Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Jodi Larman, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Jodi Larman
Psychologist, CP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94112
I am a Ph.D. Licensed Clinical Psychologist in the state of California. I received my undergraduate degree from UCLA, an M.S. degree in Counseling Psychology, with a certification in Behavior Therapy and Healthy Psychology from California Lutheran University in Thousand Oaks, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology with a specialization in Health Psychology from Fielding Graduate University in Santa Barbara. My dissertation research focused on Conjugal Bereavement in Older and Younger Widows and Widowers: Influences of Social Support and Health.
I am a Ph.D. Licensed Clinical Psychologist in the state of California. I received my undergraduate degree from UCLA, an M.S. degree in Counseling Psychology, with a certification in Behavior Therapy and Healthy Psychology from California Lutheran University in Thousand Oaks, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology with a specialization in Health Psychology from Fielding Graduate University in Santa Barbara. My dissertation research focused on Conjugal Bereavement in Older and Younger Widows and Widowers: Influences of Social Support and Health.
(628) 266-4153 View (628) 266-4153
Photo of Solid Ground Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Solid Ground Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
We naturally strive to make sense of the things that happen to us. With compassionate guidance and support, the effects of impactful events can be transformed. My approach is collaborative, warm and interactive. My mindfulness-based, psychodynamic practice provides a safe haven from which to explore and create meaning of the key events of your life so that you can arrive at a place of balance and contentment. Fully trained in EMDR, I have the skills to help you resolve traumatic events. I utilize sand tray and other creative means of expression to aid in the healing process. It can even be fun!
We naturally strive to make sense of the things that happen to us. With compassionate guidance and support, the effects of impactful events can be transformed. My approach is collaborative, warm and interactive. My mindfulness-based, psychodynamic practice provides a safe haven from which to explore and create meaning of the key events of your life so that you can arrive at a place of balance and contentment. Fully trained in EMDR, I have the skills to help you resolve traumatic events. I utilize sand tray and other creative means of expression to aid in the healing process. It can even be fun!
(415) 477-1698 x2 View (415) 477-1698 x2
Photo of Amy Diner, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Amy Diner
Psychologist, PsyD, CEAP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
Therapy is a highly transformative and fascinating process. It has the power to heal, enliven, and repair. I enthusiastically invite you to begin this process with me. My warm, engaging, curious, and playful approach can help you feel like your personal experience and unique point of view is consistently appreciated. From this place, you may begin to feel more empowered and liberated in your life. I am a doctor with over 20 years of professional experience treating adults, couples, and adolescents.
Therapy is a highly transformative and fascinating process. It has the power to heal, enliven, and repair. I enthusiastically invite you to begin this process with me. My warm, engaging, curious, and playful approach can help you feel like your personal experience and unique point of view is consistently appreciated. From this place, you may begin to feel more empowered and liberated in your life. I am a doctor with over 20 years of professional experience treating adults, couples, and adolescents.
(415) 799-9491 View (415) 799-9491
Photo of Taylor Langley, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Taylor Langley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
I am here to help you find some peace and calm in this storm of life. Although that sounds a bit cliche, life seems to be getting more complicated by the day- I want to support you in whatever way you or your family need. My experience is with a range of issues, ages, and cultural diversities, including working through family conflict, helping with behavior modification for your young child or learning how to connect with your teen. I also work with adults dealing with job stress, relationship issues, or those struggling to find passion and drive.
I am here to help you find some peace and calm in this storm of life. Although that sounds a bit cliche, life seems to be getting more complicated by the day- I want to support you in whatever way you or your family need. My experience is with a range of issues, ages, and cultural diversities, including working through family conflict, helping with behavior modification for your young child or learning how to connect with your teen. I also work with adults dealing with job stress, relationship issues, or those struggling to find passion and drive.
(628) 209-5303 View (628) 209-5303
Photo of Sarina Castro, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Sarina Castro
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
My approach to my work with clients is warm and engaging, honest and straightforward. Together we can explore the areas of your life that you have concerns about so that we can identify and understand what is getting in your way. We will work collaboratively in a non-judgmental atmosphere that is individually tailored to your needs. Engaging in a focused and thoughtful therapy process can help you gain clarity about yourself and your relationships, develop new emotional skills and capacities, and overall cultivate a more fulfilling life.
My approach to my work with clients is warm and engaging, honest and straightforward. Together we can explore the areas of your life that you have concerns about so that we can identify and understand what is getting in your way. We will work collaboratively in a non-judgmental atmosphere that is individually tailored to your needs. Engaging in a focused and thoughtful therapy process can help you gain clarity about yourself and your relationships, develop new emotional skills and capacities, and overall cultivate a more fulfilling life.
