Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO

View neighborhoods in Colorado Springs
Photo of Sharon K Compono, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Sharon K Compono
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Welcome to Listening Hearts Counseling. I know that making the decision to begin therapy can be difficult, but choosing to do so shows incredible strength and a desire to invest in you. Life is at times a struggle, with moments of darkness, instability, confusion, and fear of where to go. Emotional pain can result from past memories, life transitions, or losses. It manifests itself in various ways -- anxiety, depression, relationship problems, low self-esteem, addictive behaviors, or a pattern of poor choices. You have the power to grow to a place where painful events no longer control your life.
Welcome to Listening Hearts Counseling. I know that making the decision to begin therapy can be difficult, but choosing to do so shows incredible strength and a desire to invest in you. Life is at times a struggle, with moments of darkness, instability, confusion, and fear of where to go. Emotional pain can result from past memories, life transitions, or losses. It manifests itself in various ways -- anxiety, depression, relationship problems, low self-esteem, addictive behaviors, or a pattern of poor choices. You have the power to grow to a place where painful events no longer control your life.
(719) 992-0076 View (719) 992-0076
Photo of Amanda Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Amanda Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80910
Life can be challenging and everyone deserves a safe and non-judgmental space to work through those challenges. My goal is to support and empower you along your journey of life at whatever stage you may be in. I believe that you are the expert of your own life so I will not give you advice or answers to all of your questions; I will work with you to help build skills and insight, trust and meaning to help in your discovery of personal truth.
Life can be challenging and everyone deserves a safe and non-judgmental space to work through those challenges. My goal is to support and empower you along your journey of life at whatever stage you may be in. I believe that you are the expert of your own life so I will not give you advice or answers to all of your questions; I will work with you to help build skills and insight, trust and meaning to help in your discovery of personal truth.
(719) 350-5632 View (719) 350-5632
Photo of Bright Space Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Bright Space Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CAC III
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80916
At Bright Space Counseling we offer compassionate care and one of our main goals is to provide a safe place to explore the issues you are facing. We offer services to children, adolescents and adults. Our schedule is flexible; we offer day, evening and Saturday appointments. We would love to talk to you about your current struggles and how we can help you.
At Bright Space Counseling we offer compassionate care and one of our main goals is to provide a safe place to explore the issues you are facing. We offer services to children, adolescents and adults. Our schedule is flexible; we offer day, evening and Saturday appointments. We would love to talk to you about your current struggles and how we can help you.
(719) 316-3853 View (719) 316-3853
Photo of Jack E Huff, LPC Intern in Colorado Springs, CO
Jack E Huff
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Do you feel lost or broken? Do you find yourself entrapped by negative cycles of thought and addiction? Are you feeling like you do not recognize yourself, are disconnected from relationships, or frustrated spiritually? These feelings and thoughts disorient our lives from the beauty and truth around us, clouding our sense of purpose, worth, and Identity. My core desire is to co-labor with you toward healing, reconnection, and fulfillment in your life context. If you find this resonates with you, please reach out and we can get started on the journey for your health.
Do you feel lost or broken? Do you find yourself entrapped by negative cycles of thought and addiction? Are you feeling like you do not recognize yourself, are disconnected from relationships, or frustrated spiritually? These feelings and thoughts disorient our lives from the beauty and truth around us, clouding our sense of purpose, worth, and Identity. My core desire is to co-labor with you toward healing, reconnection, and fulfillment in your life context. If you find this resonates with you, please reach out and we can get started on the journey for your health.
(719) 824-1457 View (719) 824-1457
Photo of Jody Kocsis, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Colorado Springs, CO
Jody Kocsis
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80904
I welcome you. I also welcome the messy, sad, confused, anxious feelings that may have overwhelmed you in daily life. I offer a safe, open-hearted space where we work together to increase feelings of contentment and connection. Using evidenced-based interventions and empathic listening, I specialize in working with people who want to transform and resolve trauma and stress-related symptoms. Change is not a straight line; it requires support and practical tools. Building awareness, healthy coping skills, and distress tolerance makes it possible to get through the hard times with self-acceptance and compassion.
I welcome you. I also welcome the messy, sad, confused, anxious feelings that may have overwhelmed you in daily life. I offer a safe, open-hearted space where we work together to increase feelings of contentment and connection. Using evidenced-based interventions and empathic listening, I specialize in working with people who want to transform and resolve trauma and stress-related symptoms. Change is not a straight line; it requires support and practical tools. Building awareness, healthy coping skills, and distress tolerance makes it possible to get through the hard times with self-acceptance and compassion.
