily utilize in-person sessions with children, I do offer virtual sessions for teens and young adults who may not be local to Williamsburg, or have transportation barriers.
(757) 210-7806 View (757) 210-7806
Photo of Jennifer Russell, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Williamsburg, VA
Jennifer Russell
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in early childhood mental health and social emotional development with children ages 0-12. My clients are typically children struggling with anxiety, school-related issues, working through complex trauma, or demonstrating behavioral concerns. I offer a perspective of lived-experience for neurodiverse and military families.
I specialize in early childhood mental health and social emotional development with children ages 0-12. My clients are typically children struggling with anxiety, school-related issues, working through complex trauma, or demonstrating behavioral concerns. I offer a perspective of lived-experience for neurodiverse and military families.
(757) 654-2193 View (757) 654-2193
Photo of Kelli Jones Sanness, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Kelli Jones Sanness
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
I truly enjoy working with people to help them build a strong sense of self, to encourage their confidence in relationships, and to help foster a sense of calm and security in their everyday life. People seek therapy for many reasons: adjustment to a new city or life situation, feeling overwhelmed or stuck, or problems with relationships. Some struggle with emotional turmoil and anguish from experiences survived in childhood or as an adult. Whatever your unique personal circumstance, I believe it is my duty to serve each client with respect and care. I provide clients with evidence-based treatment, tailored to the individual person.
I truly enjoy working with people to help them build a strong sense of self, to encourage their confidence in relationships, and to help foster a sense of calm and security in their everyday life. People seek therapy for many reasons: adjustment to a new city or life situation, feeling overwhelmed or stuck, or problems with relationships. Some struggle with emotional turmoil and anguish from experiences survived in childhood or as an adult. Whatever your unique personal circumstance, I believe it is my duty to serve each client with respect and care. I provide clients with evidence-based treatment, tailored to the individual person.
(757) 378-0332 View (757) 378-0332
Photo of Zakia Simpson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Williamsburg, VA
Zakia Simpson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Relationship is therapy. Most important aspect of healing is the degree of safety the client experiences with you. Safety is how well connected they are with you. You strive to understand the person to help them understand themselves. Holding space unconditionally, without judgement. My aim is to provide that for my clients. My areas of specialty are trauma, relationship issues, identity issues/self worth, transitions/stressors and distorted thinking patterns.
Relationship is therapy. Most important aspect of healing is the degree of safety the client experiences with you. Safety is how well connected they are with you. You strive to understand the person to help them understand themselves. Holding space unconditionally, without judgement. My aim is to provide that for my clients. My areas of specialty are trauma, relationship issues, identity issues/self worth, transitions/stressors and distorted thinking patterns.
(757) 895-7856 View (757) 895-7856
Photo of Kimberly Harlow, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Kimberly Harlow
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd, NCC
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23185
The most important aspect of counseling is to establish clear goals that the client and counselor set together. I have worked with many families in the Juvenile Justice Department as well as individual and couples counseling. Life can be overwhelming at times and that is why goals and collaborative contracts within the therapeutic relationship help to sort each issue out individually while working towards the desired outcome. I have treated symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, adjustment disorders, marital conflict, tic disorders, and oppositional defiant disorder as well as conduct disorder.
The most important aspect of counseling is to establish clear goals that the client and counselor set together. I have worked with many families in the Juvenile Justice Department as well as individual and couples counseling. Life can be overwhelming at times and that is why goals and collaborative contracts within the therapeutic relationship help to sort each issue out individually while working towards the desired outcome. I have treated symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, adjustment disorders, marital conflict, tic disorders, and oppositional defiant disorder as well as conduct disorder.
(757) 517-3865 View (757) 517-3865
Photo of Lori M Lindsey White, Licensed Professional Counselor in Williamsburg, VA
Lori M Lindsey White
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
Williamsburg, VA 23188
Life can become complicated, overwhelming, and difficult. Counseling services create an important relationship in your life that allows for the framework to alleviate a number of struggles: anxiety, depression, grief, eating disorders, family conflict, adolescent struggles, and self exploration. Counseling provides a safe place to take risks, be vulnerable, gain support and become empowered to make changes in one’s life.
Life can become complicated, overwhelming, and difficult. Counseling services create an important relationship in your life that allows for the framework to alleviate a number of struggles: anxiety, depression, grief, eating disorders, family conflict, adolescent struggles, and self exploration. Counseling provides a safe place to take risks, be vulnerable, gain support and become empowered to make changes in one’s life.
(757) 663-5829 View (757) 663-5829

See more therapy options for Williamsburg

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Williamsburg, VA

200+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Williamsburg, VA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
84% Depression
73% Coping Skills
72% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Anthem | Elevance
68% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Williamsburg, VA see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Williamsburg?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.