(415) 594-5290 View (415) 594-5290
Photo of Catalina Uribe-Kling, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Catalina Uribe-Kling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94146  (Online Only)
I can help you find a felt sense of safety and wellbeing within yourself. My goal is to help you obtain compassion for your self so that a more clear understanding of your path and options becomes available to you. This will help you to heal heart and mind and to grow towards your highest self in a loving and kind way. I have worked as a psychotherapist in several countries, I work with a multicultural lens and I am natively bilingual in English and Spanish.
I can help you find a felt sense of safety and wellbeing within yourself. My goal is to help you obtain compassion for your self so that a more clear understanding of your path and options becomes available to you. This will help you to heal heart and mind and to grow towards your highest self in a loving and kind way. I have worked as a psychotherapist in several countries, I work with a multicultural lens and I am natively bilingual in English and Spanish.
(415) 358-0068 View (415) 358-0068
Photo of Hilary Rosenberg, Registered Psychological Assistant in San Francisco, CA
Hilary Rosenberg
Registered Psychological Assistant, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
My adult and couples clients seek me out for many reasons. Some want to make changes in their lives. Others feel weighed down by difficult emotions, relationships, or past experiences. Some just want to better understand themselves and how to find meaning. My work is a collaborative process, rooted in theory and research, that creates meaningful, lasting change. I've helped clients with professional stress, challenging relationships, mood difficulties (anxiety, depression), challenges adjusting to new life stages/change, medical illness, substance use, a desire to build mindfulness skills, or simply feeling “stuck” and uncreative.
My adult and couples clients seek me out for many reasons. Some want to make changes in their lives. Others feel weighed down by difficult emotions, relationships, or past experiences. Some just want to better understand themselves and how to find meaning. My work is a collaborative process, rooted in theory and research, that creates meaningful, lasting change. I've helped clients with professional stress, challenging relationships, mood difficulties (anxiety, depression), challenges adjusting to new life stages/change, medical illness, substance use, a desire to build mindfulness skills, or simply feeling “stuck” and uncreative.
(415) 612-6424 View (415) 612-6424
Photo of Audrey Martin, Psychotherapist, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Audrey Martin, Psychotherapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117
I am an experienced psychotherapist with offices in both San Francisco and Berkeley. I provide therapy for adults and adolescents as my primary focus. I meet with individuals, couples, and families to help them overcome areas of emotional and relational difficulties. I have an active, open way of working and am curious, engaged, honest, and direct. I take people's need for change very seriously, and am an advocate for finding ways to help people live with greater depth, satisfaction, and choice. While this can involve diligence, resilience, and perseverance, play and creativity are also integral in the process.
I am an experienced psychotherapist with offices in both San Francisco and Berkeley. I provide therapy for adults and adolescents as my primary focus. I meet with individuals, couples, and families to help them overcome areas of emotional and relational difficulties. I have an active, open way of working and am curious, engaged, honest, and direct. I take people's need for change very seriously, and am an advocate for finding ways to help people live with greater depth, satisfaction, and choice. While this can involve diligence, resilience, and perseverance, play and creativity are also integral in the process.
(415) 360-6323 View (415) 360-6323
Photo of Jo Wallace, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Jo Wallace
Psychologist, PhD, LMFT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Not accepting new clients
Note: DR. WALLACE'S PRACTICE IS FULL. SHE IS UNABLE TO ACCEPT NEW REFERRALS DUE TO A 1.5+ YEAR WAITLIST. Dr. Wallace is a pediatric neuropsychologist offering assessment services in SF. A neuropsychological assessment helps to identify your child's learning strengths and weaknesses and provide recommendations to assist your child in achieving their potential. Dr. Wallace's assessments are comprehensive, research-based, and individualized to your child.
Note: DR. WALLACE'S PRACTICE IS FULL. SHE IS UNABLE TO ACCEPT NEW REFERRALS DUE TO A 1.5+ YEAR WAITLIST. Dr. Wallace is a pediatric neuropsychologist offering assessment services in SF. A neuropsychological assessment helps to identify your child's learning strengths and weaknesses and provide recommendations to assist your child in achieving their potential. Dr. Wallace's assessments are comprehensive, research-based, and individualized to your child.
(650) 300-4581 View (650) 300-4581
Photo of Catherine Singstad, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Catherine Singstad, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
Most of my clients come in struggling with their closest relationships - with their partners, parents, kids, colleagues and/or friends. There is often a deep longing for more joy, authenticity, and freedom from painful symptoms like anxiety and depression. I help clients learn to understand and thoughtfully navigate their emotional world, as we work to unpack and rewire recurring symptoms and habits. Issues I commonly work with include unhealthy relationships, work/life balance, healing unresolved childhood wounds, couples issues, anxiety, depression, parenthood, trauma, low self-esteem, addiction, infertility, loss, and grief.