(719) 223-3329 View (719) 223-3329
Photo of Whitney Hancock, Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Whitney Hancock
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80919
Feeling down, anxious, or stuck? I specialize in treating anxiety and depression using compassionate, evidence-based treatments (IFS and EMDR). We will work together to decrease symptoms of anxiety or depression, move forward from stuck feelings or traumatic memories, improve relationships, and increase self-compassion. Ultimately we will rediscover your core self — who you really are when anxiety and depression take a backseat.
Feeling down, anxious, or stuck? I specialize in treating anxiety and depression using compassionate, evidence-based treatments (IFS and EMDR). We will work together to decrease symptoms of anxiety or depression, move forward from stuck feelings or traumatic memories, improve relationships, and increase self-compassion. Ultimately we will rediscover your core self — who you really are when anxiety and depression take a backseat.
(719) 882-1611 View (719) 882-1611
Photo of Dave Draxton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Dave Draxton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, EMDR, CPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
My approach to life is non-judgmental and open-minded. I enjoy assisting clients to achieve higher goals, be more comfortable with themselves, and connect more in their relationships. Self-acceptance will be more consistent, your past traumas can become stories to tell, you may feel deeper appreciation for relationships, as well as a stronger connection with your family. I work with you gently & efficiently towards your goals & solutions. Unifying conflicting parts of yourself and finding balance in your life creates emotional, mental, and spiritual health. Understanding your emotions allows you to progress in your growth.
My approach to life is non-judgmental and open-minded. I enjoy assisting clients to achieve higher goals, be more comfortable with themselves, and connect more in their relationships. Self-acceptance will be more consistent, your past traumas can become stories to tell, you may feel deeper appreciation for relationships, as well as a stronger connection with your family. I work with you gently & efficiently towards your goals & solutions. Unifying conflicting parts of yourself and finding balance in your life creates emotional, mental, and spiritual health. Understanding your emotions allows you to progress in your growth.
(719) 368-8814 View (719) 368-8814
Photo of Felicity Taylor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Felicity Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80917
Do you find yourself feeling lonely, isolated, or struggling to discuss your needs with others? Are feelings of depression, anxiety, or insecurity holding you back from living a fulfilling life? If you desire more balance and yearn to connect with your body and live outside of your head, I'm here to help you on this transformative journey.I specialize in assisting individuals, families, and couples in navigating relationship issues, anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem, body image and weight issues, and fertility challenges. For those with educational concerns, I can provide guidance in navigating the school system.
Do you find yourself feeling lonely, isolated, or struggling to discuss your needs with others? Are feelings of depression, anxiety, or insecurity holding you back from living a fulfilling life? If you desire more balance and yearn to connect with your body and live outside of your head, I'm here to help you on this transformative journey.I specialize in assisting individuals, families, and couples in navigating relationship issues, anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem, body image and weight issues, and fertility challenges. For those with educational concerns, I can provide guidance in navigating the school system.
(719) 748-6624 View (719) 748-6624
Photo of Alberto Castillo in Colorado Springs, CO
Alberto Castillo
MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80923  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself searching for your “purpose” in life? Or do you feel that maybe you have lost who you once were? Let’s face it, life can be ugly at times. You may even find yourself in the middle of the chaos of this thing we call life. By providing space to express past traumas, confusing life circumstances, and more. I create a meaningful and tailored healing experience for each client. I believe that everyone possesses the tools to heal, but they may need help navigating the process.
Do you find yourself searching for your “purpose” in life? Or do you feel that maybe you have lost who you once were? Let’s face it, life can be ugly at times. You may even find yourself in the middle of the chaos of this thing we call life. By providing space to express past traumas, confusing life circumstances, and more. I create a meaningful and tailored healing experience for each client. I believe that everyone possesses the tools to heal, but they may need help navigating the process.
(719) 497-5636 View (719) 497-5636
Photo of Renae C Mallett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Renae C Mallett
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Not accepting new clients
I work with children ages 2-16 years old who are struggling with emotional and/or behavioral issues. If you are a parent feeling overwhelmed or frustrated at how to best support your child, I can help.
I work with children ages 2-16 years old who are struggling with emotional and/or behavioral issues. If you are a parent feeling overwhelmed or frustrated at how to best support your child, I can help.