Most of my clients come in struggling with their closest relationships - with their partners, parents, kids, colleagues and/or friends. There is often a deep longing for more joy, authenticity, and freedom from painful symptoms like anxiety and depression. I help clients learn to understand and thoughtfully navigate their emotional world, as we work to unpack and rewire recurring symptoms and habits. Issues I commonly work with include unhealthy relationships, work/life balance, healing unresolved childhood wounds, couples issues, anxiety, depression, parenthood, trauma, low self-esteem, addiction, infertility, loss, and grief.
(415) 906-4220 View (415) 906-4220
Photo of Karen Marie Forsthoff, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Karen Marie Forsthoff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MAMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94116  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck and unhappy? Are you struggling in your work or family life? Do you want more from your relationships? If so, it might be time to reach out to a professional for help. Taking care of your mental health is a sign of self-compassion. It's the beginning of the healing process. Whether you choose to engage in Individual, Couple, or Family Therapy together we can find a way to restore a sense of hope and well-being. Please contact me for more information on how therapy can help you reach your goals.
Are you feeling stuck and unhappy? Are you struggling in your work or family life? Do you want more from your relationships? If so, it might be time to reach out to a professional for help. Taking care of your mental health is a sign of self-compassion. It's the beginning of the healing process. Whether you choose to engage in Individual, Couple, or Family Therapy together we can find a way to restore a sense of hope and well-being. Please contact me for more information on how therapy can help you reach your goals.
(628) 257-8065 View (628) 257-8065
Photo of Stephen Lugar, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Stephen Lugar
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
"Although the world is full of suffering, it is also full of overcoming it." Helen Keller. Those words have been a source of inspiration to me for years as a person and a psychotherapist. I have worked with many people who have been brave enough to try to understand and make changes to what they struggle with in life, and also to live life more fully, creatively, and lovingly.
"Although the world is full of suffering, it is also full of overcoming it." Helen Keller. Those words have been a source of inspiration to me for years as a person and a psychotherapist. I have worked with many people who have been brave enough to try to understand and make changes to what they struggle with in life, and also to live life more fully, creatively, and lovingly.
(415) 697-3176 View (415) 697-3176
Photo of Laura M Goodspeed, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Laura M Goodspeed
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
The most significant predictor of a successful therapy experience is the quality of the relationship between therapist and client. Building a safe, nurturing relationship is where I excel. My style is warm and highly interactive, best suited for clients who prefer a therapist who feels very "human." I assist clients to explore their thought patterns and corresponding emotional responses, and to identify unconscious assumptions they hold about themselves and the world, which inform behavior patterns. I also provide practical tools for regulating anxiety, managing depression, and processing grief.
The most significant predictor of a successful therapy experience is the quality of the relationship between therapist and client. Building a safe, nurturing relationship is where I excel. My style is warm and highly interactive, best suited for clients who prefer a therapist who feels very "human." I assist clients to explore their thought patterns and corresponding emotional responses, and to identify unconscious assumptions they hold about themselves and the world, which inform behavior patterns. I also provide practical tools for regulating anxiety, managing depression, and processing grief.
(415) 801-0624 View (415) 801-0624
Photo of Will Lipsenthal, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Will Lipsenthal
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
Whatever you’re experiencing, I hope to walk the line of being a support to you in your experience and by your side, while also, empathetically being a source of information that can provide evidence based practices as well as an experiential framework to help you get what you want. I plan on taking an awareness-based approach. I want to build your awareness so you can make more informed decisions. I want to co-create an environment that allows you to bring your whole self to therapy so that you can heal and grow.
Whatever you’re experiencing, I hope to walk the line of being a support to you in your experience and by your side, while also, empathetically being a source of information that can provide evidence based practices as well as an experiential framework to help you get what you want. I plan on taking an awareness-based approach. I want to build your awareness so you can make more informed decisions. I want to co-create an environment that allows you to bring your whole self to therapy so that you can heal and grow.
(415) 965-6769 View (415) 965-6769
Photo of Deborah Whiting, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Deborah Whiting
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSW, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94107
I have over 30 years of experience, working with both adolescents and adults. I am dedicated to supporting you in finding clarity and direction, so that you can thrive in the life you want. As a licensed psychotherapist and professional coach, you may come in to see me for problems with your relationship, work, family, mood, health or addictive behavior. I can help you get back on track, creating and achieving your goals!