(719) 419-8907 View (719) 419-8907
Photo of Kara Facundo in Colorado Springs, CO
Kara Facundo
LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Discovery of emotional or physical affair, unwanted pornography use, sex addiction, substance use, financial secrecy, or emotional or health related betrayaI is life altering. As a certified Betrayal Trauma Recovery therapist, we'll work together in gaining a clear understanding of betrayal's impact. I'm passionate about assisting you in empowerment through strategic, consistent skills crucial in navigating the complexities of life.
Discovery of emotional or physical affair, unwanted pornography use, sex addiction, substance use, financial secrecy, or emotional or health related betrayaI is life altering. As a certified Betrayal Trauma Recovery therapist, we'll work together in gaining a clear understanding of betrayal's impact. I'm passionate about assisting you in empowerment through strategic, consistent skills crucial in navigating the complexities of life.
(719) 745-8019 x6 View (719) 745-8019 x6
Photo of Chanelle Muro, Marriage & Family Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Chanelle Muro
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80919
Tired of struggling and feeling like something just isn't right? Let me help. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist who loves working with people of all ages and cultures. I have experience in counseling individuals, couples, families and groups. I have facilitated both adult and teen anger management groups as well as a parenting group. I am fully trained in EFT (Emotionally Focused Therapy) for couples and working on my certification for this.
Tired of struggling and feeling like something just isn't right? Let me help. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist who loves working with people of all ages and cultures. I have experience in counseling individuals, couples, families and groups. I have facilitated both adult and teen anger management groups as well as a parenting group. I am fully trained in EFT (Emotionally Focused Therapy) for couples and working on my certification for this.
(719) 212-4175 View (719) 212-4175
Photo of Bailey Anderson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Bailey Anderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Carl Rogers said, “People are just as wonderful as sunsets if you let them be.” Carl Rogers' words have influenced my approach to therapy. Every client has unique challenges and perspective that requires unique therapy. I combine Person Centered Therapy, Behavior Therapy, and Play Therapy techniques. When working with adolescents and adults, I approach our work through a Person Centered lens and believe you are the expert in your own life. Children sometimes struggle in a traditional therapy session, I provide Child Centered Play Therapy for children indicated for that modality and I am also a Certified AutPlay Therapy Provider.
Carl Rogers said, “People are just as wonderful as sunsets if you let them be.” Carl Rogers' words have influenced my approach to therapy. Every client has unique challenges and perspective that requires unique therapy. I combine Person Centered Therapy, Behavior Therapy, and Play Therapy techniques. When working with adolescents and adults, I approach our work through a Person Centered lens and believe you are the expert in your own life. Children sometimes struggle in a traditional therapy session, I provide Child Centered Play Therapy for children indicated for that modality and I am also a Certified AutPlay Therapy Provider.
(719) 399-4152 View (719) 399-4152
Photo of Regina Schreiber, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Regina Schreiber
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Do you feel overwhelmed, drowning in emotions, or have seemingly uncontrollable trauma responses? This can feel like a struggle sometimes just to get through the day. Once you've exhausted your "survival skills" let me help you guide your healing journey.
Do you feel overwhelmed, drowning in emotions, or have seemingly uncontrollable trauma responses? This can feel like a struggle sometimes just to get through the day. Once you've exhausted your "survival skills" let me help you guide your healing journey.
(719) 491-7149 View (719) 491-7149
Photo of Denise M Warren, Psychologist in Colorado Springs, CO
Denise M Warren
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920  (Online Only)
I prefer clients who are motivated and open-minded above all other qualities. I have experience working with people who have a number of varying challenges, such as trauma (all kinds), anxiety, depression, grief, family discord, communication challenges, transitions, and adjustments to significant changes. Most people have goals to feel better, to experience more joy and peace in their lives. Some have specific goals like completing a project, or test, remaining on task without anxiety, for example. Overall, anyone who seeks therapy desires help with some sort of change in their current moods, habits, or state of mind.
I prefer clients who are motivated and open-minded above all other qualities. I have experience working with people who have a number of varying challenges, such as trauma (all kinds), anxiety, depression, grief, family discord, communication challenges, transitions, and adjustments to significant changes. Most people have goals to feel better, to experience more joy and peace in their lives. Some have specific goals like completing a project, or test, remaining on task without anxiety, for example. Overall, anyone who seeks therapy desires help with some sort of change in their current moods, habits, or state of mind.