I have over 30 years of experience, working with both adolescents and adults. I am dedicated to supporting you in finding clarity and direction, so that you can thrive in the life you want. As a licensed psychotherapist and professional coach, you may come in to see me for problems with your relationship, work, family, mood, health or addictive behavior. I can help you get back on track, creating and achieving your goals!
(855) 304-0750 View (855) 304-0750
Photo of Krishan Abeyatunge, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Krishan Abeyatunge
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
I'm a psychotherapist in private practice in San Francisco, CA and I'm adjunct faculty at California Institute of Integral Studies' graduate degree program for Integral Counseling Psychology. For more information: www.therapywithkrishan.com
I'm a psychotherapist in private practice in San Francisco, CA and I'm adjunct faculty at California Institute of Integral Studies' graduate degree program for Integral Counseling Psychology. For more information: www.therapywithkrishan.com
(415) 472-9651 View (415) 472-9651
Photo of Joseph Warner, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Joseph Warner
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94116  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Joseph, and I work with teens, couples, individuals, and groups in California. I specialize in guiding individuals through a holistic exploration of their experiences, with a focus on areas such as anxiety, depression, addiction, grief, masculinity, relationship challenges, self-esteem, and motivation. In therapy, we'll untangle the threads of mind, body, spirit, society, identity, thoughts, emotions, actions, and relationships, creating unique pathways back to the core of oneself. This process offers opportunities for healing, integration, meaning-making, and the embrace of new ways to savor and thrive in life.
Hello! My name is Joseph, and I work with teens, couples, individuals, and groups in California. I specialize in guiding individuals through a holistic exploration of their experiences, with a focus on areas such as anxiety, depression, addiction, grief, masculinity, relationship challenges, self-esteem, and motivation. In therapy, we'll untangle the threads of mind, body, spirit, society, identity, thoughts, emotions, actions, and relationships, creating unique pathways back to the core of oneself. This process offers opportunities for healing, integration, meaning-making, and the embrace of new ways to savor and thrive in life.
(415) 943-0593 View (415) 943-0593
Photo of Ben Black, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ben Black
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94109
My approach to therapy begins with evidence-based treatment, addressing the immediate reasons you’re seeking support, followed by deeper work with the subconscious once your day to day becomes more stable. Together we can return agency to your life by collaborating on tangible solutions while uncovering the origin of limiting beliefs. I work with couples and individuals to recalibrate patterns of behavior that leave them struggling with depression, anxiety, co-dependency, or substance use.
My approach to therapy begins with evidence-based treatment, addressing the immediate reasons you’re seeking support, followed by deeper work with the subconscious once your day to day becomes more stable. Together we can return agency to your life by collaborating on tangible solutions while uncovering the origin of limiting beliefs. I work with couples and individuals to recalibrate patterns of behavior that leave them struggling with depression, anxiety, co-dependency, or substance use.
(415) 301-7635 View (415) 301-7635
Photo of Shanna Holladay, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Shanna Holladay
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Have you been strugging with Depression, Relationship issues, or Life Transitions? I can help you find a place of acceptance and healing through our relationship and work together. I have been helping people change their lives for 20 years. I use an interactive, relational approach to help guide you toward a higher level of self-awareness, and improved self-esteem. I believe therapy works through exploring your relationships to others, and by developing our relationship and connection to each other. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for us to explore who you are and who you want to be.
Have you been strugging with Depression, Relationship issues, or Life Transitions? I can help you find a place of acceptance and healing through our relationship and work together. I have been helping people change their lives for 20 years. I use an interactive, relational approach to help guide you toward a higher level of self-awareness, and improved self-esteem. I believe therapy works through exploring your relationships to others, and by developing our relationship and connection to each other. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for us to explore who you are and who you want to be.
(415) 936-8372 View (415) 936-8372
Photo of Ken Stamper, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ken Stamper
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
My therapeutic style is approachable, warm, curious, and, when necessary, challenging. I draw from my training in the lineage of Gestalt Therapy, working in the 'here and now' to find out how we can create growth and change. I also use tools from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy when appropriate to help develop awareness for effective change. We will work collaboratively to see how you can learn respond to your environment with greater freedom and choice, where you can see possibilities and turn them into actualities. I'm here to support you in becoming your best self.
My therapeutic style is approachable, warm, curious, and, when necessary, challenging. I draw from my training in the lineage of Gestalt Therapy, working in the 'here and now' to find out how we can create growth and change. I also use tools from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy when appropriate to help develop awareness for effective change. We will work collaboratively to see how you can learn respond to your environment with greater freedom and choice, where you can see possibilities and turn them into actualities. I'm here to support you in becoming your best self.
(628) 214-5147 View (628) 214-5147

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.