(719) 974-0551 View (719) 974-0551
Photo of Leslie Miller, Pre-Licensed Professional in Colorado Springs, CO
Leslie Miller
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPCC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Leslie Miller is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Colorado who has been practicing since 2017. She completed her Undergraduate work at the University at Buffalo for Psychology (major), Counseling (minor) and her Graduate work at Southern New Hampshire University for Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Leslie is trained in level 1 EMDR and level 1 trauma informed hypnosis. Outside of work, Leslie enjoys taking her dog Samson on hikes, snuggling with her cat Georgie, reading, poetry, painting, riding her bike on trails, and spending time with her husband exploring Colorado.
Leslie Miller is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Colorado who has been practicing since 2017. She completed her Undergraduate work at the University at Buffalo for Psychology (major), Counseling (minor) and her Graduate work at Southern New Hampshire University for Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Leslie is trained in level 1 EMDR and level 1 trauma informed hypnosis. Outside of work, Leslie enjoys taking her dog Samson on hikes, snuggling with her cat Georgie, reading, poetry, painting, riding her bike on trails, and spending time with her husband exploring Colorado.
(719) 793-9587 View (719) 793-9587
Photo of Sarah Foxley, Psychologist in Colorado Springs, CO
Sarah Foxley
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Not accepting new clients
There is something powerful about sharing your burdens with another person. My goal in therapy is to walk along side you as we navigate the difficulties in your life. I try to balance teaching you concrete coping strategies with also providing a safe, comfortable, and supportive environment where you can talk about painful experiences. It takes a lot of courage to admit to having struggles in life and I would be honored to help you reduce your suffering.
There is something powerful about sharing your burdens with another person. My goal in therapy is to walk along side you as we navigate the difficulties in your life. I try to balance teaching you concrete coping strategies with also providing a safe, comfortable, and supportive environment where you can talk about painful experiences. It takes a lot of courage to admit to having struggles in life and I would be honored to help you reduce your suffering.
(719) 259-1776 View (719) 259-1776
Photo of Jose Ramon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Jose Ramon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80909
Waitlist for new clients
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a focus on helping clients rebuild, restructure and work through tough situations. I have a strong background in the natural sciences and philsophy and incorporate this experience into my clinical work and have found this to be a very effective approach in seeing clients effectively work through and resolve issues in their lives. I primarily focus on a cognitive behavioral therapy approach as it is an applied model to use as a template that describes the internal distress with specific methods to apply and reduce severity of those stressors.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a focus on helping clients rebuild, restructure and work through tough situations. I have a strong background in the natural sciences and philsophy and incorporate this experience into my clinical work and have found this to be a very effective approach in seeing clients effectively work through and resolve issues in their lives. I primarily focus on a cognitive behavioral therapy approach as it is an applied model to use as a template that describes the internal distress with specific methods to apply and reduce severity of those stressors.
(719) 212-1845 View (719) 212-1845
Photo of Shayne H Stuart, Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Shayne H Stuart
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80921
I enjoy sitting with and listening to military/veteran, couples, divorcees, men and adolescent boys. I have a particular passion for those walking through struggles in their faith. If this sounds like you and your struggles, please feel free to reach out. I would love to connect with you.
I enjoy sitting with and listening to military/veteran, couples, divorcees, men and adolescent boys. I have a particular passion for those walking through struggles in their faith. If this sounds like you and your struggles, please feel free to reach out. I would love to connect with you.
(719) 215-8857 View (719) 215-8857
Photo of Tina Marie Salvatierra (Caputo), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Tina Marie Salvatierra (Caputo)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
Helping You Find Your Freedom. You have been overwhelmed by life. Your emotions have been hijacking your day. You can't seem to find yourself or your way in life. It’s interfering with relationships, work, and how you treat yourself. Thoughts race in your mind; “Will I ever be enough?” "Why can't I just stop my anxiety? " "What will people think ?" "What if I don't succeed?" This spirals you to insecurity, more anxiety, and hopelessness. You see things getting worse, but what if you saw yourself getting help and feeling better? What if you could learn to cope and find healing and confidence? This is possible for you!
Helping You Find Your Freedom. You have been overwhelmed by life. Your emotions have been hijacking your day. You can't seem to find yourself or your way in life. It’s interfering with relationships, work, and how you treat yourself. Thoughts race in your mind; “Will I ever be enough?” "Why can't I just stop my anxiety? " "What will people think ?" "What if I don't succeed?" This spirals you to insecurity, more anxiety, and hopelessness. You see things getting worse, but what if you saw yourself getting help and feeling better? What if you could learn to cope and find healing and confidence? This is possible for you!
(719) 427-2072 View (719) 427-2072

See more therapy options for Colorado Springs

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Colorado Springs?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.